5.1 Ecology Power Point

8/8/2019 5.1 Ecology Power Point

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Ecology and Evolution5.1 Communities and Populations

Caitlin Barrett


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5.1.1- Define species, habitat, population, community,ecosystem and ecology. (1)

ECOLOGYThe study of the relationship between living

organisms and between those organisms and their

environment

EcosystemA community and its abiotic environment

PopulationA group of organisms of the same species in

the same area which are interacting

CommunityPopulations of different species in the samearea which are interacting

SpeciesA group of organisms which can interbreedand produce fertile offspring

HabitatLocation within which a species normally lives


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5.1.2 - Distinguish between autotroph andheterotroph. (2)

AutotrophAlso known as a producer

An organism that synthesizes its

organic molecules from simple

inorganic molecules

HeterotrophAlso known as a consumer

An organism that obtains

molecules from other organisms

Chemosynthesis Photosynthesis

Consumers Decomposers


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5.1.3 - Distinguish between consumers, detritivoresand saprotrophs. (2)

ConsumersAn organism that

ingests other organicmatter that is living or

recently dead

DetritivoresAn organism that ingests

non-living organic matter

SaprophytesAn organism that lives on or in

non-living organic matter,

secreting digestive enzymes

into and absorbing theproducts of digestion


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5.1.4 - Describe what is meant by a food chain, giving threeexamples, each with at least three linkages (4 organisms). (2)

Food ChainShow a simple linear flow of who eats who and therefore the energy and matter flowing through the links in the chain

Carrot plant ---> Carrot fly ---> Flycatcher -----> Sparrow hawk

buckwheat ---> Gopher ---> Gopher snake ----> Red Tailed Kite


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5.1.4 continued

Bushgrass---> Impala ---> Cheetah----> Lion

Producer- oak Primary consumer - worm Secondary consumer- peeperTertiary consumer-

mangrove snake

Quartinary consumer-

American alligator


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5.1.5 - Describe what is meant by a food web. (2)

A Food Web has advantages over food chains such as

Shows more complex interactions

between species within a

community/ecosystem

More than one producer

supporting a community

A single producer being a

food source for a number of

primary consumers

That a consumer may have a number

of different food sources on the same

or different trophic levels

That a consumer can be an omnivore,

feeding as a primary consumer and as a

consumer at higher trophic levels

A Food Web is a diagram that shows how food chains are linked

together into more complex feeding relationships


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5.1.6 - Define trophic level . (1)

The Trophic Level of an organism defines the feeding

relationship of that organism to other organisms in a food

Autotroph

Producer

Trophic Level 1

Heterotroph

Primary Consumer

Trophic Level 2

Heterotroph

Secondary Consumer

Trophic Level 3

Heterotroph

Tertiary Consumer

Trophic Level 4

A consumer can occupy a number of different levels

depending on which organism is the prey


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5.1.7 - Deduce the trophic level of organisms in a foodchain and a food web. (3)


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5.1.8 - Construct a food web containing up to 10organisms, using appropriate information. (3)

oak

antworm

fungi

mosquitos

frog

mosquito fish

snake

hawk

marsh killifishturtle

alligator raccoon


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5.1.9 - State that light is the initial energy source foralmost all communities. (1)

To maintain food chains, food

webs, communities and all their

interactions requires energy

Sunlight is the source of this

energy for most communities both

aquatic and terrestrial

The principle trap of sunlightenergy is the protein molecule

chlorophyll found in the

chloroplasts of producers cells


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5.1.10 - Explain the energy flow in a food chain. (3)

a) not all solar energy will be absorbed by chlorophyll and therefore will not be trapped in

the synthesis of organic compounds during photosynthesis

b) photosynthesis in which light energy is trapped by producers

c) consumers feeding and passing on energy in the food molecules

d) Loss of energy as heat from respiration

e) death and the consumption of dead organisms by detritivores. Or as

food not assimilated because of incomplete digestion

Energy Loss

- loss of energy in undigested food which will then be used by

saprophytes/decomposers

-loss of heat energy in the reactions of respiration

-ultimately all energy will be lost as heat


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5.1.11 - State that energy transformations are never100% efficient. (1)

The transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next is

inefficient

Approximately 10-20% of the energy on one trophic level will be

assimilated at the higher trophic level (about 90% lost)


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5.1.12 - Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids ofenergy. (3)

The narrowing shape illustrates the

gradual loss of energy progressing

along the links of a food chain to highertrophic levels

Each level loses around 90% of

the energy from the previous

trophic level


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5.1.13 - Explain that energy enters and leavesecosystems, but nutrients must be recycled. (3)

Energy eventually ends in space

as it is lost in each level of the

trophic level

Matter is not created it is used

and then reused

A flow like a river has a start and a finish, a cycle is like a circle,

never-ending


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5.1.14 - State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi(decomposers) recycle nutrients. (1)

Decomposition is a biological process that begins with the

secretion of extra-cellular digestive enzymes

These enzymes are produced by the saprophytic bacteria and fungi

and are secreted onto the dead organism

The enzymes hydrolyse the biological molecules of which the dead

organism is composed, the molecules are soluble and will be absorbe

the fungi or the bacteria

Organic molecules are oxidised to release carbon dioxide back

into the atmosphere and release nitrogen in form of nitrate, nitrite

and ammonium

The oxidation of the organic compounds produces energy for

the saprophyte but returns the various forms of matter to the

abiotic environment

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5.1 Ecology Power Point