50 Most Frequently Used UNIX _ Linux Commands (With Examples)

9/24/2014 50 Most Frequently Used UNIX / Linux Commands (With Examples)

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50MostFrequentlyUsedUNIX/LinuxCommands(WithExamples)byRameshNatarajanonNovember8,2010

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Thisarticleprovidespracticalexamplesfor50mostfrequentlyusedcommandsinLinux/UNIX.

Thisisnotacomprehensivelistbyanymeans,butthisshouldgiveyouajumpstartonsomeofthecommonLinuxcommands.Bookmarkthisarticleforyourfuturereference.

DidImissanyfrequentlyusedLinuxcommands?Leaveacommentandletmeknow.

1.tarcommandexamples

Createanewtararchive.

$ tar cvf archive_name.tar dirname/

Extractfromanexistingtararchive.



$ tar xvf archive_name.tar

Viewanexistingtararchive.

$ tar tvf archive_name.tar

Moretarexamples:TheUltimateTarCommandTutorialwith10PracticalExamples

2.grepcommandexamples

Searchforagivenstringinafile(caseinsensitivesearch).

$ grep -i "the" demo_file

Printthematchedline,alongwiththe3linesafterit.

$ grep -A 3 -i "example" demo_text

Searchforagivenstringinallfilesrecursively

$ grep -r "ramesh" *

Moregrepexamples:GetaGripontheGrep!15PracticalGrepCommandExamples

3.findcommandexamples

Findfilesusingfilename(caseinsensitvefind)

# find -iname "MyCProgram.c"

Executecommandsonfilesfoundbythefindcommand

$ find -iname "MyCProgram.c" -exec md5sum {} \;

Findallemptyfilesinhomedirectory

# find ~ -empty

Morefindexamples:Mommy,Ifoundit!15PracticalLinuxFindCommandExamples

4.sshcommandexamples



Logintoremotehost

ssh -l jsmith remotehost.example.com

Debugsshclient

ssh -v -l jsmith remotehost.example.com

Displaysshclientversion

$ ssh -VOpenSSH_3.9p1, OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003

Moresshexamples:5BasicLinuxSSHClientCommands

5.sedcommandexamples

WhenyoucopyaDOSfiletoUnix,youcouldfind\r\nintheendofeachline.ThisexampleconvertstheDOSfileformattoUnixfileformatusingsedcommand.

$sed 's/.$//' filename

Printfilecontentinreverseorder

$ sed -n '1!G;h;$p' thegeekstuff.txt

Addlinenumberforallnonemptylinesinafile

$ sed '/./=' thegeekstuff.txt | sed 'N; s/\n/ /'

Moresedexamples:AdvancedSedSubstitutionExamples

6.awkcommandexamples

Removeduplicatelinesusingawk

$ awk '!($0 in array) { array[$0]; print }' temp

Printalllinesfrom/etc/passwdthathasthesameuidandgid

$awk -F ':' '$3==$4' passwd.txt

Printonlyspecificfieldfromafile.

$ awk '{print $2,$5;}' employee.txt

Moreawkexamples:8PowerfulAwkBuiltinVariablesFS,OFS,RS,ORS,NR,NF,FILENAME,FNR

7.vimcommandexamples

Gotothe143rdlineoffile

$ vim +143 filename.txt

Gotothefirstmatchofthespecified

$ vim +/search-term filename.txt



Openthefileinreadonlymode.

$ vim -R /etc/passwd

Morevimexamples:HowToRecordandPlayinVimEditor

8.diffcommandexamples

Ignorewhitespacewhilecomparing.

# diff -w name_list.txt name_list_new.txt

2c2,3< John Doe --- > John M Doe> Jason Bourne

Morediffexamples:Top4FileDifferenceToolsonUNIX/LinuxDiff,Colordiff,Wdiff,Vimdiff

9.sortcommandexamples

Sortafileinascendingorder

$ sort names.txt

Sortafileindescendingorder

$ sort -r names.txt

Sortpasswdfileby3rdfield.

$ sort -t: -k 3n /etc/passwd | more

10.exportcommandexamples

Tovieworaclerelatedenvironmentvariables.

$ export | grep ORACLEdeclare -x ORACLE_BASE="/u01/app/oracle"declare -x ORACLE_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0"declare -x ORACLE_SID="med"declare -x ORACLE_TERM="xterm"

Toexportanenvironmentvariable:

$ export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0

11.xargscommandexamples

Copyallimagestoexternalharddrive

# ls *.jpg | xargs -n1 -i cp {} /external-hard-drive/directory

Searchalljpgimagesinthesystemandarchiveit.

# find / -name *.jpg -type f -print | xargs tar -cvzf images.tar.gz

DownloadalltheURLsmentionedintheurllist.txtfile



# cat url-list.txt | xargs wget c

12.lscommandexamples

Displayfilesizeinhumanreadableformat(e.g.KB,MBetc.,)

$ ls -lh-rw-r----- 1 ramesh team-dev 8.9M Jun 12 15:27 arch-linux.txt.gz

OrderFilesBasedonLastModifiedTime(InReverseOrder)Usinglsltr

$ ls -ltr

VisualClassificationofFilesWithSpecialCharactersUsinglsF

$ ls -F

Morelsexamples:UnixLSCommand:15PracticalExamples

13.pwdcommand

pwdisPrintworkingdirectory.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutthegoodoldpwdwhohasbeenprintingthecurrentdirectorynameforages.

14.cdcommandexamples

Usecdtotogglebetweenthelasttwodirectories

Useshoptscdspelltoautomaticallycorrectmistypeddirectorynamesoncd

Morecdexamples:6AwesomeLinuxcdcommandHacks

15.gzipcommandexamples

Tocreatea*.gzcompressedfile:

$ gzip test.txt

Touncompressa*.gzfile:

$ gzip -d test.txt.gz

Displaycompressionratioofthecompressedfileusinggzipl

$ gzip -l *.gz compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name 23709 97975 75.8% asp-patch-rpms.txt

16.bzip2commandexamples

Tocreatea*.bz2compressedfile:

$ bzip2 test.txt

Touncompressa*.bz2file:



bzip2 -d test.txt.bz2

Morebzip2examples:BZisEazy!bzip2,bzgrep,bzcmp,bzdiff,bzcat,bzless,bzmoreexamples

17.unzipcommandexamples

Toextracta*.zipcompressedfile:

$ unzip test.zip

Viewthecontentsof*.zipfile(Withoutunzippingit):

$ unzip -l jasper.zipArchive: jasper.zip Length Date Time Name -------- ---- ---- ---- 40995 11-30-98 23:50 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF 32169 08-25-98 21:07 classes_ 15964 08-25-98 21:07 classes_names 10542 08-25-98 21:07 classes_ncomp

18.shutdowncommandexamples

Shutdownthesystemandturnthepoweroffimmediately.

# shutdown -h now

Shutdownthesystemafter10minutes.

# shutdown -h +10

Rebootthesystemusingshutdowncommand.

# shutdown -r now

Forcethefilesystemcheckduringreboot.

# shutdown -Fr now

19.ftpcommandexamples

Bothftpandsecureftp(sftp)hassimilarcommands.Toconnecttoaremoteserveranddownloadmultiplefiles,dothefollowing.

$ ftp IP/hostnameftp> mget *.html

Toviewthefilenameslocatedontheremoteserverbeforedownloading,mlsftpcommandasshownbelow.

ftp> mls *.html -/ftptest/features.html/ftptest/index.html/ftptest/othertools.html/ftptest/samplereport.html/ftptest/usage.html

Moreftpexamples:FTPandSFTPBeginnersGuidewith10Examples



20.crontabcommandexamples

Viewcrontabentryforaspecificuser

# crontab -u john -l

Scheduleacronjobevery10minutes.

*/10 * * * * /home/ramesh/check-disk-space

Morecrontabexamples:LinuxCrontab:15AwesomeCronJobExamples

21.servicecommandexamples

ServicecommandisusedtorunthesystemVinitscripts.i.eInsteadofcallingthescriptslocatedinthe/etc/init.d/directorywiththeirfullpath,youcanusetheservicecommand.

Checkthestatusofaservice:

# service ssh status

Checkthestatusofalltheservices.

service --status-all

Restartaservice.

# service ssh restart

22.pscommandexamples

pscommandisusedtodisplayinformationabouttheprocessesthatarerunninginthesystem.

Whiletherearelotofargumentsthatcouldbepassedtoapscommand,followingaresomeofthecommonones.

Toviewcurrentrunningprocesses.

$ ps -ef | more

Toviewcurrentrunningprocessesinatreestructure.Hoptionstandsforprocesshierarchy.

$ ps -efH | more

23.freecommandexamples

Thiscommandisusedtodisplaythefree,used,swapmemoryavailableinthesystem.

Typicalfreecommandoutput.Theoutputisdisplayedinbytes.

$ free total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 3566408 1580220 1986188 0 203988 902960-/+ buffers/cache: 473272 3093136Swap: 4000176 0 4000176

IfyouwanttoquicklycheckhowmanyGBofRAMyoursystemhasusethegoption.boptiondisplaysinbytes,kinkilobytes,minmegabytes.



$ free -g total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 3 1 1 0 0 0-/+ buffers/cache: 0 2Swap: 3 0 3

Ifyouwanttoseeatotalmemory(includingtheswap),usethetswitch,whichwilldisplayatotallineasshownbelow.

ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ free -t total used free shared buffers cachedMem: 3566408 1592148 1974260 0 204260 912556-/+ buffers/cache: 475332 3091076Swap: 4000176 0 4000176Total: 7566584 1592148 5974436

24.topcommandexamples

topcommanddisplaysthetopprocessesinthesystem(bydefaultsortedbycpuusage).Tosorttopoutputbyanycolumn,PressO(uppercaseO),whichwilldisplayallthepossiblecolumnsthatyoucansortbyasshownbelow.

Current Sort Field: P for window 1:DefSelect sort field via field letter, type any other key to return

a: PID = Process Id v: nDRT = Dirty Pages count d: UID = User Id y: WCHAN = Sleeping in Function e: USER = User Name z: Flags = Task Flags ........

Todisplaysonlytheprocessesthatbelongtoaparticularuseruseuoption.Thefollowingwillshowonlythetopprocessesthatbelongstooracleuser.

$ top -u oracle

Moretopexamples:CanYouTopThis?15PracticalLinuxTopCommandExamples

25.dfcommandexamples

Displaysthefilesystemdiskspaceusage.Bydefaultdfkdisplaysoutputinbytes.

$ df -kFilesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 29530400 3233104 24797232 12% //dev/sda2 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% /home

dfhdisplaysoutputinhumanreadableform.i.esizewillbedisplayedinGBs.

ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ df -hFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 29G 3.1G 24G 12% //dev/sda2 115G 48G 62G 44% /home

UseToptiontodisplaywhattypeoffilesystem.

ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ df -TFilesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/sda1 ext4 29530400 3233120 24797216 12% //dev/sda2 ext4 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% /home



26.killcommandexamples

Usekillcommandtoterminateaprocess.Firstgettheprocessidusingpsefcommand,thenusekill9tokilltherunningLinuxprocessasshownbelow.Youcanalsousekillall,pkill,xkilltoterminateaunixprocess.

$ ps -ef | grep vimramesh 7243 7222 9 22:43 pts/2 00:00:00 vim

$ kill -9 7243

Morekillexamples:4WaystoKillaProcesskill,killall,pkill,xkill

27.rmcommandexamples

Getconfirmationbeforeremovingthefile.

$ rm -i filename.txt

Itisveryusefulwhilegivingshellmetacharactersinthefilenameargument.

Printthefilenameandgetconfirmationbeforeremovingthefile.

$ rm -i file*

Followingexamplerecursivelyremovesallfilesanddirectoriesundertheexampledirectory.Thisalsoremovestheexampledirectoryitself.

$ rm -r example

28.cpcommandexamples

Copyfile1tofile2preservingthemode,ownershipandtimestamp.

$ cp -p file1 file2

Copyfile1tofile2.iffile2existspromptforconfirmationbeforeoverwrittingit.

$ cp -i file1 file2

29.mvcommandexamples

Renamefile1tofile2.iffile2existspromptforconfirmationbeforeoverwrittingit.

$ mv -i file1 file2

Note:mvfisjusttheopposite,whichwilloverwritefile2withoutprompting.

mvvwillprintwhatishappeningduringfilerename,whichisusefulwhilespecifyingshellmetacharactersinthefilenameargument.

$ mv -v file1 file2

30.catcommandexamples

Youcanviewmultiplefilesatthesametime.Followingexampleprintsthecontentoffile1followedbyfile2tostdout.



$ cat file1 file2

Whiledisplayingthefile,followingcatncommandwillprependthelinenumbertoeachlineoftheoutput.

$ cat -n /etc/logrotate.conf 1 /var/log/btmp { 2 missingok 3 monthly 4 create 0660 root utmp 5 rotate 1 6 }

31.mountcommandexamples

Tomountafilesystem,youshouldfirstcreateadirectoryandmountitasshownbelow.

# mkdir /u01

# mount /dev/sdb1 /u01

Youcanalsoaddthistothefstabforautomaticmounting.i.eAnytimesystemisrestarted,thefilesystemwillbemounted.

/dev/sdb1 /u01 ext2 defaults 0 2

32.chmodcommandexamples

chmodcommandisusedtochangethepermissionsforafileordirectory.

Givefullaccesstouserandgroup(i.eread,writeandexecute)onaspecificfile.

$ chmod ug+rwx file.txt

Revokeallaccessforthegroup(i.eread,writeandexecute)onaspecificfile.

$ chmod g-rwx file.txt

Applythefilepermissionsrecursivelytoallthefilesinthesubdirectories.

$ chmod -R ug+rwx file.txt

Morechmodexamples:7ChmodCommandExamplesforBeginners

33.chowncommandexamples

chowncommandisusedtochangetheownerandgroupofafile.\

Tochangeownertooracleandgrouptodbonafile.i.eChangebothownerandgroupatthesametime.

$ chown oracle:dba dbora.sh

UseRtochangetheownershiprecursively.

$ chown -R oracle:dba /home/oracle

34.passwdcommandexamples

Changeyourpasswordfromcommandlineusingpasswd.Thiswillpromptfortheoldpasswordfollowedbythe



newpassword.

$ passwd

Superusercanusepasswdcommandtoresetotherspassword.Thiswillnotpromptforcurrentpasswordoftheuser.

# passwd USERNAME

Removepasswordforaspecificuser.Rootusercandisablepasswordforaspecificuser.Oncethepasswordisdisabled,theusercanloginwithoutenteringthepassword.

# passwd -d USERNAME

35.mkdircommandexamples

Followingexamplecreatesadirectorycalledtempunderyourhomedirectory.

$ mkdir ~/temp

Createnesteddirectoriesusingonemkdircommand.Ifanyofthesedirectoriesexistalready,itwillnotdisplayanyerror.Ifanyofthesedirectoriesdoesntexist,itwillcreatethem.

$ mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/

36.ifconfigcommandexamples

UseifconfigcommandtovieworconfigureanetworkinterfaceontheLinuxsystem.

Viewalltheinterfacesalongwithstatus.

$ ifconfig -a

Startorstopaspecificinterfaceusingupanddowncommandasshownbelow.

$ ifconfig eth0 up

$ ifconfig eth0 down

Moreifconfigexamples:Ifconfig:7ExamplesToConfigureNetworkInterface

37.unamecommandexamples

UnamecommanddisplaysimportantinformationaboutthesystemsuchasKernelname,Hostname,Kernelreleasenumber,Processortype,etc.,

SampleunameoutputfromaUbuntulaptopisshownbelow.

$ uname -aLinux john-laptop 2.6.32-24-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 19 01:12:52 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux

38.whereiscommandexamples

WhenyouwanttofindoutwhereaspecificUnixcommandexists(forexample,wheredoeslscommandexists?),youcanexecutethefollowingcommand.



$ whereis lsls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz

Whenyouwanttosearchanexecutablefromapathotherthanthewhereisdefaultpath,youcanuseBoptionandgivepathasargumenttoit.Thissearchesfortheexecutablelsmkinthe/tmpdirectory,anddisplaysit,ifitisavailable.

$ whereis -u -B /tmp -f lsmklsmk: /tmp/lsmk

39.whatiscommandexamples

Whatiscommanddisplaysasinglelinedescriptionaboutacommand.

$ whatis lsls (1) - list directory contents

$ whatis ifconfigifconfig (8) - configure a network interface

40.locatecommandexamples

Usinglocatecommandyoucanquicklysearchforthelocationofaspecificfile(orgroupoffiles).Locatecommandusesthedatabasecreatedbyupdatedb.

Theexamplebelowshowsallfilesinthesystemthatcontainsthewordcrontabinit.

$ locate crontab/etc/anacrontab/etc/crontab/usr/bin/crontab/usr/share/doc/cron/examples/crontab2english.pl.gz/usr/share/man/man1/crontab.1.gz/usr/share/man/man5/anacrontab.5.gz/usr/share/man/man5/crontab.5.gz/usr/share/vim/vim72/syntax/crontab.vim

41.mancommandexamples

Displaythemanpageofaspecificcommand.

$ man crontab

Whenamanpageforacommandislocatedundermorethanonesection,youcanviewthemanpageforthatcommandfromaspecificsectionasshownbelow.

$ man SECTION-NUMBER commandname

Following8sectionsareavailableinthemanpage.

1. Generalcommands2. Systemcalls3. Clibraryfunctions4. Specialfiles(usuallydevices,thosefoundin/dev)anddrivers5. Fileformatsandconventions6. Gamesandscreensavers7. Miscellaneous8. Systemadministrationcommandsanddaemons



Forexample,whenyoudowhatiscrontab,youllnoticethatcrontabhastwomanpages(section1andsection5).Toviewsection5ofcrontabmanpage,dothefollowing.

$ whatis crontabcrontab (1) - maintain crontab files for individual users (V3)crontab (5) - tables for driving cron

$ man 5 crontab

42.tailcommandexamples

Printthelast10linesofafilebydefault.

$ tail filename.txt

PrintNnumberoflinesfromthefilenamedfilename.txt

$ tail -n N filename.txt

Viewthecontentofthefileinrealtimeusingtailf.Thisisusefultoviewthelogfiles,thatkeepsgrowing.ThecommandcanbeterminatedusingCTRLC.

$ tail -f log-file

Moretailexamples:3MethodsToViewtailfoutputofMultipleLogFilesinOneTerminal

43.lesscommandexamples

lessisveryefficientwhileviewinghugelogfiles,asitdoesntneedtoloadthefullfilewhileopening.

$ less huge-log-file.log

Oneyouopenafileusinglesscommand,followingtwokeysareveryhelpful.

CTRL+F forward one windowCTRL+B backward one window

Morelessexamples:UnixLessCommand:10TipsforEffectiveNavigation

44.sucommandexamples

Switchtoadifferentuseraccountusingsucommand.Superusercanswitchtoanyotheruserwithoutenteringtheirpassword.

$ su - USERNAME

Executeasinglecommandfromadifferentaccountname.Inthefollowingexample,johncanexecutethelscommandasrajusername.Oncethecommandisexecuted,itwillcomebacktojohnsaccount.

[john@dev-server]$ su - raj -c 'ls'

[john@dev-server]$

Logintoaspecifieduseraccount,andexecutethespecifiedshellinsteadofthedefaultshell.

$ su -s 'SHELLNAME' USERNAME



45.mysqlcommandexamples

mysqlisprobablythemostwidelyusedopensourcedatabaseonLinux.Evenifyoudontrunamysqldatabaseonyourserver,youmightendupusingthemysqlcommand(client)toconnecttoamysqldatabaserunningontheremoteserver.

Toconnecttoaremotemysqldatabase.Thiswillpromptforapassword.

$ mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.1.2

Toconnecttoalocalmysqldatabase.

$ mysql -u root -p

Ifyouwanttospecifythemysqlrootpasswordinthecommandlineitself,enteritimmediatelyafterp(withoutanyspace).

46.yumcommandexamples

Toinstallapacheusingyum.

$ yum install httpd

Toupgradeapacheusingyum.

$ yum update httpd

Touninstall/removeapacheusingyum.

$ yum remove httpd

47.rpmcommandexamples

Toinstallapacheusingrpm.

# rpm -ivh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm

Toupgradeapacheusingrpm.

# rpm -uvh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm

Touninstall/removeapacheusingrpm.

# rpm -ev httpd

Morerpmexamples:RPMCommand:15ExamplestoInstall,Uninstall,Upgrade,QueryRPMPackages

48.pingcommandexamples

Pingaremotehostbysendingonly5packets.

$ ping -c 5 gmail.com

Morepingexamples:PingTutorial:15EffectivePingCommandExamples

49.datecommandexamples



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Setthesystemdate:

# date -s "01/31/2010 23:59:53"

Onceyouvechangedthesystemdate,youshouldsyncronizethehardwareclockwiththesystemdateasshownbelow.

# hwclock systohc

# hwclock --systohc utc

50.wgetcommandexamples

Thequickandeffectivemethodtodownloadsoftware,music,videofrominternetisusingwgetcommand.

$ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz

Downloadandstoreitwithadifferentname.

$ wget -O taglist.zip http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=7701

Morewgetexamples:TheUltimateWgetDownloadGuideWith15AwesomeExamples

DidImissanyfrequentlyusedLinuxcommands?Leaveacommentandletmeknow.

>Addyourcomment

Linuxprovidesseveralpowerfuladministrativetoolsandutilitieswhichwillhelpyoutomanageyoursystemseffectively.Ifyoudontknowwhatthesetoolsareandhowtousethem,youcouldbespendinglotoftimetryingtoperformeventhebasicadministrativetasks.Thefocusofthiscourseistohelpyouunderstandsystemadministrationtools,whichwillhelpyoutobecomeaneffectiveLinuxsystemadministrator.GettheLinuxSysadminCourseNow!

Ifyouenjoyedthisarticle,youmightalsolike..

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DebuggingTools4. Mommy,Ifoundit!15PracticalLinuxFind

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201maheshAugust6,2014at8:04am

thanksalot.

202adomblessingAugust20,2014at7:52am

thanksforthis.itsreallyhelpful

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50 Most Frequently Used UNIX _ Linux Commands (With Examples)