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7/31/2019 5 Research Ethics
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Research ETHICSFTSL-5098
Metodologi penelitian
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What is Ethics ?
o synonyms for morally correct or justified - setof justified moral principles of obligation, rights,
and idealso particular beliefs or attitudes concerning
morality
o area of study or inquiry an activity ofunderstanding moral values, resolving moralissues, and justifying moral judgments
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Is there Ethics in Research
o Theres no such thing as perfectly ethicalresearch
Research inherently unethical (in some degree)
o Theres no such thing as totally harmlessresearch
Research will somehow, at some degree influence itssubject
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Ethics: General Terms
o Ethics critical reflection on what one does andwhy one does it.
o Morality social conventions about right andwrong conduct.
o Ethics is a guide to personal conduct of a
professional engineero Most of the technical societies have a written
code of ethics for their members
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Engineering Ethics
Engineering ethics is the study of the moralvalues, issues, and decisions involved in
engineering practice. responsibilities
ideals
character traits social policies
relationships desirable from individuals and
corporations engaged in engineering.
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Ethical vs. Moral
Ethical butimmoral
Ethical andmorally
accepted
Unethicaland immoral
Unethical butmorally
accepted
unacceptable by
legal standard acceptable by
legal standard
acceptable by
social norms
unacceptable by
social norms
copyright, patentstealing
Talking while eating
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Ethical Issues in Research Project
B
efore
Research
D
uringResearch
AfterResearch
Participants:
Voluntary participation
Informed consent Self-determination
Participants:
Anonymity and
confidentiality
Participants:
No deception
No harming (physicaland psychological)
Data:
No falsification
No fabrication
No plagiarism
Publications:
No falsification of data
No fabrication of data
No plagiarism
Proper credits
IPR, copyrights,
patents
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Ethics in science
Science has a great ethical responsibility: toprovide knowledge. Ethics without knowledge is
as effective as a geographical exploration withouta compass. . In simple words, therole of ethics begins where science and technologyhave opened possibilities.
Dr. Edward Teller
(Source: Hargittai, I. 2005 The Tragedy of Edward Teller. Hungarian Academy ofSciences)
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GOOD SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE (1/2)1) Scientific practice must be performed with high
integrity, meticulousness and accuracy (inconducting research, in recording and presenting
results, and in judging research and its results)2) Transparency ethically sustainable data-collection, research and evaluation methods(variation by research discipline) and openness inpublishing
3) Fairness taking due account of other researcherswork and achievements
4) Accountability planning, conducting andreporting according to standards set for scientificknowledge
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Good Scientific Practice (2/2)5) Accountability & Fairness status, rights, co-
authorship, liabilities and obligations of theresearch team are determined
ownership of data storage of material
recording matters agreed
before starting research/recruiting reasercher
6) Accountability & Openness sources of fundingand other associations are made known to thoseparticipating in research and to public
7) Good management practices goodadministrative practice and personnel and financial
management
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Who is Responsible for Maintaining Good
Scientific Practices?
o NOT ONLY the researcher him/herself, but also:
research team collectively
supervisor as aresearchdirector
head of research unit/organisation
learned societies and publication media (as
mediators of research data and as promotersof science)
funding organisations as research policymakers
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Violation of Good Scientific Practices
There are two types of bad sciencepractices
1. Misconduct in science
2. Fraud in science
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Misconduct in Science Practices
Some examples:
unjustified authorship understatement of otherresearchers contribution to a publication, or GhostWriter
negligence in referringto earlier findings
careless and misleading reportingof researchfindings and the methods used
negligence in recording and preserving results
publication of the same results several times as new
misleading the research community about ones ownresearch
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Fraud in Science Practices Fabrication
Presentation of fabricated data or results to the research community
fabricated data have not been obtained in the manner or by the methods described inthe report
presenting fabricated results in a research report
Misrepresentation (falsification)Intentional alteration or presentation of original findings in a way which distorts the result scientifically unjustified alteration or selection of data or results misrepresentation to omit results or data pertinent to conclusions
PlagiarismPresenting someone elses research plan, manuscript, article or text, or parts thereof, asones own
Misappropriation
A researcher illicitly presents or uses in his/her own name an original research idea, plan
or finding disclosed to him/her in confidence.
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Effects and Bias in Experimental Research
Effects Remarks
History EffectsAny effect that is produced whenever uncontrolled event alters participants
responses
Maturity Effects
Maturity of participants influence their responses (for long lasting experiment
wiser, knowledgeable. Contrary to being mature boredom, fatigue,emotional
Testing EffectsChanges in response caused by measuring (more than once) the dependent
variables
Instrumentation Effects Changes in the manner in which the dependent variables are measured
Statistical RegressionEffects Effect that occurs when extreme values are observed or measured
outliers
Selection Effects Effects caused by the manner in which the participants were recruited
Mortality Effects Caused by the loss or participant during experiment
Participant Bias Any intentional effort on the part of participants to alter their response
Experimental Bias Researchers / experimenters differential treatment on experimental groups
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Why does such behavior occur?
o career pressuremoney and fame (pride)
o peer pressure (fame) competition between
researchers
o financial problems competition betweenresearchers
o target pressure (greed)
o sponsored research
o alienation from basic rules: do not lie, do not steal
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Problems of Sponsored Research Conflicting interest:
Research may serve the interests of the sponsor
more than the participant / community Sponsors may not be sensitive to local customs,
practice or legal requirements
Risk and Benefit to others
Participants / communities may be disillusioned bylack of follow up
Injury may not be adequately compensated
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Role of Ethics in Research
Ethics plays important role in preserving good qualityand integrity of scientific practices (including research)
Ethics aims to protect participants from harm and topromote their welfare
Ethics also promotes good science as participants whofeel respected may:
actively engage with research requests
answer truthfully
provide critical & honest feedback
return to continue for follow up
increasing the quality of the data
Research ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research, from itsinception through to its completion and publication of results and beyond
ESRC (2005)
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What makes research ethical?
The requirements for ethical research:
1. Community Participation
2. Social value3. Scientific validity
4. Fair selection of participants
5. Favorable risk / benefit ratio
6. Independent review
7. Adequate informed consent
8. Ongoing respect for dignity
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What are the key principles in research ethics?o Non-Maleficence:
Do no harm Researchers are obligated not to deliberately harmparticipants
o
Beneficence:Researchers should take active and positive steps to reduce possibleharms to a minimum and to maximize anticipated benefits of theresearch
o Respect for Autonomy:Self Rule Researchers must respect rights of participants who
can make decisions to do so, and must take special measures toprotect vulnerable participants whose freedom to make choices islimited, or those with no capacity to choose
o Justice:Fair balance of risks and benefits Researchers must assure fairshare burden of research (risk and benefit) to any individual orgroup
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Protecting Your Works
In any circumstances you need the world to know your work (and
results!) It is part of your duties and obligations as a scientist
Protecting your work the balance of risk and benefit
Full disclosureIts in your dissertation/thesis. The use of your
dissertation is under your approval ( transfer of authority/permit forusage)
Partial disclosure seminar, scientific publications, limited
abstract, extended abstract ( transfer of ownership)
IPR copyrights, patents! problem with ownership
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How things work around ITB?
o Although there is no single body formallyassigned to handle matters related to research
and/or scientific ethics, cases can be processedthrough:
Academic Senate Commissions
Rectors student discipline commission
In the case of cases involving graduate works:
Faculty/Schools Graduate Program Commission (KPPS)
Graduate School Commission (KSPS)
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Research Ethics in ActionIt is nearly the end of your study at a prestigious university. After workinghard for a quite sometimes in the laboratory, your research finally comeup with some astonishing results, that no one in Indonesia has been ableto produce. You are about to prove that a certain condition pertinent to
locality does have impact to a certain result. Your advisor is asking you todraft a paper for possible publication in an international journal, whileyour are working toward finishing your thesis. However, during thepreparation of the draft after a period of time, when you examine thelaboratory results more closely not all data will be fit with yourconclusion. In fact a small group of data behaved differently from the rest.You decided to omit that particular group from the paper, but write up the
draft as if all data is conformed.
Points to discuss:
Will you tell your advisor?
What will you do with your laboratory work and thesis?
Can you assume those data as noise? If so, what conditions might it be OK?
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Research Ethics in ActionSupposed you are a fellow student researchers working in the same laboratory
under the same supervisor, who just happened to know what is going on with your
colleagues work.
Points to discuss:
What will you do?
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end of this section