4th class: Shared Rule: Comparing Different Governmental Systems

in Federal States

Thomas Fleiner

Prof. Thomas Fleiner*/ Prof. Dr. Lidija R. Basta Fleiner

Theories and Praxis on Peace, Federalism, and Human Rights

3 rd Week:Federal Institutional Principles and Designs.

Shared Rule Self RuleC

on

stitutio

n

Basic Elements of Federalism

Democratic GovernanceFederal GovernanceGood Governance

Principles

Democracy Rule of LawFundamental

Rights

Three GovernmentalSystems:

Pre

siden

tial S

yste

m

Westm

inte

r Type

Syste

m

Dire

ctoria

lS

yste

m

Sem

ipre

si-

denti

al

United Kingdom

WestminsterParliament

Basic Concept of Governmental Systems

Parliament

Head of State

Executive

Parliament

Head of State

Executive

Parliament

Head of State

Executive

Crown

LordsCom

mon

s

Crown

Lords Comm

ons

Crown

Lords

Comm

ons

Commons

Primemisister-Cabinett

Lords

Crown

Westminster

Westminster System

Head of State

Cabinet

Parliament

Prime-min.

People

Interg

overn

menta

l Relatio

nship

Jud

iciary

Congress

House Senat PresidentSupreme

Court

USA

Legislative sovereingty Executivesovereignty

Judiciarysovereignty

Checks and Balances

USACompetitive Federalism

Federation v. States

Federal Government

Leg JudExe

State Government

Leg Exe Jud

Federal Issues - Citizen - State Issues

One PersonOne Vote

Nation

One CantonOne Vote

Federal Diet

NationalCouncil

StateCouncil

FederalCouncil

LobbiesParties

Challenge forall Institutions

Conflict Management

Education(semi-)direct democracy

initiative - Referendum

Federa

l Trib

unals

SwitzerlandVertical separation

Executive Federalism

People and States

Federation

Canton

Commune

Imple

menta

ion

g

Imple

menta

tion

Imple

menta

tion

Imple

mem

enta

tion

Imp

lem

.Im

ple

m.

Rig

ht to

vote

Rig

ht to

vote

Rig

ht to

vote

CouncilHead of States

States

Councilof Ministers

Parliament

Peoples

Presi-dent

Commission

President

Foreign Aff.

European Union

People(‘s?) of the Union?

Forms of Federal Executives and Legislatures in Selected Federations

Federation

Executive Legislature

Head of Government

Head Fe- deration

Bicameral unic. Leg.

Austr. Cabinet Prime Mini. Monarch Bicamer.

Austria Cabinet Chancellor El. Presid. Bicamer.

Belgi. Cabinet Prime Mini. Monarch Bicamer.

Canada Cabinet Prime. Mini. Monarch Bicamer.

Germa. Cabinet Chancellor Pres. El. Assembly

Bicamer.

Malays. Cabinet Prime.Min. Sel. Her. rulers

Bicamer.

Spain Cabinet Prime.Min. Monarch Bicamer.

CH Fixed termExec.Dire.

Rot. Pres. Rot. Pres. Bicamer.

US Sep. Pres. Congress

President Pres. Elected

Bicamer.

Variations in Selection, Composition and Powers of

Second Chambers S. Watts

Selection Composition Powers Role

App. By Fed. Gov. CA Mal.63% Seats

Equal Regio.Repr. CA

Absol VetoMediation US, CH

Legislature CH; US, AT AU MY

App. By F.Gv. Nom. Provinc.

Equ. St. Re. AU, US,CH

Abs. Veto f. some Leg.

Legis.; int. Gvt Rel ZA

App. State Gov. GE

2 Cat. Of St. Repres. CH

Susp. Veto time ES MY

Interpret.Const. Ethi.

Ind. El. State legis. AT IN MY

Weighed. St. Repr. AU. IN.

Susp.Veto GE

Dir.El. Simpl. Plur. CH, US

Weighed St. Repr. IN, AT

Deadlock: joint Sitting

Dir. El. Prop. AU Ad.repr.for other IN,MY

Deadlock: Diss. Joint Sit.

Choice left to Cantons CH

Min. reg. repr. ES,BE

Money Bill Sus Veto IN,My

Mixed. BE.ES, MY

Repr. NationEhtiop.

Judic. Funct.Ethiop.

Concluding Remarks

Major Issues

Democratic participation of the people

Democratic accountability

Horizontal and vertical Checks and Ba-lances / Separation of powers

Transparency including participation

Rule of Law

Participation of federal units and People’s

Major Challenges

Parties, Parliament and election

Checks and Balances

Independence of Judiciary local andfederal

Nation and Nation-Building

One or two chambers?

Democratic governance versusFederal governance

Different Legal SystemsCommon Law

Continental Law

Nation and LegitimacyAuthority of the State

Federalism and the interest of cultural communitiesLayers of GovernmentSecond Class State

Constitution and its FunctionConstitution MakingLimit or empower GovernmentDistribution of Powers legislative vacuumEmpowerment of local Government

Legal SystemsJudiciary and Administration of Federal Law

Unitary or Parallel legal systemsIndependence of Judiciary

Legal Dualism of Civil Law countriesLimited Powers of Administrative CourtsNo writ of mandamusWhat powers for implementing federal law

Different “federal” solutionsWith regard to the Judiciary:

Structure of the Judiciary:Federal – State Courts (USA)Federalized Judiciary (Switzerland)Centralized Judiciary (Germany)

Jurisdiction with regard to federal laws:Constitutional review of cases USAAbstract review (Germany, Spain)Limited jurisdiction (Switzerland)

Not to forget:International Jurisdiction namely European

Court of Human Rights

Access to Justice

Fundamental Right of Federal ConstitutionDecision of Federal LegislatureDecision of local legislatureCommon law writs

Access based on Human RightsUniversal Human RightsDifferent Rights on Federal and Local level?Access by the legislature

Independence of Judiciary

Power and Jurisdiction of the CourtsCommon Law: Power and Jurisdiction of Courts determined by common lawCivil Law: Power and Jurisdiction determinedBy legislation:

Federal Legislation onlyFederal and Local legislation

Independence of JudgesFederal and local solution for election and re- election of Judges

Implementation of verdicts:Common Law: Contempt of CourtCivil Law: Implementation by administration