4g paper

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International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Technology (IJECCT)

Volume 2 Issue 6 (November 2012)

ISSN:2249-7838 IJECCT | www.ijecct.org 287

Comparative Study of 4G Technology, Applications

and Compatibility in Prevailing Networks

Ishan Shah

Institute of Technology

Nirma University

Ahmedabad. India

Nupur Mehta


Nirma University

Ahmedabad. India

Shiv Shukla


Nirma University

Ahmedabad. India

Nirja Mehta


Nirma University

Ahmedabad. India

Rohan Shrotriya


Nirma University

Ahmedabad. India

Shivang Bakliwal


Nirma University

Ahmedabad. India

Abstract

With increasing end user demands for widerservice due to the rapid growth and variety of IT

(information technology) industry, the service with the

data rate of 30 Mbps cannot accommodate the future

mobile multimedia environment. The Continuous

improvement in semiconductors and computing

technologies has encouraged service providers to consider

implementing the 4G-enabled services to the customers.

This paper describes the applications of 4G technology

considering the importance of switching to 4G systems as a

better service compared to the 3G technology.

Keywords-4G(Four th generation); I nternational Standards

Unions (ITU); WiMaX; Wi-Fi; CDMA; EDGE.

I. INTRODUCTION

Each generation has its unique needs and aspirations[1].Fourth generation (4G) technology will offer manyadvancements to the wireless market, including downlink datarates well over 100 megabits per second (Mbps), low latency,very efficient spectrum use and low-cost implementations [2].With impressive network capabilities, 4G enhancements

promise to bring the wireless experience to an entirely newlevel with impressive user applications, such as sophisticatedgraphical user interfaces, high-end gaming, high-definitionvideo and high-performance imaging [3]. Before discussing the

future aspects of 4G technologies and its applications, it isimportant to understand the current state of 3G networks. Thethird generation (3G) of mobile communications has beensuccessfully standardized and implemented throughout theworld. International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) technology is a representative realization of 3Gtechnology [4]. 3G (Third generation) networks includes theInternational Standards Unions (ITU) IMT-2000 technologythat defines the globally acclaimed 3G technologies for use inthe IMT-identified radio frequency bands.WCDMA,CDMA2000,TD-CDMA and EDGE are the onlytechnologies that currently meet these requirements. Over the

past few years, there have been several improvements in radiotechnology claiming to be the updated versions of the 3network. To differentiate their importance ,these technologiesare often called the higher variants of 3G such as 3.5G and3.9G.These different 3G technologies use similar repertoire oftools with different combinations and variations that aim atoptimizing the available bandwidth usage. The increased

bandwidth and location information available to 3G deviceshas given rise to applications that were not previously availableto the 2G mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Mobile TVa provider redirects a TV channel directly tothe subscriber's phone where it can be watched.

Video on demand a provider sends a movie to the

subscriber's phone.

Video conferencingsubscribers can see as well as talk toeach other.

Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or providesadvice to the potentially isolated subscriber.

Location-based services a provider sends localizedweather or traffic conditions to the phone, or the phone allowsthe subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.

In spite of its growing popularity, 3G technology is oftenprominent only around higher populations (traffic) cities at themoment. Thus, its services are available only to users present

in opportune locations. Therefore, worldwide radio and mobilecommunication institutes and companies started the R & D of4G mobile communications system prior to completing theimplementation of IMT-2000 system and providing its service[5]. 4G systems are expected to adjust efficiently within a fast-changing environment from radio transmission to applicationsand thus require extended evolutionary and adaptationcapabilities [6]. This paper is organized as follow: Section IIdefines and explains the ITU IMT-A standard that constitutes4G. Section III analyses the development and implementationof 4G services. Section IV describes the key attributes andapplication of the 4G networks. Section V is about the future

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scope of 4G networks followed by the Conclusion in SectionVI.

II. THE ITUIMT-ASTANDARD

The ITU IMT-A Standard has emerged as the authority

framework to what constitutes 4G. ITUs IMT Advanced(IMT-A) is a concept that intends to build on the success ofIMT-2000 as a benchmark for 3G.The IMT-A systems areexpected to have capabilities beyond those of IMT-2000 by theorders of magnitude, which currently provide peak data rates ofaround 1-5 Mbps for 3G systems. The IMT-A concept outlinedin the ITU IMT-2000 document states: With the expectationthat there will be a need for commercial services in multi-userenvironments targeting peak data rates approaching 100 Mbpsfor highly mobile users, and up to 1 Gbps for nomadic (lowmobility or stationery) users, the IMT-A concept requiresmandatory backward compatibility with prior systems to matchthese high data rates. Under 4G, access is not limited tomobile users only, but is expanded to stationary or nomadicusers just as the network itself is not limited to Radio Access

Networks (RANs), but includes the whole: wireline access,wireless radio access, core command, and control and backoffice functions in a unified system. Fig. 1 represents the ITUshigh-level view that delineates IMT- 2000 and its Enhancedversion versus what is to follow IMT-A. IMS Support formature IP Multimedia Systems (IMS)-based network is anotherrequirement to be considered in the definition of 4G.

Figure 1. Boundaries of IMT systems

Originally, concepts and specifications for IMS weredeveloped by the 3GPP group in cooperation with IETF tomeet the needs of GSM operators in providing IP-basedservices. With IP as the underlying transport protocol,standardization relies on mature technologies and the focus isshifted to what matters most to the subscribers and operators:services.

The overall use of the wireless networks by the users is an

important parameter while discussing any new wirelesstechnologies. Fig. 2 summarizes the evolution of how the basic

senses of sound and sight as well as knowledge arefulfilled by various generations of mobile wireless networks.

Figure 2. Comparison of various networks in terms of user requirements

III.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF 4GSERVICES

Some service providers and equipment manufacturers havealready staked claims to 4G service by providing mobile accessrates above 3Gs 15 Mbps. HelloSoft, Comsys Mobile anddmedia announced the joint development of a low costintegrated WiMAX/GSM/WiFi phone [7]. Today, 3G providesconsiderable high access rates along with lower latencies.Improvement in communication between the user and networkusing HSDPA technology took 3.5G into existence [8]. But,

just improving access speeds alone should not qualify as 4Gwithout an entire suite of network-level integration. Thedilemma faced by 3G groups 3GPP and 3GPP2 is thatthey cannot claim anything to be 4G under their 3G banner.

The notion of 3G LTE has been established for a number ofyears now. But, the standard making process in most developedcountries are outpaced by the rapid advancements intechnology.3GPP began with the 2G GSM base to evolve viaWCDMA as the core technology while 3GPP2 evolved fromCDMA to CDMA2000. Both standards groups promiseconsistent and comparable performances within the availableradio spectrum. Both have adopted OFDMA as the standard forat least the downlink (base station to mobile user) direction andhave further promised to allow IP as the preferred packetformat, beyond unique MAC layers. Another emergingtechnology in the field of wireless networks is theWiMaX.Recently, ITU delegates declared WiMaX as an IMT-

2000 technology.As a result, WiMaX now has gained thecoveted status of a 3G technology. While WiMAX (IEEE802.16e) has gained acceptance globally as a mobile broadbandtechnology, its spectrum allocation is inconsistent. As a result,is not fully recognized in some countries that would like tofollow ITU specifications strictly: China being a case in point.The frequency of 2.5 GHz is included in the WiMAX standardas a valid profile and authorized in the United States, Russiaand the United Kingdom, but is reserved by IMT-2000 forWCDMA in some other countries.

When a standard definition of 4G is accepted, it willencompass all existing generations of fixed and mobilewireless technologies with major improvements in performance

and capabilities. Fundamentally, 4G intends to alter theparadigm of user-network communication via a single deviceconnected to a (mostly) single network. Since 4G is expected

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to be more than 3G phone service, it allows all sorts of portabledevices onto the network.Embedding broadband in all typesof consumer devices is a goal of 4G. The World WirelessResearch Forum anticipates some 17 trillion devices connectedfor seven billion people by the year 2017. If the scale ismatched, 4G will do for portable consumer devices what 3G is

predicted to do for individual phones and laptops in terms ofadvances in connectivity and productivity. Fig.3, published bythe ITU, depicts the IMT-A vision of various access systems(networks) interconnected to provide services in acooperating manner.

Figure 3. ITUs Vision of IMT-Advanced providing service continuity

To achieve this vision, ITU defines layers of network basedon the geographic scope of coverage and extent of mobilityoffered by each layer.

Fixed (i.e., DSL, cable, fiber) fixed wireline networksPersonal (i.e., Bluetooth, UWB)cars, cell phones, PDAs

Hot-spot (i.e., Wi-Fi/802.11) restaurants, coffee shops,planes

Cellular (i.e., UMTS, WiMAX)highly-mobile users

The standards groups covering existing technologiesmentioned above are working on the next-generation versions,which include higher speeds and more advanced networkintegration and enablement for service offerings.

Interactions among networks are not limited to horizontal(intra network) or vertical (inter network) handoffs for servicecontinuity, but include all the complex functions of billing,security, privacy, Quality of Service (QoS), network resilience,fault location and recovery toprovide a seamless experienceto the user. This vision essentially eliminates the need for theuser to know anything about the network (operator, topology,radio or other technology), and requires a lot of heavy lifting

by the networks to make it a reality.

IV. KEY ATTRIBUTES AND APPLICATIONS OF 4G

Based on the requirements for seamless interaction betweennetworks, 4G is characterized by the following key attributes:

A. Support for Multiple and Efficient Applications and

Services-4G provides support for unicast, multicast andbroadcast services and the applications that rely on them.

Prompt enforcement of Service Level Agreements (SLA)

along with privacy and other security features.

B. Quality of Service -Consistent application of admission

control and scheduling algorithms regardless of

underlying infrastructure and operator diversity leads to

an increased quality of service(Qos) to the users.

C.

Network Detection Selection A mobile terminal thatfeatures multiple radio technologies or possibly uses

software defined radios if economical, allows

participation in multiple networks simultaneously,

thereby connecting to the best network with the most

appropriate service parameters (cost, QoS and capacityamong others) for the application. This requires

establishing a uniform process for defining eligibility of

a terminal to attach to a network and to determine the

validity of link layer configuration.

D. Seamless Handover and Service Continuity A basestation that features intra- and inter-technology

handovers, assuring service continuity with zero orminimal interruption, without a noticeable loss in service

quality. Support for this function requires continuous

transparent maintenance of active service instances andinclusion of various access technologies, from Wi-Fi to

OFDMA.

4G technology has indeed upgraded the services providedby other conventional networks. A brief comparison of 4G withother existing networks is shown in the table below.

TABLE I. COMPARISION OF 4GWITH OTHER NETWORKS

3G 4GDataThroughput

Upto 3.1 Mbps PracticallySpeaking, 3 To 5

Mbps But Potential

Estimated At ARange Of 100 To300 Mbps.

Peak UploadRate

50 Mbits/S 500 Mbit/S

Peak

DownloadRate

100 Mbit/S 1 Gbit/S

Switching

Technique

Packet

Switching

Packet Switching,

Message Switching

NetworkArchitecture

Wide Area Cell

Based

Integration Of

Wireless LAN AndWide Area.

Services AndApplications

CDMA 2000,UMTS, EDGEetc

Wimax2 And LTE-Advance

ForwardError

Correction(FEC):

3G Uses TurboCodes For Error

Correction.

Concatenated CodesAre Used For Error

Corrections In 4G.

FrequencyBand

1.82.5GHz 28GHz

Mobile Broadband is doing to internet what mobile phonedid to telephony - bringing it anywhere, anytime. Driven by

personalization and always-on internet demand, Mobile

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broadband is becoming a natural part of daily life and webelieve that broadband will become a necessity [9]. Historysuggests that when social communication media grow incapability, pace, scope, or scale, people can use these media toconstruct more complex social arrangements - that is, they usecommunication tools and techniques to increase their capacityto cooperate. As we explore the use of 4th Generation (4G)wireless networks, we believe it is important for futuredesigners to look back before they look forward [10].

At the moment, when mobile phone users are demandingmore handset features as well as broader bandwidth, the fourthgeneration (4G) wireless telecommunication standard isemerging [11]. It is generally accepted that 4G networks will

provide more than just wireless voice telecommunications. Infact, the main thrust of 4G technologies is to provide high-speed, high-bandwidth, packetized data communications. It isgenerally expected that in 4G even voice traffic will bedelivered to the handset in packets (as opposed to delivery viadedicated circuit switching).

Circuit switching refers to the technique in which adedicated channel is used to transmit and receive voice or data.Packetized data communications refers to the digital signalingtechnique in which information (voice or data) is convertedinto binary code and partitioned into short segments. Thesesegments are then reassembled in the correct order andconverted back into usable information at the destination.

Packet switching is more desirable to carriers and providersthan circuit switching for a host of reasons. One reason iscapacity. It is inefficient to serve only a single subscriber perchannel because the full bandwidth of the channels is not beingused at all times during a voice call. When a typical user makes

a call, there are lulls where neither party is talking. In circuitswitching, that lull is still being transmitted over the channel.The first generation of wireless (cellular) technology used thistechnique.

Current wireless systems share channels in a packetenvironment to deliver voice communications. In packetswitching, only actual voice content is packetized and sent tothe system. Advances in technology and in multiple accesstechniques have made this possible. Unfortunately, todayswireless access techniques do not support high-speed or high-

bandwidth transmissions. This limitation is the impetus for theevolution of wireless communications.

In todays wireless marketplace, users demand value-addedservices. With all the hype heralding third-generation (3G)services, users have come to expect that the next generation ofwireless technology will be not only a voice communicationsmedium but will have Internet-like functionality. Service

providers and application developers are on the path torealizing these user expectations, but there is still a long roadahead.

In reality, the dream of Internet-style functionality viawireless communications may not be fully realized in the 3Gdeployment. The multiple access techniques planned for 3Gwill not support the bandwidth and data transmission speedsrequired for the advanced applications users expect. 3Gtechnologies will certainly have greater functionality thantodays wireless systems; however, not until 4G deployment

will these so called killer applications be supported . Suchkiller applications are broadly classified in four categories:

A. Live Mobile Video.

4G wireless networks provide many features to handle the

current challenges in video communication [12]. The WiMaxand Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4G networks now being builtwill be able to handle broadcast-quality data loads over muchcheaper, faster, and more mobile connections than satellitetrucks. For instance, one developer, Nomad Innovations, offersa WiMax-based modem that attaches to the back of a

professional video camera, obviating the need for satelliteconnectivity in the field.

B. Mobile/Portable Gaming

Since most gaming platforms have Wi-Fi connectivity builtin, you can easily use the portable modem to share a 4Gconnection with five to eight different devices thus broadening

the use of 4G for swift portable gaming experience.

C. Cloud-Based Apps

The emergence of the 4G wireless network will make cloudcomputingworking with data and apps that are storedonlineeven more winsome than it is today with the cloudservices becoming considerably more reliable, functional andsecure for the mobile users.

D. Emergence Response and Tele-medicine

4G networks have the ability to transfer large files(like x-rays) in quick time along with providing interactive video forremote physician monitoring and direction.This has led to the

development of special gears and services for the health-careoperations that will provide better, faster, and less expensivemedical and emergency care.

V. FUTURE OF 4G

According to a report by the Yankee Group, 2011predictions for 4G are as follows:

A. 4G will be a drop in the ocean.By the end of 2011, the

worlds most important 4G technology (LTE) will

account for only 0.04 percent of all mobile lines.

B. 4G will fail to win the enterprise.Currently, less than a

third of enterprise decision-makers believe 4G is

important; that number wont budge by year end.C. The 4G killer device will be a hotspot. Users will

gravitate to hotspots simplicity and savings, reducing

4G subscriptions in the long run.

D. Competition in the U.S. will create a 4G marketing mess.

As operators slap the 4G moniker on everything fromWiMAX and LTE to HSPA+, confusion will abound.

E. A denial-of-service attack will take a 4G network down .

In their rush to roll out 4G, operators are cutting corners

on security; one unlucky operator will pay the price.

F. Chinese vendors will beat 3G incumbents in their own

backyards. Both Huawei and ZTE will make key 4G

wins outside Asia, to the detriment of established

players.

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G. 4G users will spend twice as much time on the mobile

Web as their non-4G counterparts. Companies that

invest in mobile Web sites and free or near-free rich

media content will benefit most.

H. Mobile video will not drive consumers to 4G. Mobile

video wont be the killer 4G app everyone expects;instead, consumers will spend more time with music

services like Pandora and Slacker.

I. The Web will not save operators in the mobile apps

market. Operators think 4G will give them a leg up in

mobile apps, but Apple and Google will still lead themarket in 2011.

J. MVNO hype will build, but most of it will lead to nothing.

4G MVNOs will fail for the same reason most 2G and

3G MVNOs failed: Most wont complement their hosts

businesses.

K. Pricing will end in tiers. 4G will herald the introductionof tiered mobile data pricing models, and flat-rate pricing

will be gone forever.L. Carrier VoIP will still be AWOL, despite 4G. 4Gs speed

and bandwidth are multimedia must-haves but not big

voice necessities. Few operators will launch servicesbefore 2013, allowing over-the-top companies to gain an

early lead.

M. Google will take the wheel in mobile data. Currently

behind Apple and others in the mobile space, Google will

quickly grab the mobile lead as 4G rolls out. More

bandwidth means more data traffic, and Google is themost successful company at monetizing that traffic,

states Yankee.The report additionally predicts that 4G will fail to win the

enterprise putting enterprises on the losing end and slatingSprint as a big winner. And the prediction that 4G users willspend twice as much time on the mobile Web as their non-4Gcounterparts ultimately hints that companies such as Wal-Mart, Jet Blue, Jumptap and Apple are to benefit, whileVerizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, and all those that currently dontoffer mobile Websites, are poised for losing out, concludingthat companies across the industry need to positionthemselves for the coming changes.

VI. CONCLUSION

There are many complex and interdependent moving partsthat must work together before a standard definition of 4G is

solidified. The benefits to service providers and end users drivethe adoption of 3G services that, in turn, lead to the demand foreven more advanced services. The realization of 4G tears downthe wall between wireless and wireline services, a challengingendeavor. Realistically, wide-scale availability of 4G is severalyears awaysomewhere in the middle of the next decade.

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[3] Krenik, B. 4G wireless technology: When will it happen? What does itoffer? Solid-State Circuits Conference, Fukuoka, Dec. 2008.

[4] Jong-Moon Chung; Kyucheol Park; Taeyeon Won; Wuihwan Oh;Seungjun Choi New protocols for future wireless systems Circuits and

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[5] Seung-Ku Hwang; Deuk-Su Lyu; KyungHi Chang, 4G vision andtechnology development in Korea Communication TechnologyProceedings, 2003. ICCT 2003, Vol. 1

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