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7. fatade inteligente

The word intelligentindicates the dynamic, almost living capability

of a faade to adapt to changing daily or seasonal conditions in orderto achieve a reduction in a buildings consumption of primary energy.

A glass faade can only then be properly described as intelligentwhen it makes use of natural, renewable energy sources, such assolar energy, air flows or the ground heat source, to secure a

buildings requirements in terms of heating, cooling and lighting.

For energy-saving measures to be used efficiently, this means that

overall energy concepts need to be developed during the designstage, to achieve an effective interaction between the faade, the

environment and the building systems.

Andrea Compagno, Intelligent Glass Facades: Material, Practice,Design, Birkhuser, 1999

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- structura tripod,

- atrium triunghiular,

- fatada dubla

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Forma ovoida este rezultata din testele in tunelul de vant, iar fluxul aerului ininterspatiul fatadei si in atrium a fost verificat folosind metoda CFD (computational

fluid dynamics: demonstreaza vizual viteza, temperatura si intensitatea fluxurilor deaer).

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- panouri reflexive ajustabile ce permit iluminarea naturala in interiorul cladirii

- planseele acumulator termic

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Fatade simple

The entrance hall of the Leipzig exhibition (by Gerkan Marg Partner with Ian RitchieArchitects, 1996) serves as reception, information point and connection between the

exhibition halls.The vaulted glass hall forms a climate-controlled and weather-protected space.

In the summer natural ventilation prevents overheating. For protection from the sun theglazing has been white fritted.

Andrea Compagno

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Gerkan Marg and Partners with Ian Ritchie Architects,Neue Messe Leipzig, 1996

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sticla la interiorul structurii reticulate metalice

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Efectul de sera la interiorul cladirii asigura comfort climatic pe intreaga peroada a anului.Aditional, se foloseste inclazirea din planseu si convectorii de la baza boltii pentru a

ridica temperatura la min 8C. Pe timp de vara, noaptea, in serpentinele planseului estecirculata apa rece.

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In partea centrala sticla este

tratata pentru reflectarealuminii solare

pe timpul verii, suprafata

exterioara a sticlei este racitacu apa

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Fatade duble

The cavity is connected with the outside air so that the windows of interior faade canbe opened, even in the case of tall buildings subject to wind pressures; this enables

natural ventilation and night-time cooling of the buildings thermal mass. In winter thecavity forms a thermal buffer zone which reduces heat losses and enables passivethermal gain from solar radiation.

Andrea Compagno

Factori determinanti in proiectare:

- latimea interspatiului- dimensiunea deschiderilor de aerisire in fatada exterioara

- presiunea vantului pe fatada exterioara

- efectul de stivuire a aerului cald deasupra celui rece

- coeficientul de descarcare al deschiderilor- sisteme pasive aerisiri deschise continuu

- sisteme active aerisiri deschise manual sau mecanic

- regulamentele pentru preventia incendiilor

- regulamentele pentru protectia fonica

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Fatade duble, interspatiu de un etajGaleriile Lafayette, Berlin, Jean Nouvel

1991-95

- fante de aerisire prezente la fiecare nivel

- fatada folosita ca mod de informare si atractie vizuala- interspatiu de 20 cm, geam curb la exterior,fatada poligonala la interior

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RWE AG Headquarters, Essen, 1991-97, Ingenhoven Overdiek and Partners

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28-storey high-rise office tower.The design of the RWE faade system was influenced by theclients' desire for optimum use of daylight, natural ventilation,

and solar protection. All these demands resulted in atransparent interactive faade system which encompasses

the entire building. The exterior layer of the double-skinfaade is 10-mm extra-white glass. The interior layer consists

of full-height, double-pane glass doors that can be opened13.5 cm wide by the occupants (and wider for maintenance).The 50-cm wide interstitial space is one-storey (3.59 m) highand one module (1.97 m) wide. Outside air admitted throughthe 15 cm high ventilation slit at the base of one module is

then ventilated to the exterior out the top of the adjacentmodule. Retractable venetian blinds are positioned just

outside the face of the sliding glass doors (contributes tointerior heat gains?) within the interstitial space. An anti-glarescreen is positioned on the interior.Daylight, direct solar and glare can be controlled with blindsand an interior anti-glare screen. The extra air cavity acts asa thermal buffer, decreasing the rate of heat loss between

outside and inside. Fresh air is supplied through the openingat the bottom and warm air is exhausted through the openingat the top of the faade. During extreme cold conditions, thewindows are closed. Warm air is returned to the central plantvia risers for heat recovery in the winter. The faade provides

good heat insulation in the winter and with the combination ofslatted blinds, effective solar protection in the summer.

http://gaia.lbl.gov/hpbf/casest_j.htm

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interspatiu de 50 cm, cu protectie solara integrataalternanta a modulelor de aerisire

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Dsseldorf Stadttor (City Gate), 1991-97,Petzinka Pink and Partners

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16-storey towers with a 56-m high atriumin the centerEach tower has a corridor double-skin

faade with a single-storey interstitialspace that is 90-140 cm deep and 20-mlong. The interior faade has double-pane,low-E glazed doors that pivot every second

bay. The exterior faade is 12-mm fixedsafety glass. High-reflectance Venetian

blinds are located in the interstitial space.Mechanical ventilation is provided duringpeak summer and winter hours. Chilledceilings provide radiant cooling. Thebuilding can be naturally ventilated for 60%of the year.

http://gaia.lbl.gov/hpbf/casest_f.htm

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Commerzbank, Frankfurt, 1991-97, Foster and Partners, one of the largest banks in

Europe, commissioned in 1991 to the Norman Foster building 259 m high, with 53 floors. Whenit was completed in May 1997, Commerzbank was the highest in Europe.

This tower was the first turn "green" in the world by the incorporation of environmental criteria inits development as an efficient system of thermal efficiency of the floor. Systems to reduceenergy introduced maximize daylight for lighting so that all offices take full advantage of natural

light. The tower is a vertical triangle composed of three petals whose rounded accommodateelevators and lifts and the center is an atrium that joins the exterior walls in nine locations. Thefloors are arranged in both sides of offices and a garden, the aim being that each employee hasaccess to natural daylight. Gardens are four floors at different levels on each side of the tower,forming a spiral of landscaping around the building. These gardens play an ecological role,

providing daylight and fresh air in the central atrium, which acts as a chimney for naturalventilation for offices. The gardens are also places to relax during breaks refresh, bringing the

richness and humanity of the workplace. Plantations vary depending on the gardens.The building rests on a steel frame consisting of 111 pillars, which reduces the weight of

construction. This technique, commonly used in the United States, was a first in Europe. Thebuilding is dressed in laminated glass to be transparent to radar, according to the requirements

of air traffic control center.

http://blogdelarchitecture.blogspot.com/2009/05/commerzbank-frankfurt-by-norman-foster.html

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Principii: fatada dubla si winter garden

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i i i l

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-impartire verticala pe

unitati de cate 4 etaje

-atriumul central este

divizat in sectiuni decate 12 etaje

- pe timp de iarnagradinile functioneaza

ca sere- fantele de aerisire

sunt deschise continuu

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Renzo Piano Building Workshop

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Renzo Piano Building Workshop

with Cristoph Kohlbecker,

debis headquarters building,

Berlin 1991-97

A double-skin faade with anouter skin of frameless, pivoting

glass louvres acts as a thermalbuffer in winter and as a single-

skin faade with solar protection

in summer.

Andrea Compagno

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Interspatiu de 70 cm

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p

latime, impartit insectoare pentru a

impiedicapropagarea fumului

in caz de incendiu

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Sursa: flickr, profi-lack-tisch

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Fatade duble, interspatiu pe intreaga inaltime a cladirii

In double skin facades with a full, buiding-high cavity one problem that has to eovercome is that of the rising air, which has been warmed, re-entering the buiding

through open windows at the upper levels. To prevent this from happening, the full-

high cavity is used as a large shaft either for air inflow or outflow.Andrea Compagno

GSW Headquarters, Berlin, 1995-99, Sauerbruch Hutton Architekten

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Project Description: 22-storey, 11-m wide office building with cross ventilation and a double-skin

thermal flue on the west-facing faade.This 11-m wide office building allows for cross ventilation. The east faade consists of automaticallyand manually-operated triple-glazed windows with between-pane blinds. Louvered metal panelsalso occur on the east faade to admit fresh air independently from the windows. The west faadeconsists of a double-skin faade with interior double pane windows that are operated both manuallyand automatically and a sealed 10-mm exterior glazing layer. The interstitial space is 0.9 m wide.Wide, vertical, perforated aluminum louvers located in this interstitial space are also automatically

deployed and manually adjustable. The louvers can be fully extended to shade the entire westfaade.

Outside air admitted from the east faade provides cross ventilation to the opposing west faade.The prevailing window direction is from the east. The west faade acts as a 20-storey high shaftinducing vertical airflow through stack effect and thermal buoyancy. Where partitioned offices occur,sound-baffled vents permit airflow across the building.During the heating season, the air cavity between multi-layer faade acts as a thermal buffer whenall operable windows are closed. Warm air is returned to the central plant via risers for heat

recovery. Fresh air is supplied from the raised floor system. Radiant heating and cooling areprovided. Thermal storage in the ceiling and floor was created using exposed concrete soffits and acementitious voided screed system. Various building systems such as lighting and diffusers areeither integrated into the soffit or into the voided screed.

http://gaia.lbl.gov/hpbf/casest_f.htm

http://gaia lbl gov/hpbf/techno d htm

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http://gaia.lbl.gov/hpbf/techno_d.htm

http://www3.hku.hk/mech/sbe/case_study/case/ger/GSW_Berlin/GSW-

energy-ventilation.htm

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Fatada dubla pe partea de vest

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- interspatiu folosit pentru priza de aer- cei 240 m inaltime sunt divizati in 4 sectoare de cate 10 etaje- gradina centrala

- geamurile exterioare de pe fatada sud sunt usor inclinate si inchise la baza cu un

grilaj, protectie solara integrata- pe timp de iarna grilele de aerisire se inchid si fatada functioneaza ca zona tampon

- aerul viciat este evacuat prin gradinile interioare

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The Guardian

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Fatada horn

Fatada horn este o combinatie intre o fatada dubla cu interspatiu pe intreaga

inaltime a cladirii si o fatada dubla cu interspatiu impartit pe orizontala:

Interspatiul deschis pe intreaga inaltime functioneaza ca un horn pentru aerulviciat, pe partile sale laterale, in legatura cu el, se afla interspatii de un nivel.Aerul viciat trece astfel din interspatiile de un nivel in interspatiul horn, fiin

evacuat la capatul de sus.

Importanta este inaltimea fatadei, pentru a permite efectul de evacuare a aerului

viciat

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Photonics Centre, Berlin Adlershof, 1995-98, Sauerbruch Hutton Architects

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http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/940

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Copyright Holger KnaufARAG Versicherung, Dsseldorf, 1994-99, RKW Architects

with Foster and Partners

-turn de 130 m h impartit in sectiuni de cate 7 etaje, grupate ca

unitati individuale, fiecare cu propriul nivel tehnic (6etaje de

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, p p ( jbirouri si un etaj dublu cu gradina si servicii tehnice)

- hornuri de ventilatie de 7 etaje inaltime, legate de interspatiilede un etaj

- inaltimea hornului permite functionarea acestuia chiar si inlipsa vantului

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Copyright Holger Knauf

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- convectori plasati in podele in fata fatadei interioare, plafoane racite pe timp de vara,protectie solara integrata.

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Copyright Holger Knauf

Climate Halls

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Aplicarea principiului dublei fatade ca zona tampon termic in cladiri de joasainaltime: sere, atriumuri si climate halls ca interspatii ale dublei fatade.

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- gradina de iarna deschisa pe intreaga inaltime a cladirii fatada nord:- contine zonele de comunicare, protejeaza fonic, si functioneaza ca zona tamponclimatic.

- orientarea s re nord limiteaza riscul de su raincalzire e tim de vara

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http://www.arcspace.com/architects/rogers/benz/http://www.okalux.de/en/products/systems/fixing-systems/structural-glazing.html

http://www.richardrogers.co.uk/render.aspx?siteID=1&navIDs=1,4,25,457

Daimler Chrysler B4 and B6 buildings, Berlin, 1993-98, Richard Rogers

Photos: arcspace

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Credit: Katsuhisa Kida

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2 niveluri de magazine, 5 etaje de birouri si 2 etaje de atic

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Curtea interioara este acoperita cu un dom de

sticla, iar planul respecta tipicul berlinez de bloccu curte interioara, ce descreste spre sud si este

puternic vitrat

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http://www4.architektur.tu-darmstadt.de/powerhouse/db/248,id_123,s_Projects.fb15

Microelectronics Park, Duisburg, 1989-97, Foster and Partners

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Training Centre of the Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine Westphalia, Herne Sodingen, 1992-99, Jourda & Perraudin and HeggerHegger Schleiff Planer + Architektenhttp://www.mai-nrw.de/Akademie-Mont-Cenis.36.0.html?&L=1.

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http://tenplusone-db.inax.co.jp/backnumber/article/articleid/90/

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http://tenplusone-

db.inax.co.jp/backnumber/article/articleid/90/

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http://www.mai-nrw.de/Akademie-Mont-Cenis.36.0.html?&L=1.

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Copyright Jens Haun

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http://www.scheutensolar.de/references/academy-mont-cenis

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The Akademie Mont-Cenis is one element in an urban master plan to cluster together 300 apartments,commercial spaces and service venues and to develop the surrounding countryside into a district park.

The Akademie Mont-Cenis includes a guest house for trainees as well as a community centre with library a

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http://www.mai-nrw.de/Akademie-Mont-Cenis.36.0.html?&L=1

The Akademie Mont-Cenis includes a guest house for trainees as well as a community centre with library, ameeting place for locals and a district administrative office for the city of Herne. The inspiration for the buildingcame from London's Crystal Palace built for the 1851 Great Exhibition: all units are organised as interior woodenstructures under a glass enclosure. The wood-beam supported micro-climate enclosure 180-m long, 75-m wideand 15-m high - allows for simple construction of the constituent houses that manage without weather protection.

The buildings use 50% less energy than conventional constructions. Heat and electricity are supplied by acommunal power source that runs on methane. The roof is lined with a 1 MW photovoltaic system.

Two three-storey truncated cones immediately catch the eye. One is the entry area to the training academy andthe other houses the district library. The arrangement of the district town hall is such that the academy and officeelements function alongside one another without problems. Within the district park, the academy is situated at ahigher elevation and is framed by an oval line of trees and a light installation by Mischa Kuball.

Outside the ellipse, spontaneous vegetation will develop into woodland as the old industrial slag heaps were longago covered over by grassland. Subsequently, the Landschafts- und Naturschutzgebiet Vosshacken [Vosshackenlandscape park and nature reserve] will become part of the park. The 2005 completion of a residential andcommercial building, which includes a supermarket, various smaller shops, medical practices as well asapartments suitable for the elderly and disabled, marked the last step in the renewal of the community centre. The

public marketplace that fronts the four-storey building links the park and academy to the rest of the district.

http://www ced berkeley edu/courses/fa10/arch244/?paged=24

http://www.baukunst-nrw.de/en/

http://www.compagno.ch/EN/Vortrag_EN_state-of-the-art.htm

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http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/courses/fa10/arch244/?paged=24

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