4a29DLJ RP Fundamental of Computers

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Operating Systems

By

Rajesh Purohit

Associate Professor, Dept of CSE,

MBM Engg College, JNV University,

Jodhpur


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Computer is :

A Perfect Slave

No Intelligence

Only Memory


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Computer: Who Computes

Computation v/s Calculation


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Example

5 + 4 X 2 = ?

18 or 13


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Example Cont

5 + 8

= 13

If do on calculator

5 + 4 gives 9 * 2 gives 18 i.e. wrong


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Computation

Arithmetic Calculation and Logical Decision


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Computer

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A computer is a device that accepts input,processes data, and produces an outputaccording to a series of stored instructions.

Computers are made of 2 main parts hardwareand software. Hardware is the physical pieces of a computer

Software is a program or operating system that an beinstalled on a computer


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Block Diagram

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Computer System Components

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Hardware:

microprocessormicroprocessor

Peripheral devices:

input and outputinput and output

Software:programsprograms


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Components

Hardware

Software


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Hardware v/s Software

System Implementation

Using Only Hardware

Using Software over Hardware

Exp.

Hardware Software

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Example Contd

QUEUEPLEASE

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Software

The programs or instructions used to tell

the computer hardware what to do.

System software allows a computer to

operate and run application software.

Application softwareperforms specific

tasks or applications.


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System v/s Application Software

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Type of Software

Operating System

Language Processor

Utility Program

Application Programs

Personal Computing Software

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Memory

A place where information is stored in such

a way that it can be retrieved back

whenever required.


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Memory Classification

CPU Connected : Primary, Secondary

Write Permission : ROM, RWM

Access Method : Random,Sequential,DirectTechnology Based: Semiconductor, Optical,

Magnetic

Ext Power to Retain: Volatile, Nonvolatile


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Booting

When the computer is switched on, it

contains no Information, and to bring that

information from secondaryNONVOLATILE memory to Primary

Memory, a process is executed called

BOOTING.


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Operating System

It is the Resource Manager of whole computer

system and responsible for User interface

and security.e.g. Process, Memory, IO, Information

Example

DOS, Windows95, Windows98, Windows XP

LINUX, UNIX.


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Files and Software

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Types of files data files store information,

executable files do something

Types of software system software includes O/S and other utilities

application software includes applications likeoffice, and browser


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Data v/s Information

Data = raw, unorganized facts. Can be in the form oftext, graphics, audio, or

video.

Information = data that has been processed

into a useful form.


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Program

A Method to solve given problem

Once the method is known it is reused with

varying data.

e.g. To calculate Average Formula is

( A + B ) / 2

it can be used to calculated

average for different values of A and B


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Role of Operating System

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Classification

Number of Users Single User, Multi User

User Interface Character Interface, Graphical Interface, Voice

Application Based:

Real-Time, Desktop, Embedded, Network

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Popular Operating System

OS/360

CP/M

DOSMacintosh

Windows

UnixLinux

Minix

Plan 9 25


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Common Features

Process Management

Memory Management

File Management

Device Management

Security

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User Level Operations

File Operations Create; Delete; Copy; Move; Rename; Print

Folder Operations Create; Remove; Traverse;

Execution of Applications

Spreadsheet; Word Processor; Database; BackupSystem Control Operations Shutdown, Logoff, Restart, Hybernate, Standby

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Windows Operating System

Microsoft Product

Features

Desktop

Graphical User Interface

Multitasking

Secured from other user sessions Plug and Play

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Mouse Nomenclature

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Login Operation

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Control Panel

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Desktop

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UNIX/LINUX Operating System

MULTICS developed by MIT,AT&T,GE

(1960s)

UNIX developed by AT&T Researchers(1969) Rework on Multics

LINUX developed by CommunityMethodology Kernel by Linus Torvald

(1991) Rework on UNIX

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Variants of UNIX

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Features

MutiUser System

Command User Interface

Developed for Programmers

Time Sharing

Secured

Portable

Hierarchical File System

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Commands

FILE OPERATION

ls : To list all available files and directories

cp : To copy a file to another file

mv: To rename/move at other location

Rm : To delete a file

cat : create, display, append,

cat>my; cat my; cat ab>>pq

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Commands contd..

Directory Operations

mkdir : Create new directory

rmdir : Delete a directory

cd : Change directory, cd ..; cd ;

Authorization Operation

chmod: Change mode of file/directory

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Windows and UNIX Architecture

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Popular Terms

Virus

Worm

Format

Backup


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Thank You

[email protected]

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Documents

4a29DLJ RP Fundamental of Computers