4644Hydrologic Simulation Models

7/29/2019 4644Hydrologic Simulation Models

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Hydrologic Simulation

An-Najah National University

College of Graduate Studies

Hydrologic Simulation Models Dr. Sameer Shadeed1

Models

Dr. Sameer Shadeed


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Rainfall-runoff analysis and modeling is

concerned with the physical processes that

occur within a catchment and lead to the

Rainfall-Runoff Analysis and

Modeling


rans orma on o ra n a n o s ream runo :

(1) Rainfall Hyetograph: Time-series of rainfall

in a catchment.

(2) Streamflow Hydrograph: Time-series of

stream discharge at catchment outlet.


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The transformation between rainfall andstreamflow is known as rainfall-runoff analysis

or modeling

It is typically complex and site dependant


Modeling


surface, vegetation, stream channel and human

infrastructure (flood control, irrigation, dams,

roads, etc).

The rainfall-runoff transformation is consideredto be: (a) non-linear, (b) scale-dependant, (c) site-

specific and (d) complex.


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The rainfall-runoff transformation is the reflection of:

1. Excess rainfall input

2. A complex transfer function determined by

catchment characteristics

3. Event runoff out ut


Modeling



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Modeling

Streamflow is spatially and temporallyvariable, as determined by:

1. Spatial and temporal variation ofrainfall input

2. Travel time across hillslope pathways


, ,vegetation cover, geology

3. Travel time through the channel network

determined by length, cross sectional area,

flow resistance and surface-groundwaterinteractions


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Rainfall-Runoff (Hydrological Models)

The rainfall-runoff model is a hydrological model thatdetermines the runoff signal that leaves the catchment from

the rainfall signal received by this catchment.

The tasks for which rainfall-runoff models are used are

varied

1. Modeling existing catchments for which input-output data


exist

2. Runoff estimation on ungauged catchments

3. Prediction of effects of catchment change e.g. land use

change, climate change

4. Coupled hydrology and geochemistry e.g. nutrients, acid

rain5. Coupled hydrology and meteorology e.g. global climate

models


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Hydrological Models

StochasticDeterministic

Classification of Hydrological

Models


Space-independent Space-correlatedDistributedSemi-distributedLumped

Empirical Conceptual Physically-based


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(1) Stochastic or deterministic model: models that

always provide the same result for a given set of


Models


.

accounts of uncertainty in these quantities and

provides a measure of the distribution of possible

outcomes, it is stochastic.


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(2) Lumped or distributed model: models that

treat the entire catchment as a single unit are


Models


,

domain into small elements. Both methods have

advantages and disadvantages.


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(3) Conceptual or physically-based model: a

conceptual model relies on storage volumes

and fluxes that may only represent the catchment


Models


response an ave parame ers a canno e

associated to measurements. Physically-based

models attempt to parameterize processes using

equations for which parameter values can be

readily measured.


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Lumped modelsParameters do not vary in space

Low data requirements

Limited physical representation


Models


-Parameters partially vary in space

Compromise (input data - complexity)

Distributed models

Parameters fully vary in spaceMost advanced approach, high accuracy

Data extensive modeling


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Models

Event-process modelsDesigned to simulate individual events

Emphasis on infiltration and surface runoff

Peak discharge and volume


Continuous-process models

Designed for long-term simulations

Emphasis on all hydrologic processes

Drought and water balance


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Examples of Hydrological Models



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Selection of Hydrological Models

General guidelines for model selection:

1. Ease of use: skill required, ease of interpreting results,

assumption required by model.

2. Availability of data: ability to use readily available data, ability

to handle small and variable time increments, data accuracy and

data resolution.


. va a y o mo e s: cos o opera e n erms o compu ngtime and hardware system.

4. Application to management activities: number of parameters

predicted, sensitivity to change in management activities.

5. Broad regional coverage: ability of a model to operate in

various hydrological areas, extrapolation of model.

6. Accuracy of prediction: ability to predict relative change and

absolute effects needed to calibrate model, repeatability of

model predictions, error between actual and predicted values for

volumes.


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Schematic Hydrological Modeling

Protocol

Field daa

Define purpose

Conceptual model

Code selection

Performance criteria

Calibration

Validation

Comparison with

field data


Yes

No

Model buildingField daa

Selected code suitable?

Code modification

Simulation

Presentaion of resuls

PostauditField daa


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Steps in Catchment Modeling



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Selected Simulation Models in

Hydrology



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The Hydrologic Engineering

Centers (HECHEC)

HEC-HMS

Hydrologic Simulation Models18 Dr. Sameer Shadeed

Hydrologic Modeling System

(HMSHMS)


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The Hydrologic Modeling System (HECHEC--HMSHMS) isdesigned to simulate the rainfall-runoff processes of

dendritic watershed systems.

It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of

geographic areas for solving the widest possible range of

problems. This includes large river basin water supply and

HEC-HMS


flood hydrology, and small urban or natural watershed

runoff.

Hydrographs produced by the program are used directly

or in conjunction with other software for studies of water

availability, urban drainage, flow forecasting, future

urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design, flood

damage reduction, floodplain regulation, and systems

operation.


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The program is a generalized modeling system capableof representing many different watersheds. A model of the

watershed is constructed by separating the hydrologic cycle

into manageable pieces and constructing boundaries

around the watershed of interest.

Any mass or energy flux in the cycle can then be

HEC-HMS


represented with a mathematical model. In most cases,

several model choices are available for representing each

flux.

Each mathematical model included in the program is

suitable in different environments and under different

conditions. Making the correct choice requires knowledge

of the watershed, the goals of the hydrologic study, and

engineering judgment.


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The program features a completely integratedwork environment including a database, data entry

utilities, computation engine, and results reporting

tools.

HEC-HMS


A graphical user interface allows the seamless

movement between the different parts of the

program.

Program functionality and appearance are thesame across all supported platforms.


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Models the rainfall-runoff process in a catchment

based on catchment physiographic data

Offers a variety of modeling options in order to

Uses of the HEC-HMS


Offers a variety of options for flood routing along

streams

Capable of estimating parameters for calibration

of each basin based on comparison of computeddata to observed data


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HEC-HMS is comprised ofa graphical user interface

(GUI), integrated hydrologic

analysis components, data

storage and management

capabilities, and graphics and

HEC-HMS (Features)


repor ng ac es

The Data Storage System,

HEC-DSS, is used for

storage and retrieval of time

series, paired-function, andgridded data, in a manner

largely transparent to the

user


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HECHEC--HMSHMS model componentsare used to simulate the hydrologic

response in a catchment

HMSHMS model components include

basin model, meteorologic models,

control specifications, and input

HEC-HMS (Components)


data

A simulation calculates the rainfall-runoff response in

basin model given input from the meteorologic model

The control specifications define the time period and time

step of the simulation run

Input data components, such as time series data, paired

data, and grided data are often requied as parameter or

boundary conditions in basin and meteorologic models


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Basin Model Component



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subbasins- contains data for subbasins(losses, UH transform, and baseflow)

reaches- connects elements together andcontains flood routing data


junctions- connection point betweenelements

reservoirs- stores runoff and releases runoffat a specified rate (storage-discharge relation)



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sinks- has an inflow but no outflow

sources- has an outflow but no inflow


diversions- diverts a specified amount of runoff

to an element based on a rating curve - used for

detention storage elements or overflows



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Meteorologic Model Component



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Control Specification Component

The control specifications set the time span of a simulationrun

Information in the control specifications includes a starting

date and time, ending date and time, and computation time

step



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Input Data Component



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User Interface


Catchment

Explorer

Component

Editor Message Log


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Catchment Explorer

The catchment explorer wasdeveloped to provide quick

access to all components in

HECHEC--HMSHMS project

For example, the user can

easily navigate from a basin


model to a precipitation gaugeand then to a meteorologic

model without using menu

options or opening additional

windows

The catchment explorer isdivided into three parts:

Components, Compute and

Results


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Component Editor

When a component or sub-component in the CatchmentExplorer is active, a specific Component Editor will open

All data that can be specified in the model component is

entered in the Component Editor

Any data required will be indicated with a red asterisk



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Message Log

Note, warming, and errors are shown in the Message Log These messages are useful for identifying why a simulation

run failed or why a requested action, like opening a project,

was not completed



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Desktop

The Desktop holds a variety of windows including summary

tables, time-series tables, graphs, and the basin model map

The basin model map is used to develop a basin model.

Elements (sub-basin, river reach, reservoir, etc.) are added from

the toolbar and connected to represent the physical drainage

network of the study area


Background maps

can be imported to

help visualize the

catchment


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Developing an HMS Project

To develop a hydrologic model, the user must complete the

following steps:

1. Create a new project.

2. Input time series, paired, and gridded data needed by the

basin or meteorologic model.

3. Define the physical characteristics of the catchment by


.4. Select a method for calculating subbasin precipitation and

enter required information. Evapotranspiration and snow melt

information are also entered at this step if required.

5. Define the control specifications.

6. Combine a basin model, meteorologic model, and control

specifications to create a simulation.7. View the results and modify the basin model, meteorologic

model, or control specifications as needed.


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Example 5-1

A small undeveloped watershed has the parameterslisted in the following tables. A unit hydrograph and

Muskingum routing coefficients are known for subbasin

3, shown in Fig. E5.1(a). TC and R values for subbasins

1 and 2 and associated SCS curve numbers (CN) are

rovided as shown. A 5-hr rainfall h eto ra h in in./hr is


shown in Fig. E5.1(b) for a storm event that occurred on

June 19, 1983. Assume that the rain fell uniformly over

the watershed.

Use the information given to develop a HEC-HMS

input data set to model this storm. Run the model to

determine the predicted outflow at point B.


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Example 5-1



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Example 5-1


Muskingum coefficients: x = 0.15, K = 3 hr, Area = 3.3 sq mi


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Example 5-1 (Solution)

The following slides illustrates the general steps

for setting up a new project in HEC-HMS and the


Example 5-1


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1. Begin by starting HEC-HMS and creating a newproject. Select the File New menu item. Enter

Example 5-1 for the project Name and Tutorial for the

Description. Select a desired directory to store the

project files in. Set the Default Unit System to U.S.

Customar and click the Create button to create the


project.


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2. Set the project options before

creating gages or model

components. Select the Tools

Program Settings menu item.

Set Subbasin loss to SCS Curve

Number, Subbasin transform to

Clark Unit Hydrograph, Subbasin


baseflow to Recession, Reachrouting to Muskingum, Reach

loss/ gain to None, Subbasin

precipitation to Specified

Hyetograph, Subbasin

evapotranspiration" to None, and

Subbasin snowmelt to None.Click the OK button to save and

close the Project Options

window.


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3.Begin creating the basin model by selecting theComponents Basin Model Manager menu item.

Create a new basin model with a Name of Basin 1



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4. Create the Element Network: The Basin 1 will be represented with

three subbasins, one routing reach, and two junctions. Open the newbasin model map by selecting the Basin 1 model in the Catchment

Explorer. Use the following steps to create the element network:1. Add three subbasin elements. Place the icons by clicking the left

mouse button in the basin map.

2. Add one reach elements . Click first where you want the upstream


en o e reac o e oca e . c a secon me w ere you wanthe downstream end of the reach.

3. Add two junction elements (name the first junction A and the second

B).

4. Connect all the elements, place the mouse over the subbasin icon

and click the right mouse button. Select the Connect Downstream

menu item. Place the mouse over the junction icon and click the left

mouse button. Connect subbasin 1 and 2 downstream to Junction-A.

Then connect upstream junction-A to the downstream junction-B,

using a reach. Connect subbasin 3 downstream to junction-B. The

basin should look like the figure shown in the next slide


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5. Enter all the

information for each

subbasin using the given

information. Double-click

on subbasin 1 (or use

the catchment explorer


an p ace t e mouseover subbasin 1) and fill

the information as shown

in the figure. Do the

same for subbasin 2. For

subbasin 3, repeat thesame process, but refer

to steps 6-9 for the

transform method


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6. For subbasin 3,select User-Specified

Unit Hydrograph for

the transform method



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7. The input unit hydrograph for subbasin 3 can be entered

from Components Paired Data Manager menu item.

Create a new unit hydrograph curve with a Name ofTable

1



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8. Table 1 will be added to the catchment explorer.

Place the mouse overTable 1 and from the component

editor enter the information shown in the figure. Select

Table and enter the given data for the unit hydrograph

of subbasin 3



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9. A gain place the mouse over subbasin 3 and select

Transform, then select Table 1 for the unit hydrograph

as shown in the figure



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10. Enter the data for reach 1. Select Muskingum for

routing method, and enter the K and x values. Enter that

there are two subreaches in the reach



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10. Begin creating the meteorologic model by selecting the

Components Meteorologic Model Manager menu

item. Click the New button in the Meteorologic Model

Manager window. In the Create A New Meteorologic Model

window enter Met1 for the Name



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11. Open the Component Editor for this meteorologic model

by selecting it in the Catchment Explorer. In the ComponentEditor make sure the selected Precipitation method is

Specified Hyetograph. Set the Include Subbasins

option to Yes for the Basin 1



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12. Select Specified Hyetograph

and make sure to choose Gage

1 for all subbasins as sown in

the figure



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13. The input data for the Hyetograph can be entered from

Components Time Series Data Managermenu item.

Create a new precipitation gage with a Name ofGage 1



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14. From the Catchment Explorer, select Gage 1 and

entered the information as shown in the figure



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15. Enter the data forGage 1 as shown in the figure



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16. Create the control specifications by selecting the

Components Control Specifications Manager menu

item. In the Control Specifications Manager window, click

the New button and enterControl 1 for the Name



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17. In the Component Editor, enter 19Jun1983 for the "Start

Date" and 21Jun1983 for the "End Date. Enter 12:00 for the

"Start Time" and 00:00 for the "End Time. Select a time

interval of 30 Minutes from the Time Interval drop-down

list.



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18. A simulation run is created by selecting the Compute Creat

Simulation Run menu option. Click the New button in theSimulation Run Manager window. After clicking the New button,

a wizard opens to step the user through the process of creating

a simulation run. First, a name must be entered for the simulation

run, then a basin model, a meteorologic model, and a control


.


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19. The new simulation run is added to the Compute tab of the

Catchment Explorer



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20. To run the model, Select Compute Compute Run menu

option. Or from the toolbar menu, select



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21. View Model Results: Graphical and tabular results are

available after a simulation run, an optimization trial, and

an analysis have been computed. Results can be

accessed from the Catchment Exploreror the basin model

map.



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22. View model results at junction-B: Select B from the Catchment

Explorer. Choose Graph, Summary

Table, or Time-Series Table to see

the result



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23. The flow hydrograph at the catchment outlet (junction-B) should looks like the following figure


R i f ll R ff M d li i th


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Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in the

Faria Catchment



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Objectives Research Needs and Motivations

Methodology

Study Area

Data Collection and Analysis

Study Outline

o e ng Model Setup

Model Parameterization

Model Application

Sensitivity Analysis

Scenario Modeling Management Options

Conclusions



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The objective of this research is to obtain

dependable estimates of naturally available, water

resources in arid and semi-arid environment of the

West Bank, Palestine

Objectives

The newly coupled TRAIN-ZIN model was used inthis study to evaluate the availability of surface water

resources in the Faria catchment

Such evaluation can be utilized in the developmentofbest management practices that can be adopted to

manage the scarce water resources in the catchment



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Follow up to the above objectives, a few questions are

raised

What are the active runoff generation processes in arid and

semi-arid regions?

What is the best hydrological model that can be used to assess

the runoff eneration rocess in arid and semi-arid re ions?

Research Questions

How can we provide improved estimations of catchment initialconditions (e.g., soil moisture, infiltration rate,.)?

How do we characterize the TRAIN-ZIN model uncertainties?

How can we use the TRAIN-ZIN model in assessing the runoff

generation underland use and climate changes scenarios?

What are the total available water resources in the Faria

catchment?

What are the proper water resources management options for

the most efficient water use in the Faria catchment?



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Population growth

Limited water supplies

Increasing water demands

Research Needs and Motivations

Inefficient management strategy

Environmental pollution

Lack of better understanding

Occupation



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This situation has compelled the motivation forconducting a hydrological modeling to better

understand and to evaluate the water resources

availability in the Faria catchment

Research Needs and Motivations

This is essential to provide input data for a

management system and to enable the development

ofoptimal waterallocation policies and management

alternatives to bridge the supply-demand gap under

the present and expected future changes, in landuse and climate conditions



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Methodology

Research Needs and

Objectives

Characterization of the

Study Area

Data collection Litrature Review

Parameters Determination

Model SimulationCalibration Sensitivity Analysis

GeographyTopography

Climatology

Geology & SoilSprings & Wells

Rainfall & RunoffLand use & Infiltration

Hydrological Network

GIS

Excel

Data Analysis

Data Processing

Model BuildingCoupled TRAIN & ZIN Models

Setup GIS Database

Modelling Global Change Scenarios

Validation

Simulation of Water Management Options

Uncertainty Assessment

Conclusions and Perspectives



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Located in the northeastern

part of the West Bank and

extends to the Jordan River

It is characterized as a arid to

semi-arid region with an area of

320 km2 (6% of the West Bank)

Faria Catchment (Characteristics)

Regional Location

Map of the FariaCatchment

Topographic relief changes

significantly throughout the

catchment

The mean annual temperature

changes from 18 oC at the head

of the catchment to 24 oC in theproximity to the Jordan River



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The winter rainy season is from

October to April

The rainfall in the catchment varies

with space and time

The rainfall distribution within the

catchment ranges from 650 mm at the

Faria Catchment (Rainfall)

ea wa er o mm a e ou e othe Jordan River

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1947

1952

1957

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

Year

Rainfall(mm)

Nablus TaluzaTubas Beit DajanTa mmu n A L-Faria



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In the Faria catchment, water

resources are either surface orgroundwater

There are 70 wells in the catchment;

of which 61 are agricultural, 4 are

domestic and 5 are Israeli controlled

wells

Faria Catchment (Water Resources)

#Y#Y#Y#Y

#Y#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y#Y#Y

#Y#Y

#Y#Y

#Y#Y

#Y#Y#Y#Y#Y

#Y#Y

#Y#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y#Y

$Z$Z

$Z

$Z$Z

$Z$Z$Z

$Z

$Z

$Z

$Z$Z

18-18/014

N

Within the catchment 13 fresh water

springs exist

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y#Y

#Y#Y#Y

#Y#Y#Y

#Y#Y

#Y#Y#Y

#Y

#Y #Y#Y#Y

#Y

#Y#Y

#Y#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

Surface Water Network#Y

Israeli Controlled Wells

#Y Agricultural Wells#Y Domastic Wells$Z Springs

Catchment Boundary

0 5 10 Kilometers

The streamflow of the catchment is a

mix of:

Runoff generated from winter storms

Untreated wastewater

Fresh water from springs which

provides the catchment baseflow



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#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

Salim

Tubas

Tammun

Talluza

N

4 TBRs

wereinstalled

Rainfall

data (5-min

Rainfall Data (1/2)

#

#

#

#

#

#

TBR

Daily Gauge

Daily Gauge & TBR

Daily Gauge & TBR

Daily Gauge & TBR

N#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

642.6

415.2

322.3

630.5

379.1

589.1

577.4

549.0

431.7

262.1

N

0 3 6 9 Kilometers

#Y TBRs

Catchment Boundary

(2004-2007)

Cumulative rainfall data

#

Daily Gauge

Dail Gauge

0 3 6 9 Kilometers

# Existing Rainfall Stations

Catchment Boundary

#

#

#

#

198.6

261.0

208.2

161.6

0 3 6 9 Kilometers

# Suggested Rainfall Stations# Existing Rainfall Stations

Catchment Boundary



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For the other10 stations, a filling missing data

formula was used

IDW method was used to average the pintwise

rainfall measurements over the entire catchment

Rainfall Data (2/2)

NN

0 3 6 9 Kilom eters

Ev1 (4-6/02/05)59.391 - 72.96572.965 - 86.53986.539 - 100.113100.113 - 113.687

113.687 - 127.261127.261 - 140.834140.834 - 154.408154.408 - 167.982167.982 - 181.556

Catchment Boundary

0 3 6 9 Kilom eters

Ev1 (4-6/02/05)103.601 - 111.997111.997 - 120.392120.392 - 128.787128.787 - 137.182

137.182 - 145.578145.578 - 153.973153.973 - 162.368162.368 - 170.764170.764 - 179.159

Catchment Boundary

IDW (4 stations) IDW (14 stations)



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Runoff Data$Z$Z

N

LowerFaria CatchmentAl-Faria Sub-catchmentAl-Badan Sub-catchmentMain Stream

$Z Flumes

Catchment Boundary

2 Parshall flumes were constructed at the

upper part of the catchment

One at Al-Badan sub-catchment (83 km2)

outlet

and the other at Al-Faria sub-catchment

(56 km2) outlet

0 3 6 9 Kilometers

Runoff data (10-min time step) were collected

for the three rainy seasons 2004-2007



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Coupling was done byAnne Gunkel in the context of her PhD dissertation

The Coupled TRAIN-ZIN Model Structure

The TRAIN-ZIN Coupling Scheme


Model Setup


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The channel network was prepared

544 channel segments with an average lengthof850 m adjoined by

1088 small sub-catchments with an average

area of0.295 km2

p

(Channel Network)

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# 236 2 3

7

238

2 23

203225

235

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0 3 6 9 Kilometers

N

Lower Faria CatchmentAl-Faria Sub-catchmentAl-BadanSub-catchmentPolygons

# NodesSegmentsCatchment Boundary



82/112

Model Setup (Runoff generation map)

A runoff generation map was created

8 different terrain types were mapped

N

N

0 3 6 9 Kilometers

Runoff Generation MapABCDEFGH

Infiltration Test Locations

Catchment Boundary

Infiltration Tests Results

Double-Rings-Infiltrometer

0 3 6 9 Kilometers

Runoff Generation MapABCDEFGH

Infiltration Test Locations

Catchment Boundary

Infiltration Tests Results

Double-Rings-Infiltrometer

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Time (min)

InfiltrationRate(mm/hr)

Terrian C

Terrian D

Terrian E

Terrian F

Terrian G

Terrian H

Double rings

infiltrometerwas

used to determine

the infiltration rate

for different terrain

types



83/112

Model Parameterization

The parameter values for the TRAIN-ZIN modelwere

Measured directly in the field (infiltration

capac y an c anne geome ry

Estimated from the literature (e.g. hydraulic

conductivity, porosity, channel roughness, field

capacity and others) and

Recorded (climatic parameters)


Model Applications,


84/112

pp ,

Calibration and Validation (1/3)

The traditional method of calibration (trial-and-error

process) was used

4 rainfall events were available for model calibration

and validationCalibration Validation


Model Applications


85/112

pp


After alternating calibration ofevent 1 and event 2, a

common set of parameters were obtained


Model Applications


86/112

pp




87/112

Model Applications


88/112

Model performance

pp

Event Modeling (Calibration)


Model Applications


89/112

Model performance

pp

Event Modeling (Validation)


Model Applications


90/112

Continuous Modeling

Continuous Simulation of the

Three Rainy Season 2004/05,

2005/06 and 2006/07: (a) Daily

Rainfall, Al-Badan Sub-catchment;

(b) Al-Faria Sub-catchment (c) the

Entire Faria Catchment


Model Applications


91/112

For event 1 (SEOF),nearly half (0.54) of the

simulated runoff was

reached the catchment

outlet after the transmission

pp

Transmission Losses Simulation

For event 2 (IEOF), one

third (0.29) of simulated

runoff was reached the

catchment outlet


Model Applications


92/112

Evapotranspiration Simulation

For the rainy day 9 of February 2006, actual evapotranspiration is

considerable whereas for the dry day 5 of February 2007, actual

evapotranspiration is small


Model Applications


93/112

Seasonal Water Balance

60

70

80

90

100

(MCM)

Rainfall Evapotranspirat ion Percolat ion Runoff Soil Storage

0

10

20

30

40

2004/05 2005/06 2006/07

Season

Valuse

Seasonal Water Balance (October-April)


Sensitivity Analysis and


94/112

Uncertainty Assessments

In order to assess the coupled TRAIN-ZIN model sensitivity to different

parameters uncertainties, a series of sensitivity analyses were undertaken


Scenario Modeling


95/112

Impacts of Land Use Change (1/3)

Scenario 1:

Urbanization, the

response to anincrease in built-up

areas of 10% and

50% respectively

was obtained


Scenario Modeling


96/112

Scenario 2:

Land reclamation, it is acommon practice nowadays in

the upper Faria catchment

(mainly in Al-Faria sub-

catchment) that farmers in

coo eration with the Ministr of


Agriculture are changing thegrassed land cover to

agriculture areas


Scenario Modeling


97/112

Scenario 3:

Extensions of the scattered andpoorly managed olive areas to

more dense and well managed

olive areas. As a result the

generated runoff expected to


practices that enhance the soilinfiltratibility (e.g. ploughing, soil

tillage and terraces)


Scenario Modeling


98/112

Peer and Safriel (2000) summarized the currently most likely climate

scenarios for the region

Scenario 1: By 2020, mean temperature will increase of 0.3-0.4oC and

reduction in precipitation by 2% to 1%

Scenario 2: By 2050, mean temperature will increase of 0.7-0.8oC and

reduction in precipitation by 4 % to 2%

Impacts of Climate Change (1/3)


Scenario Modeling


99/112

Under the GLOWA-JR project, climate simulations for the NearEast and the Jordan RiverRegion were studied

The climatic scenarios are based on the IPCC A1B and A2

emissions scenarios and two different GCMs were used:


Scenario 3 (A1B): By 2021-50, mean temperature will

increase 1-1.25oC and reduction in mean annual precipitation by

(0 - 50 mm)

Scenario 4 (A2): By 2021-50, mean temperature will increase1.75-2oC and increase in mean annual precipitation by (50 -100

mm)


Scenario Modeling


100/112

Scenario 3 (A1B) Scenario 4 (A2)



Management Options


101/112

The available volume of

streamflow that lost in winterseason, downstream is 4 MCM

The annual obtainable water

resources are estimated at

Surface Water Assessment

The annual water demands

(agricultural and domestic) are

estimated at about 21 MCM

Resulting in a deficit of 2

MCM between supply and

demand


Management Options


102/112

Rainwater Harvesting

Gould and Nissen-Petersen (1999)


Management Options


103/112

Urban Rainwater Harvesting System

Assuming that the rooftops runoff represents about 50% of

the generated built-up areas runoff and a consumption rate

of70 liters/capita/day

Rainwater harvesting from rooftops can fulfill the domestic

demands for nearly 24,000 inhabitants for more than 4months from May to September when the water resources

are very limited


Management Options


104/112

Rural Rainwater Harvesting System

Although the catchment areas of the proposed cisterns accounts

only for 15% of the entire catchment, the flood generation out of these

areas are 30% and 62% for event 1 and event 2


Management Options


105/112

Spring Water Harvesting

No pumping is required

More than 14 MCM/year available

without cost

The water is fresh and free from

pollution

It is proposed to build a deep

enough box into a hillside of the

spring mouth to access the spring

water source

This box allows water to enter from

the bottom and fill up to a certainlevel depending upon the spring

yield and the filling time of the box


Management Options


106/112

Construction of Irrigation Ponds

Irrigation pond is proposed to be built for each farm along

the water course to collect the streamflow for irrigation use


Management Options


107/112

Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Agriculture

About 1.5 MCM/year of wastewater effluent from Nablus city is

discharged to the streams and mixes with the fresh surface waterwithout any treatment

It is proposed to construct a wastewater treatment plant to stop this

increasing threat and to use the treated effluent for agricultural purposes

The reuse of treated

wastewater for agriculturalpurposes in the Faria

catchment can be used as

strategy to release the

spring fresh water for

domestic use and to

improve the quality of

stream water to reduce the

environmental degradation

in the catchment


Management Options


108/112

Outstanding Challenges

The sustainability of water resources management in the Faria

catchment is being challenged by five important factors:1. Technical because our scientific understanding of the physical

phenomena of rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration, seepage, sediment

transport and flooding are still insufficient

2. Financial because the existing water resources are poorly managed

3. Environmental because of declining water quality and increased urban

and agricultural pollution

4. Institutional and legal because of weak regulatory and legal framework

required to implement policies efficiently regarding allocation,

management and pollution of water resources in the Faria catchment

5. Political because the political situation in the region is very complicated

and constrains the development of water resources management in the

catchment


Management Options


109/112

To Summarize

More effortsare needed to

manage and

save water to

shape a better


Palestinian

Kids

Therefore, It is necessary to go beyond the basic researchand undertake demonstration projects for possible application

of the proposed management options in the Faria catchment

C l i (1/2)


110/112

Conclusions (1/2)

Three years of monitoring rainfall and runoff combined with

field campaigns are considered to be the cornerstones for thesuccess of this study

The main research question that was addressed by this PhD

used to assess the active runoff generation process in arid andsemi-arid regions (IEOF and/or SEOF) was answered

Despite difficulties, limitations and uncertainties associated

with obtaining observations and measured parameters, this

study ended-up with optimistic results for the simulation ofsingleevents and entire seasons in continuous mode


C l i (2/2)


111/112

Conclusions (2/2)

Rainfall characteristics (mainly the rainfall intensity) and the

initial soil moisture content are the main parameter that

controlled the runoff generation processes (IEOF and/or SEOF)

that took place in the Faria catchment

The seasonal water balance which cab be obtained out of the

coupled TRAIN-ZIN model is the main input for sustainablewater resources management in the Faria catchment

The results of this research study show that the impacts of

land use and climate changes on runoff behavior are event-

dependent and that event characteristics (intensities and

duration) as well as the initial soil moisture content should be

identified for different scenarios


R f


112/112

Reference

Shadeed, S. (2008). Up To Date Hydrological Modeling in

Arid and Semi-arid Catchment, the Case of Faria Catchment,

West Bank, Palestine. PhD Dissertation, Institute of Hydrology.

Freiburg University, Germany. http://www.freidok.uni-

freiburg.de/volltexte/5420/pdf/Sameer_PhD.pdf

Documents

4644Hydrologic Simulation Models