4000 BC - 3000 4000 BC - 3000 BCBC

• Believed that illness and diseasewere caused by supernaturalspirits and demons.

• Ceremonies were used to driveout evil spirits.

• Herbs and plants were used for medication.

• Skeletal evidence has been found demonstrating trepanation.

• Average life span = 20 years.

TrepanatioTrepanationn

Unearthed in Peru; 7000 BC

Unearthed in Peru; 6000 BC.

2000 BC – 300 BC2000 BC – 300 BCAncient EgyptAncient Egypt

• Earliest known health records.• Offerings to gods for healing.• Imhotep (2700 BC) first recognized

physician.• Use of blood-letting and leeches as

treatment.• Herbs and plants used as medicine• Average life span = 20 to 30 years.

Imhotep

Ancient papyrus

1700 BC – 220 1700 BC – 220 ADADAncient ChineseAncient Chinese

• Monitored pulse rate to determine the condition of the body.

• Believed in curing whole body by curing the spirit and nourishment:

Yin and Yang• First recorded “pharmacy” of herbs.• Use of acupuncture and

acupressure.• Began searching for organic causes

of disease.• Average life span = 20 to 30 years.

Acupuncture

1200 BC – 200 1200 BC – 200 BCBCAncient Ancient GreeksGreeks• The start of the Hippocratic tradition

“will cause no harm to the patient”.• Believed illness the result of natural

causes.• Introduction of massage therapy and

continued use of herbal therapy.• Introduced concept that good diet

and cleanliness prevented disease.• Average life span = 25 to 35 years.

Hippocrates

753 BC – 410 753 BC – 410 ADADAncient Ancient RomansRomans• First to organize medical care for

wounded soldiers.• Early hospitals allowed for

separation of well and sick.• Beginning of public health and

sanitation systems.• Diet, exercise and medication used

to treat disease.• Average life span = 25 to 35 years.

Various surgical tools

Surgical hooks

800 – 1400 800 – 1400 ADAD

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

• Renewed interest in work of Greeks and Romans.

• Medical universities open in the 9th century.

• Pandemic of bubonic plague occurred.

• Chemistry advances in pharmacology.

• Average life span =20 to 35 years.

Doctor dressed for visiting patientbelieved to suffer from Black Death.

1350 – 1650 AD1350 – 1650 ADRenaissanceRenaissance

• Dissection of the human body allowed for better understanding of anatomy and physiology

• Invention of the printing press allowed knowledge to be spread to others.

• Average life span = 30 to 40 years.

David, by Michelangelo

Circle Man, by da Vinci

1616thth and 17 and 17thth CenturiesCenturies• Causes of disease still

unknown.• Many died from infection and

childbirth fever.• Apothecaries made, prescribed,

and sold medications.• Average life span = 35 to 45

years.

Ambroise Ambroise ParePare

1510-15901510-1590• Father of Modern Surgery• Introduced amputation to

battlefield care ofwounded soldiers.

• Promoted use ofartificial limbs.

• Use of ligatures tostop bleeding and bindarteries.

Anton van Anton van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek

1632-17231632-1723• Developed one of the most important inventions of all time – the microscope!

• Began using the lenses to observe themicroscopic world.

• Discovered bacteria, protists, rotifers, and blood cells.

Early microscope

Rotifer

1818thth Century Century

• Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer.

• Priestly discovered the element oxygen.• Ben Franklin invented bifocals for

glasses.• Lind prescribed limes to prevent scurvy.• Jenner developed first smallpox vaccine.• Average life span = 40 – 50 years.

Franklin

Edward JennerEdward Jenner1749-18231749-1823

• Edward Jenner learned early in his medical career that if at one time one had cowpox, they would not get smallpox.

• The human immunity from the infection of smallpox was tested by vaccinating patients with fluid from pustules of cowpox-infected patients and then showing that these subjects were immune to smallpox.

1919thth Century Century

• Many discoveries and inventions• First use of anesthetic for

surgeries.• International Red Cross was

founded in 1863.• Discovery of bacterial causes of

disease.• Average life span = 40 – 60 years.

Important DatesImportant Dates• 1819: First successful human blood

transfusion by James Blundell.• 1819: Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope.• 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female

physician in the U.S.• 1865: First use of antiseptics during surgery

by Joseph Lister.• 1892: Discovery of viruses by Dimitri Ivanfski.• 1895: X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.

Louis Louis PasteurPasteur1822-18951822-1895

• Worked to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation.

• Proved that microorganisms cause disease:Germ Theory of Disease

• Developed pasteurization to kill microorganisms in milk.

• Created a vaccine for rabies.

Gregor MendelGregor Mendel1822-18841822-1884

• Developed Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance. These laws established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns.

• Presented his finding to the medical community, but they weren’t widely accepted until the early 1900’s.

You name it, it You name it, it happened!happened!• 1901: ABO blood

groups identified• 1920: Health

insurance plans are introduced.

• 1928: Fleming discovered penicillin

• 1952: Development of polio vaccine.

• 1953: DNA structure described by Watson & Crick.

• 1954: First kidney transplant.

• 1962: First severed arm reattached.

• 1963: First liver transplant.

• 1964: First lung transplant.

• 1968; First heart transplant.

• 1970: First synthesized gene.

• 1975: Amniocentesis used to diagnose birth defects in-utero.

And And more!more!

• 1978: First test tube baby.

• 1981: AIDS epidemic begins.

• 1982: Artificial heart is implanted in human.

• 1984: HIV identified.• 1990: Gene therapy

used to treat disease.• 1990’s: Human Genome

Project begins• 1997: Dolly the sheep is

cloned.Jarvik-7 artifical heart

                      

                       

Dolly Introduction of sperm into egg cytoplasm

PotentiPotentialal

• Cures for current diseases like AIDS.

• Gene manipulation to prevent inherited diseases/Designer babies.

• Slow the aging process.• Treatment for spinal cord

injuries.• Improved transplantation

techniques.• Reduced antibiotic

resistance.• Computerized body parts.• Increased cloning

activities.

• Increased average Increased average life span to 100+ life span to 100+ years.years.