4.0 Concept & Definition 2 (1)

8/13/2019 4.0 Concept & Definition 2 (1)

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CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

LOAD FACTOR (LF)

Volume of traffic carried, generally expressed as apercentage (%) form

An important indicator of performance

For passenger,

Load factor (%) = No of seats sold* x 100%

Total no. seat available

* no of seats with revenue

For cargo,

Load factor (%) = Loaded ton-miles x 100%

Capacity ton-miles

The nearer the LF is to 100%, the better is the degreeof utilization and return

It should be measured over a period and comparedwith target load factor


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PAYLOAD/CARRYING CAPACITY

The payload of a vehicle is the revenue earningpotential in terms of:

the weight/cubic volume of freight

the seats capacity,

which can be accommodated

Part of the total load which earns freight or fares the revenue

The payload/carrying capacity can be determined by:

load bearing capacity & dimension of unit of

carriage

load bearing capacity of the way

size of the terminal

no of hours per day system in use


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LOADABILITY

Payload/carrying capacity is related to the loadability

It relates to goods traffics characteristics

It relates to the maximum utilization of vehicle capacity

It relates on how well loads can be stowed on the vehicle

Traffic with good loadability has the property of beingable to accommodate itself within & make maximum use

of space that is available in the vehicles, vessels, aircraft,etc

Eg. coal, flour, cement

Density refers to the cubic capacity needed per tonweight of the freight (m3)

Loadability and density are connected and important ifmaximum use is to be made of vehicle capacity

density, loadability


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12m

2.4m

2.8m

Density = 80.64m3 per ton


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OPERATING RATIO

This is management statistics which can give some ideaof the efficiency of operations

Operating costs are expressed as a percentage of revenue

Operating Ratio: Operating Cost x 100

Revenue

The closer the ratio approaches 100, the less profitableare the operations

Eg

Operating ratio of 80% shows that 80% of the revenuegained from the operation is use to cover its operatingcosts.

Thus, the profit is only 20%


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PASSENGER-MILES/KILOMETERS

The output of transport operation must be measured

We can count up the passenger carried but this gives noindication of the distance traveled and distance coveredis a major part of the output

It represents the no of passenger multiplied by the milestraveled.

TON-MILES/KILOMETERS

This applies to freight movement

To get a true measure of output, the weight of the loadmust be multiplied by the distance it is carried

Eg 20 tons carried for 200 miles = 4,000 ton-miles


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THE PEAK

The time of the day, week, season or year when thedemand for tpt is greatest Dd exceed the average

Demand on 3 aspects

Unit of carriage for pax and goods

The way

terminals

The problem is the imbalance in traffic flows. Thereforeneed more provision of tpt infrastructure & facilities. Butat off-peak lead to under utilization of capacity

Eg

Hours of peak- Morning & Evening

Working Hours: 7am 9am, 4pm 7pmSchool Hours: Morning, Afternoon, Evening

Festive Seasons: Hari Raya, CNY, Xmas

Ways to reduce problem of peak:

Staggering of working hours

Use of more suitable/larger vehicle Special discounts at off-peak hours


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LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT

A metropolitan electric railway system, characterized by

its ability to operate single cars or short trains alongexclusive rights-of-ways; at ground level, on aerialstructures, in subways, or occasionally, in streets; and toboard/discharge pax at track or car-floor level

Inter-city service

Light refers to light volume, more than light weight

Most effective capacity 5,000 15,000 pax/hr/direction

Main features of LRT isflexibility. It is able to:

Negotiate steep gradients and sharp curves

Be built at ground level or above/below

Can operate unsegregated, partially or segregated from

other traffic Average speed of trains: 40km/h

Designed to operate economically in smaller cities andspecialization in larger cities

Environmental-friendly

Have effective braking & acceleration offer morefrequent stops than heavy rail trains


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San Diego Trolley, San Diego, California

Luas, Republic of Ireland
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Ireland_-_Dublin_-_Tram.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/SD_Trolley_Green_Line.jpg


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SAN JOSE,CALIFORNIA

SAN DIEGO


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DUBLIN

MANCHESTER UK


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V

S


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:RapidKL_Sdn_Bhd_Logo.PNG


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Malaysian public transit system

RapidKL Rail

Alignment Kelana Jaya - Terminal Putra

Type Rapid Transit

Service areaKuala Lumpurand surrounding Klang

Valley

System length 56 km

Stations 48 (1 not in use)1

Ticketing

- TnG

Yes (with capping system) Maximum fare

charge for Rail: RM7/day, Rail & Bus:

RM7/day.

- Stored value Yes (no defined denomination)

- Monthly Travel Card

(MTC) with TnG

Yes (Rail MTC: RM100/mth, Rail & Bus

MTC: RM125/mth )

Ridership 350,000/day

Operational modeDriverless for Kelana Jaya Line, With

Driver for Ampang Line

Operational dateSeptember 1, 1998for Kelana Jaya Line,

December 16, 1996for Ampang Line

OperatorSyarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad

(SPNB)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TnGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TnGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syarikat_Prasarana_Negara_Berhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:RapidKL_Sdn_Bhd_Logo.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:RapidKL_Sdn_Bhd_Logo.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syarikat_Prasarana_Negara_Berhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TnGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TnGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Transit


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MONORAIL

A metropolitan electric railway system which usesonly one rail, instead of two

Intra-city service

Two main types:

Safeg (suspended by sturdy hangers from

overhead rail) Alweg (rides on top of a concrete beam and

wrap around the beam; called the supportedmonorail/straddled type)

Characterized by the use of exclusive guideways &

vehicle operated without driver on board Speed: 20km/h t max 60km/hr

Average capacity: 2,600 p/hr/direction


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1950s-1980s

In the latter half of the 20th

century, monorail designs had

settled on using larger beam or

girder based track.

they also using Alweg and

Safeg system.GYROSCOPICALLY

BALANCED MONORAILIN 1907


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NOWDAYS,

Monorail systems were also

heavily promoted as futuristic

technology with exhibition

installations and amusementPark Purchases.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kl_monorail.jpg


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ALWEG-type monorail in Kuala

Lumpur

SAFEGE-type monorail in Germany
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Schweb02012006-008.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Schweb02012006-008.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kl_monorail.jpg


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DISNEYLAND US

MALAYSIA


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SEATTLEMEMPHIS, TENNESSEE

SYDNEYJAPAN


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Advantages & Disadvantages

ADVANTAGE

Track usually less expensive to build

Quicker, then other transport modes.

Require minimal space

DISADVANTAGE

not compatible with any other type of rail

infrastructure tracks do not easily accommodate at-grade

intersection


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SHIPS TURNARAOUND TIME Time taken to load/unload vessels and send them back

or get them moving again

The time a ship spends in a port can be divided into 2components:

Waiting time

Ships time at berth

Turnaround time = Waiting time + ships time at berth

Waiting time

the delay between the ships arrival in port and itstying up at berth

Can be quite long when no vacant berths areavailable:

Congestion Tides are against the vessel

Strikes or other similar events, etc

However, it is only a small portion of turnaroundtime


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SHIPS TURNARAOUND TIME (cont.)

Ships time at berth

The total time a vessel spends at the berth, whether:

Loading/unloading cargo Just lying idle

Measured in hours or days

Important in terminal and interchange arrangementsbecause movement under load earns revenue, while time interminals incur costs

Factors influencing ship turnaround time:

Weather conditions

Adequacy/availability of cargo handling /equipment /dock labour/berth, cargo clearance and collection

Type of vessel

Nature of the cargo & suitability of cargo handlingequipment

Transhipment cost

Documentation

Port layout


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SHIPS TURNARAOUND TIME (cont.)

Importance of quick turnaround time:

Profitability of port authority and shipowner

Minimum fleet size realised through the aid ofquick port turnaround

Maximum utilization of resources

Development of international trade

Encourage quick transit

Optimal number of berth, minimum capitalinvestment


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A penaltypayment made on buyers of transportservices or consignee, charged by the operators (egport authority) over and above the charges formovement when vehicles are out of revenue servicedue to slow unloading/loading by buyer

Charges of use of vehicles beyond given time In Malaysia, container park at container yard are

subject to 5 days storage & demmurrage free

Aim/purpose

To speed up terminal work and reduce turnaroundtime

Reduction in turnaround time allow more shipsto berth at port and better utilisation of terminaland wagons

DEMURRAGE


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Shipping


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Defined as a total distance traveledor paid for by user

For example vacation or trip

Multiplied average length of the trip

Average vehicle occupancy Xestimated total vehicle-km


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Applies to freight

Weight of load X distance carried

For ex : 70tons X 300miles = 21, 000ton-miles


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The national flags of the stateswhich shipping firms register

their vessel with reason tomaximize benefits and minimize

private costs by avoiding theregulations stated by the origin

country of the registered shipperwhether economic regulation orother.


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FOC Grand Harbour, Valetta


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To escape @ avoid regulations onsafety, insurance, wages of crew

To avoid taxation on fiscal control

To avoid national regulations on termsand condition of employment of labor

To avoid political instability ornationalization risk in the country oforigin


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Cabotage is "trade or navigationin coastal waters, or, the

exclusive right of a country tooperate the air traffic within itsterritory".

Cabotage is also the transport ofgoods or passengers betweentwo points in the same country


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1

Refers to the reservation of acountrys coastal (domestic)shipping for its own flag vessels.

2

A form of policy including acts andpressures, practiced or exerted bysome government.

3 Also known as a flag of

discrimination.


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SHIPSS SIZE MEASUREMENT

Various measurement are used in maritimetransport for the size of vessels:

Volume (Isipadu)

Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT)

Net Registered Tonnage (NRT)

Tonnage (Berat)

Deadweight Tonnage Lightweight Tonnage

Displacement Tonnage

Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) Measure of total internal capacity + enclosed

volume of a ship

Expresses in Total Internal Capacity of the shipin tonnage units of 100 cubic feet


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SHIPS SIZE MEASUREMENT (cont.)

Net Registered Tonnage (NRT)

Measure the total enclosed volume available

for cargo and passengers Earning capacity of ship, usually 60% - 65% of

GRT

Calculated by deducting from gross tonnage,those spaces which are necessary for operating

a vessel

NRT

= GRT (master and crew spaces + water

ballast spaces + machinery)

Deadweight Tonnage


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Deadweight Tonnage

Measure of the total carrying capacity of a shipwith all its contents when loaded down to herloadline

Weight of cargo + weight of fuel, stored waterballast, fresh water, crews, pax and baggage

Can also be known from the total weight of waterdisplaced by ship when loaded to the maximumdraught permitted

Lightweight Tonnage

Weight of the ship as built + boiler water,lubricating oil and cooling water system (in unit oftonnes)

Weight of ship alone without cargoes orpassengers

Importance when considering the value of a vesselwhich is to be broken up for scrap


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Displacement Tonnage

Measure of the actual weight of ship plus all of thecontent

Lightweight + Deadweight Tonnage The displacement represents the amount of water

displaced by the ship, expressed in tons

Weight of water displaced = weight of the ship

As weight is added to a ship, it submerges.

Displacement Tonnage is the ship's weight when

fully loaded and submerged to her load lines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Draft_scale_at_the_ship_bow_(PIC00110).jpg


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LINER SHIPPING

Refers to the operation of a fleet of vesselswhich provides a fixed services at regular

advertised intervals between named ports

The owners offer space to cargo oraccommodation to passengers

Must seek its own cargo, which originates

mainly in relatively small consignmentsfrom a multitude of shippers

This involves an expensive organisationashore at all ports which its sailing

schedule covers Usually carry general cargo


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TRAMP SHIPPING

Does not operate in a fixed sailing schedule

Merely trades in all parts of the world in search ofcargo, primarily bulk cargoes

Eg coal, timber, grain, sugar, fertilizers

Seasonal

Much smaller organisation than liner cargoes

counterparts Tramp owners sell their services by means of an

agreement known as charter party

The contract may be:

For single voyage at so much per ton of thecommodity carried, or

It may be for a period at a stipulated rate of hire


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VOYAGE AND CHARTER PARTY

Voyage charter is a contract for a specific voyage

Time charter is a contract for a specified period oftime which may cover several voyages

Two types of time charter

The charterer hires the vessel all found Bareboat or demise charter charterer

supply fuel, crew and paying all operatingcosts, etc for an agreed rate of hire

Voyage charter is a short term while time charter isoften a long term


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LINER CONFERENCE/SHIPPING

CONFERENCE

A form of association of liner companies operating in thesame trade

Basically a conference is simply a meeting of all lines,serving any particular routes for the purpose of evolvingany regular pattern of sailing to give the max service toshippers and to reach common agreements on routes

Can be national and international level

Two types of conference: Close conference

members can only join with the consent ofexisting member and the ship owner must havea permanent interest in the shipping trade

Applicants must also have sufficient financialbackground

Open conference

No restriction but they must have agreementfrom the majority of the members

Applicants must also agree to the common tariff

rates and other conditions set by the conference


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PIGGY BACK

Although technically there are differences, most

logistics people refer to Trailer on Flat Car (TOFC)and Container on Flatcar (COFC) as piggy backservice

This form of transportation involves the use of amotor carrier trailer or a container that is placedon a rail flatcar and transported between two or

more terminals Temporary axles can be placed under the

containers so that they can be delivered by truck

At the terminal, a truck/prime mover performs thepickup and delivery functions

Piggy back services thus combine the low cost oflong haul rail movement with the flexibility andconvenience of short haul truck transportation


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Vonsvans01022.jpg


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Dugong.jpg


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/HuckepackK.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Dugong.jpg


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The lighter aboard ship(LASH) system refers to

the practice of loading barges (lighters) aboard a

larger vessel for transport.

It was developed in response to a need to transport

lighters, a type of unpowered barge, between inland

waterways separated by open seas.

Lighters are typically towed or pushed around

harbors, canals or rivers and cannot be relocated

under their own power.

The carrier ships are known variously as LASHcarriers, barge carriers, kangaroo shipsor

lighter transport ships.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter_%28barge%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter_%28barge%29


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MV Rhine Forest in the Port of Rotterdam


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(Barges Abroad Catamaran)

Def:

A way of loading cargo large cargoship

The experimental system was capable of conveying 140 tonscompartment boats across the North Sea within a largerdouble-hulled vessel.On reaching their home port the smaller craft were to be takenfurther inland by tugs.


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cargo

arge barges

ship


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4.0 Concept & Definition 2 (1)