4. SISTEM RESPIRASI

8/3/2019 4. SISTEM RESPIRASI

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


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Aquatic Gas Exchange

Advantage: Keeping surface moist is no problem

Disadvantage:

O2 concentrations in water are low,

especially in warmer and saltier

environments


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Terrestrial Gas Exchange

Advantages: O2 diffuses faster in air

Air contains much more O2 than

water

Disadvantage:

Surfaces must be internal to avoid

loss of water due to evaporation


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Ventilation

V

entilation increases the amount of O2taken in stagnant water is no good

Crayfish wave their appendages to

create currents brings fresh water togills

Fish force water across their gills

Blood also runs countercurrent to thewater

Taking in and forcing out O2 from

lungs


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Protists & Less Complex Animals

Less complex organisms do not need

complex organ systems

Gas exchange takes place due to

diffusion


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Insects

Have a series of openings along their

sides called spiracles.

Tubes called trachea lead fromspiracles to all of the body tissues.

Open circulatory system does not

transport O2 and CO2


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Fish

Most fish breathe with gills featheryfilaments that contain capillaries and a large

surface area forgas exchange.

They breathe by pumping waterthrough themouth, over gill filaments and out through

slits in the sides of the pharynx.

Double Pump System: by decreasingpressure in mouth, water is forced in; by

increasing pressure in mouth, water is

forced out through the opercula


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Fish

B

ecause the gills are so vascularand havea large surface area, gas exchange can

happen adequately


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Fish

Countercurrent blood flow increases theefficiency of obtaining O2 from water


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Human Respiration

Works together with the circulatory system.

Exchange of gases between atmosphere,

blood, and cells.

If respiratory system and/or circulatory

system fails, death will occur.

Cells need O2 for work; release CO2 as a

waste product.

Accumulation ofexcess CO2 is toxic to cells

and must be removed.


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Respiratory System

Intakes oxygen

Releases carbondioxide waste

Circulatory system

Transports gases

in blood betweenlungs and cells


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Respiratory Structures & Organs


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Nose : made of cartilage and bone and is

designed to warm, moisten, and filter air

as it comes into the system. Pharynx (throat) : conducts food and air;

exchanges air with Eustachian tube to

equalize pressure.


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Larynx (voice box) : connects the pharynxand trachea; made of cartilage; contains

vocal cords

Epiglottis : flap of tissue that covers

trachea; ensures food travels down the

esophagus

nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx


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Trachea : tubular passage way for air; carries

air to the lungs, C-shaped cartilage rings,

divides at end.

Bronchi : pair of tubes that branch from

trachea and enter lungs; have cartilageplates; lining is ciliated & secretes mucus


larynx

trachea

bronchi

bronchiol

es


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Bronchioles tiny tubes lacking cartilage andcilia; possess smooth muscle.

bronchiole

smooth muscle

Autonomic nervous system regulates diameter

of bronchioles.Sympathetic division dilates bronchioles

Parasympathetic division constricts

bronchioles.



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Alveoli : cup shapedstructures at the end

of the bronchioles,

that resemble

bunches of grapes;are in direct contact

with capillaries (gas

exchange); covered

with surfactantthat keep them from

collapsing.


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Lungs :

paired, cone-shapedorgans that are

surrounded by a

pleural membrane,made of elastic

tissue, and divided

into lobes


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Mechanics ofBreathing

Inhaling (active process) Air moves in. Why?? Gases move from an area of high pressure to

low pressure.

During inspiration diaphragm pulls down

and lungs expand.

When lungs expand, it INCREASES the

VOLUME, which DECREASES the

PRESSURE inside lungs. Lung pressure is lower than outside

pressure, so air moves in.


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Exhaling (passive process) breathing out

Diaphragm and muscles relax

V

olume in lungs and chest cavitydecreases, so now pressure inside

increases

Air moves out because pressure inside is

HIGHER than OUTSIDE atmosphere

Mechanics ofBreathing


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Respiration

What is respiration?

External respiration exchange of O2 and

CO2 between respiratory surfaces and the

blood (breathing)

Internal respiration exchange of O2 and

CO2 between the blood and cells

Cellular respiration process by whichcells use O2 to produce ATP


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External Respiration

Exchange of O2 and CO2

between alveoli andblood

Partial pressure of O2higher in alveoli than

blood so O2 diffuses

into blood

Partial pressure of CO2

higher in blood thanalveoli, so CO2 moves

into alveoli in opposite

direction and gets

exhaled out


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Internal Respiration

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and

tissues

Pressure of O2 higher in blood than tissues

so O2 gets release into tissues.

Pressure of CO2 higher in tissue than in

blood so CO2 diffused in opposite direction

into blood. CO2 Is a waste product

O2 Is used in cellular respiration


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Gas Transport in Blood

Carbon dioxide 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3

-) dissolved in

plasma

23% bound to hemoglobin

7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma

Oxygen

99% bound to hemoglobin

1% as O2 dissolved in plasma

Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs because CO

binds to hemoglobin more readily than O2


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Respiratory System Disorders

Asthma muscles of bronchioles constrict,drastically reducing ventilation.

Emphysema destruction of alveoli.

Tuberculosis highly contagious bacterialinfection.

Lung cancer 90% of lung

cancer victims havea history of smoking.


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4. SISTEM RESPIRASI