4. Results and AnalysisWhen TiO2 was used as a modifier, low NOx reduction was measured suggesting that the method of incorporation of TiO2 into the asphalt binder mix may not be environmentally-effective.

The low efficiencies could be due that only a small amount of TiO2 is actually present at the surface.

Exposing the binder to UV light did not accelerate the aging mechanisms in the material as compared to the sample that was not subjected to UV light.

The use of TiO2 as an air purification agent did not accelerate the aging mechanisms in the binder.

1. IntroductionThe US faces a significant challenge in controlling air pollution resulting from transportation activities.

Tall buildings prevent the dispersion of air pollutants originating at the street level from road traffic in urban and metropolitan areas.

Photocatalytic compounds such as nano-sized Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) particles can be used to trap and absorb harmful pollutants.

Current application of this technology is limited to concrete pavements

With 94% of the US road network covered with asphalt, it appears that widespread use of TiO2 in air purification applications can only be achieved by incorporation of this technology in hot-mix asphalt (HMA)

A Breakthrough Concept in the Preparation of Highly-Sustainable Photocatalytic Warm Asphalt Mixtures

NSF GRANT # 1032288NSF PROGRAM NAME: EAGER - CMMI

Marwa Hassan, Louay Mohammad, Heather Dylla, Samuel B. Cooper, Ahmad Mokhtar, and Somayeh AsadiLouisiana State University Use of TiO2 in a Thin

CoatingTiO2 was effective in removing NOx pollutants from the air stream with an efficiency ranging from 39 to 52%.

The increase in TiO2 application rate beyond an optimum coverage rate may block nanoparticles’ access to light and contaminants, and therefore, decrease NOx removal efficiency

2. ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that TiO2 can function as a photocatalytic compound when used in the preparation of Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA)

The use of TiO2 as a modifier in the preparation of WMA will have the added benefits of reduced energy and the associated pollution emissions during production.

3. Experimental PlanTwo methods of application were investigated:

Asphalt cement binder blends were prepared by mixing a conventional WMA binder (WMA additive Evotherm was used at 1% by weight of the binder) with a commercial crystallized anatase-based TiO2 powder at three percentages 3, 5, and 7% by weight of the binder.

Apply a thin surface coating to the WMA surface at three coverage rates (0.11, 0.21, and 0.31 kg/m2).

Testing Program:

Prepared asphalt blends were characterized using fundamental rheological tests (i.e., dynamic shear rheometry, rotational viscosity, and bending beam rheometer).

The environmental performance of the prepared samples to remove nitrogen oxides was measured using a newly-developed experimental setup

Fracture resistance was assessed using the semi-circular bending (SCB) test

5. ConclusionsWhen used as a modifier to asphalt binder in the preparation of WMA, the photocatalytic compound was not effective in degrading NOx in the air stream. This could be attributed to the fact that only a small amount of TiO2 is present at the surface.

When used as part of a surface spray coating, TiO2 was effective in removing NOx pollutants from the air stream with an efficiency ranging from 39 to 52%.

Rheological test results indicated that the addition of TiO2 did not affect the physical properties of the conventional binder. In addition, exposing the binder to UV light did not appear to accelerate the aging mechanisms in the binder.

The use of TiO2 as a binder modifier improved the mix fracture resistance at 3, and 5% while it did not have a noticeable effect when used at a content of 7.0%

The use of TiO2 as a binder modifier improved the mix fracture resistance at 3, and 5% while it did not have a noticeable effect when used at a content of 7.0%.

Illustration of the Photocatalytic

Process

HNOHONO

HNOHONO

3TiO

2

2TiO

2

2

The semi-circular

bending test (SCB)

Illustration of the Environmental Setup

Sample NOx Reduction % NO Reduction %

3% TiO2 64-22 3.9% 5.6%5% TiO2 64-22 4.7% 5.8%7% TiO2 64-22 3.3% 5.0%

TiO2 Binder Testing SpecTest

TempPG 64

W64COPG 64

W64CO + UVPG 64 + 7%TiO2

PG 64 + 7%TiO2 + UV

Test on Original BinderDynamic Shear, G*/Sin(δ), (kPa), AASHTO T315

1.00+ 64°C 1.15 NA 1.55 NA1.00+ 70°C NT NA NT NA

Rotational Viscosity (Pa·s), AASHTO T316 3.0- 135°C 0.4 NA 0.5 NA

Tests on RTFOMass Loss, % 1.00- ---- 0.9 NA 0.2 NADynamic Shear, G*/Sin(δ), (kPa), AASHTO T315

2.20+ 64°C 2.69 NA 2.94 NA2.20+ 70°C NT NA NT NA

Tests on (RTFO+ PAV)Dynamic Shear, G*Sin(δ), (kPa), AASHTO T315 5000- 25°C 3459 2580 3798 2812

BBR Creep Stiffness, (MPa), AASHTO T313 300- -12°C 167 158 201 145

Bending Beam m-value AASHTO T313 0.300+ -12°C 0.311 0.342 0.305 0.340

Actual PG Grading 64-22 64-22 64-22 64-22

Coverage (kg/m2) NOx Reduction % NO Reduction %

Control 2.6% 5.0%0.11kg/m2 38.9% 51.2%0.21kg/m2 53.2% 70.3%0.32kg/m2 40% 52.6%

0:00 1:04 2:09 3:14 4:19 5:24 6:28 7:33 8:38-10

40

90

140

190

240

290

340

390

440

NOxNO2NO

duration (h:mm)

Con

cen

trati

on

(p

pb

) Average Reduction Trial 2 - 263 ppb% Reduction Trial 2 - 66.1%

TiO2 Content Jc (kJ/m2)Control 0.293.0 % 0.455.0 % 0.467.0 % 0.28