4 Lin Wu 2009 the Transformation of the Chinese Class Structure 1978-2005

8/14/2019 4 Lin Wu 2009 the Transformation of the Chinese Class Structure 1978-2005

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8 lin thunghong and wu xiaogang

, p p p p,pvy (W 008). W py / , v-v y v v (P M 1996;W 1996).

Dp q C p- p (W 1986; B 1994; W00; W 007), f -bv (hukou) kp (danwei) y b general k y -

C. O , p C y - ppy (.., N 199; W 199; O W 1999), vp pv q ppy b qy (p W [006]).

p pv , pv p by by 1980.I -1990, 8,0,000 py k 655,000 pvp, by b 1,340,000 pv p-. By 004, b py pv -p 40,686,000, b 9,486,000 (Z 006: 345). T -py py py(geti hu) k - p v p C, H K,M . A C pp- 005 ( ), py - 67.8 p -b , 61.1 p py, 6.6 p py, 3.3 p -py.

F 1 p b b py byp yp py v , -

199, D Xp p S C (N 007; Sk 1993). H, 30 y , py -1990, p v by v. N b qy, b p pb p, p

KWOK-BUN_f5_81-112.indd 82KWOK-BUN_f5_81-112.indd 82 9/25/2009 5:23:46 PM9/25/2009 5:23:46 PM


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k pv b y (P 005; S 006).

I y y pv p yy p. Ty v p p- k, k py -f k - p (W 006). H, , y p- y k , b y p p

qy C. I , pv vb -y p y pyC .

I pp, b bk y C . W vp -M C , k q C , y, - (hukou), k (danwei), -k -, b. B , b qy C , pp- pv vy.

Institutional Structures and a Chinese Social Class Schema

B v C , y b M bk y . I p y, y.W Wb by k p,M bv by p p. A C ,

1957, p pv p p v pb p. Dp - pz M , ypy p b by b y Lb (U 198) p b pv p p-



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y, , , v (B 1994; W1986; Wy P 1984). R k p p , p, b k bv y, p b v pbby p(B 1994; L 000; W 199). Ub k y p p k (W 1986, 199). S k, 78 p b b by 1978 (NB S 006), pv b

p py, vy , , b ypy vb v k-. O k , k y jb by f p v (B 00). S -v v q danwei y b C. Mbp danwei p p

v by (L B 1991).Fy, b kp, py -

p: k. S ( guojia ganbu) v- p, p y v p b -y pp v p k (b0 p b b ). S pv b p pk pp y kp v p p p- (B 00). I , k kyy p , p (ti gan), pb, vv

vy b p (B 1994; W 001). S v b C kp b f k p, M p y p p

C py- (Dv 000). I y, - v p y vy p b b p (O1989; C, M U 199).

H, y b - b- jb p , b k C kp



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the transormation o the chinese class structure 87

b b b b v k . p z p p, C v- , b v , fy z. T hukou , jy pp , b p py, , b p y vb b . I b , pv

py - k (danwei). I k , b k. S -y f y b p, qvy f (B 00; W 008; W 001).

A Neo-Marxian Approach to Class Analysis

Gv v b bv, pp,ypy y p (ISEI), pp-p y p C. I,q v by

v b (W 008). I -y, pp b vy qy.U y, p / p bp / , by y p b-p by p (W 001).

H, p- C by p: p (nongmin), k (gongren), (ganbu), p by -Wb (Pk 1974; y 1998). Gv b k bv y,

by k p y . Ev ppv - M, y (jieceng) C , pv p pv , b , b C 1957 (L 00). Oy b j(B 00; Dv 1995).



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I pp, k C b hukou, danwei, -k , k p p -M y (W 00). N-M pz p . A W, p b v p pv y : v p, , ppp b by v pv (W1997: 10).I b pp p

b y z f p -k y.

A -M , pv b b p, p, z, k (W 1985). U y, b p b p: py b p p v - p p. U p, p pk by v p p, k p b p k. U , pv ppy, p ppp b by v zy; , p z b . Fy, /p- v k pv , - v b p/ y k(W 1985: 83).

C b by p p pv . F , W (1997) v p p by p p b p p-, z, k. Sy, p- C p by p p

b b p, z , k, ppy p v b b de jure , b v py, b k.

T v b b z b , p b pb v v (W 005).



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Sp by p v q p p, p y p b p ,p, b b z (K S 1986; S 1988). T -p p C hukou y p p, b p (.., /p) p (W 005: 11). Nv, y, hukou y

y b b y (W 004). I, C hukou y p p (S 1998: 10).

T v b danwei b k p z . U C k y-, b y b z y, - v v v b (B 1994; L B 1991; W 1986). R- pv by k py, py , p v, f b-y b v . W(199) k by v vby p yp (ppy ), v v, , q z b pv b py. H, k k v y b p v , y b y z b k v- q v b b b v .

T v b k C bk b k p y/k. I

W (1985), v pv kp y vz , v p p k. T p y k y - p v p p b y k



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p p b /p k p- (By 1985;By Lk 199). W bv k b y k b v v y k C k-p, b v p b y ( , guojia ganbu) b- , y k v k . T b y k y b pp k y

pv.

p, b hukou, danwei, shenen ( ) C , pp -M b 1p, ,v k, v , k p p- . T , b b pp, p p p , by , /p k b (p) pv , p py b, by p p y/k ( b 1). T p, z by , - -M C. T M py C y M p, hukou danwe p p .

B p pp - 005 v v pv vy, p

qy C . W v v M p by qy. Fy, y p qy p- C.



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Data, Measures, and Methods

W yz v pp. T p C pp - 005(N = 178,479), , , p k , py , y , y , p (- ). T

vy Lie Histories and Social Change in Contempo-rary China (1996, LHSCC) Chinese General SocialSurvey (005, CGSS), pbby p 069 C (p b 1996 b Q pv 005).1 T vy fvy pbby p C pp, pp b b Q y ky v b . Bvy v b pp. T LHSCC vyv 6090 (3003 3087 b )( W 1996; 1998), CGSS005v 9,487 C , 3,98 5,505 b (069). B b v-p y

1 T LHSCC b p://...///; CGSS005 b p://...

b 1: C C S

C C S S C Cp

B Lb P

CpY (Rhukou)

N (Ub hukou)

Oz N Y

N Y

Authority/

Skills

Y R Cv

S N

Cp

N P Cvk

Sk

P Pyb



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v , p v-p p pv pp- C.

O v LHSCC p , hukou ,k p, p, b b -M f p v 1978 1996. B p - y v

p, pv vy y, yy b bj b , vb y py C. I, v pv k yp y (Z, M 1997; Z 000). F p 1996, CGSS005, p- p, k , hukou , b jb . W v pbby vy 1996 005 - -1990 pv p y z k hukou y .

Hv, p LHSCC (1996) p py, k yz qy f C. F pp, -yz v vy C HI Pj 1988 1995 (, CHIP88 CHIP95).T vy pj py b p b b .Sp y (G Z 1993; Rk Z L 000). T v b yz vy by C (.., X H 1996; S

B 003; H X 005).W v p v

, y, , p, v , vk, , k, , p,

W b / (xin zhongjian jieceng) C, p pv .



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p, py b; C 1978 ( b 1). W v p v b p 005 -. O v -EGP y vp by Ek, Gp P- (1979) :

I+II Sv (p )III R kIV+IVb S-pyV+VI Sk k

VII N-k kVIIb+IV F

Hv, EGP y q C- y. A W (007) v , EGP p C bv -. F p, , p y. Tyb y hukou y v b pp. T y p -py. ypy, y k

k k b k (G-zb . 1989). B pp b - C , USSR (Gb H 004), pvy b b pp, -py -p .

T v vp by p C Ay S S (CASS).B p f p -z , , , C- pp 10 , /, , pv p , -- k, -py, v k, k,, jb/py/-py (L 00). T (shehuijieceng), y y . B jb/ py/-py y b p , y p p.



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b p p b by f . Ep py b/-py (getihu) , y 10 p 50 p k , pvy, v yp y . F , -, 5 p b ; , 9.6 p; , / (danwei uze ren) y 0.51 p.

I j

. I b , p v y y y . W , by , b , . U -M , p v, by , v y , by . Nby, p- v v k, y v vv pv b y y y y C (W X 003; W 006).

T EGP , p b, p -py, y k ( W 007).Nv, CASS / / p py -py b, b . F p, v v, by pv p . S/ - - k, - k v p v.

k p -

qy C, y v y py b 3. R -M p 46.5 p v , EGP p 44.5 p CASS p 45.5 p v . T v -M p v



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b : Db C C Df C S,005 (N = 178,479)

Av y

(S v.)

Av(S v.)

N-M

S 5.00 1437 (1039) 14.10 (.08)S k 7.87 1160 (856) 11.90 (.76)Cp .07 1747 (735) 9.85 (.76)N 1.84 163 (1644) 1.0 (3.06)

P 19.80 838 (651) 9.14 (.56)Py B 9.54 850 (843) 8.59 (.64)Cv 0.39 190 (1366) 1.10 (.75)Cv k 1.4 886 (63) 10.0 (.53)R 1.8 397 (45) 7.79 (3.56)P 50.50 311 (57) 7.05 (.90)

100.00 656 (86) 8.57 (3.4)

N-Wb

C (I+II) 9.60 1353 (165) 1.30 (3.58)R - (III) 13.60 1039 (973) 10.80 (3.08)

S-py (IV+b) 9.54 850 (843) 8.59 (.64)Sk (V+VI) 9.08 885 (515) 9.37 (.34)Uk (VII) 8.5 909 (58) 9.06 (.48)F (IV+VIIb) 49.90 98 (36) 7.03 (.9)

100.00 656 (86) 8.57 (3.4)

CASS

S/ 0.51 167 (1110) 1.90 (3.18)M 0.65 36 (133) 1.90 (3.04)Pv p .07 1747 (735) 9.85 (.76)P 7.79 1186 (1066) 1.30 (3.66)

R - 4.1 1330 (1155) 1.60 (3.0)S-py (getihu) 9.54 850 (843) 8.59 (.64)Sv k 8.10 877 (745) 10.07 (.76)M k 16.70 887 (501) 9.3 (.4)F 49.50 98 (30) 7.03 (.91)Upy/-py 0.96 37 (440) 8.19 (3.54)

100.00 656 (86) 8.57 (3.4)



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A b, 1978, j, p C. Ny 60 p C z p, 1.3 p 16.5 p- k, pvy. A p, p y - 1987. B p vp pv p, pp pv -py (py b-, 4.1 p) pv py (p, 3.95 p). Tpy b 1. p 1996 6.p 005; p 6.1 p 1996 10.5 p 005. Cp p by, z vy .

W z? A C p z, b p y 60 p 1978 48.3 p 005; b

b b Pp C- y 1980. T b k yy b -1990 py , 14.1 p 1996 9. p 005. T p p C - p, v b y f k p pv

b 4: P C L, N Svy, 1978005

1978 1987 19961 005

S 1.30 13.0 10.0 11.70S k 16.51 17.4 14.14 9.15Cp 0.38 0.6 0.5N 0.19 0.35 3.64P 3.95 6.14 10.45Py b 4.10 1. 6.0Cv 1.07 1.0 1.18 1.45Cv k 8.51 5.90 4.1 7.57

R .93 .73 1.75 1.0P 58.69 51.3 49.37 48.9 % 100.0 100.0 100.00 100.0N 3,96 5,30 4,851 6,949

N: 1. T b b 1996 LHSCC .

. T b 005 CGSS 005.



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-1990 (L 000). T v y b.

Patterns o Class Mobility

W p p ? T bv pv k C v b f p. W y .

W yz - by jb jb, vy C G SSvy, 005. P A b 5 p by P B by. T b by py b (80.3 p), - by p (75 p) p (75 p). A y p b v , 8. p- b v k 5.9 p b p pv . A v k b, q v: 1.0 p b py pv (p), 17.1 p b k 13. p b . Nby, 10.8 p b py b.

T b P B p, jy pp, p (36.5 p), py b (37.6 p), (3.4 p) p (16.7 p). A , 16.7 p p .

p , v p b y: p-1979, 1979199, p-199. W v p p M . A b 6, p b pv k b p-, py 199. F p-199 , 14.7 p

p, 3.4 p , 8 p v k,14.5 p k 10 p p p. T b p . F p, 14.9 p b b ( p pv ) p-199 , p 3.6 p p-1979 4.4 p 1979199 . T



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able5:Intra-generationalClassMobilityrom

theFirstJobtotheClassDestinationin005

PanelA

OutowRat

es(%)toClassDestinationin005

FromClassOrigin

Peasant

Rural

cadre

Collective

worker

Collective

cadre

Unskilled

worker

Petty

bourgeoisie

New

Middle

class

Capitalist

State

worker

State

cadre

otal

Peasant

75.0

1.1

8.

0.5

5.9

3.6

1.3

0.1

.4

1.8

100.0

Ruralcadre

0.0

7.4

10.4

3.3

16.4

7.0

9.7

1.3

9.4

35.1

100.0

Collectiveworker

0.0

0.0

1.9

9.0

1.0

10.8

6.3

0.6

17.1

13.

100.0

Collectivecadre

0.0

0.0

9.0

13.9

4.9

.8

10.4

0.7

11.8

46.5

100.0

Proletariat

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

6.7

13.0

1.0

3.4

0.0

0.0

100.0

Pettybourgeoisie

0.0

1.

7.5

0.0

4.6

80.3

.9

0.6

1.7

1.

100.0

Newmiddleclasses

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

53.0

10.8

33.7

.4

0.0

0.0

100.0

Capitalist

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

5.0

0.0

0.0

75.0

0.0

0.0

100.0

Stateworker

0.0

0.0

3.3

1.6

8.4

.0

.

0.0

47.6

34.9

100.0

Statecadre

0.0

0.0

0.8

1.9

4.5

0.8

.9

1.6

19.6

67.9

100.0

otal

48.3

1.0

7.6

1.5

10.4

6.

3.6

0.5

9.

11.7

100.0



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able5(cont.)

PanelB

InowRates(%)toClassDestinationin005

FromClassOrigin

Peasant

Rural

cadre

Collective

worker

Collective

cadre

Unskilled

worker

Petty

bourgeoisie

New

middle

class

Capitalist

State

worker

State

cadre

otal

Peasant

100.0

66.

70.

1.8

36.5

37.6

3.4

16.7

16.7

10.1

64.4

Ruralcadre

0.0

31.0

5.9

9.9

6.7

4.9

11.5

11.1

4.4

1.9

4.3

Collectiveworker

0.0

0.0

13.9

9.7

9.6

8.4

8.3

5.6

9.0

5.4

4.8

Collectivecadre

0.0

0.0

.5

19.8

1.0

0.9

6.0

.8

.7

8.

.1

Proletariat

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

8.0

9.7

7.0

30.6

0.0

0.0

4.7

Pettybourgeoisie

0.0

.8

.5

0.0

1.1

3.3

.0

.8

0.5

0.

.5

Newmiddleclasses

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

6.1

.1

11.1

5.6

0.0

0.0

1.

Capitalist

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

8.3

0.0

0.0

0.1

Stateworker

0.0

0.0

4.6

11.9

8.5

3.5

6.3

0.0

55.

31.6

10.6

Statecadre

0.0

0.0

0.6

6.9

.3

0.7

4.4

16.7

11.6

31.5

5.4

otal

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0



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p y b pvz p v- p - p b -1990 (K L 007).

O , py b(-py), k getihu C, py p C y y (W 006), C pvz b py b ( b 4). I, y pyb py , v k- b . T py b

y v b p lumpenproletariat , y b py pv (Hy 000). p, by p , pbby vy y p z.

I b 7, by p (v. ),k v, , py -bp, . E by y , vb, . Py bp y

vb (y = 1), ( = 1). W - jb hukou, danwei . p v, y vb p b 199 (y = 1).

R b 7 p bv b 5 6, , v pv , ky - b p k j p, py b, . F, b p v j p 6.9 (p1.061+0.864) -; b p v j py b 14 (p1.061+1.577) -. T jb ky p y

p . Pp b hukou ky v pv . C py b ky v pv b p p, pbby y p: py b b p v y- y 3.4 p -pyb, .



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able6:OutowRatesoSelectedClassDestinationsunderCapitalismbyTreeCohortsin005

ClassOrigin(FirstJob)

OutowRate

Peasant

Rural

cadr

e

Collective

worker

Collective

cadre

State

worker

State

cadre

Destination:proletar

iat

Pre-1979cohort

.5

5.5

7.0

10.7

6.0

1.0

1979199cohort

6.7

11.1

10.4

3.3

6.3

.0

Post-199cohort

14.7

23.4

28.0

3.6

14.5

10.0

Destination:pettybo

urgeoisie

Pre-1979cohort

.

10.9

5.

7.1

.0

0.0

1979199cohort

5.1

4.4

4.8

1.7

.0

0.7

Post-199cohort

4.6

7.1

1.1

1.8

2.1

1.5

Destination:newmiddleclasses

Pre-1979cohort

0.4

3.6

9.6

14.3

.7

.1

1979199cohort

1.3

4.4

.4

10.0

1.8

1.3

Post-199cohort

4.3

14.9

7.5

8.9

2.6

5.4

Destination:capitalist

Pre-1979cohort

0.1

1.8

0.9

0.0

0.0

1.0

1979199cohort

0.1

1.1

0.8

0.0

0.0

.0

Post-199cohort

0.3

1.3

0.0

1.8

0.0

1.5



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b 7: C M L R M Cp C A, C G S Svy, 005

C D 005(v. )

Vb P Py b

N

Cp

F jb: 0.864** 1.577** 0.738** 1.061*(0.77) (0.598) (0.74) (0.517)

F jb: 1.90*** 1.97*** 1.863*** 1.937***(0.109) (0.161) (0.148) (0.51)

Ub hukou 0.737* .030*** 1.084*** 1.817***(0.30) (0.8) (0.303) (0.537)

F jb: 0.044 4.46*** 1.043 5.48***(0.655) (0.551) (0.737) (0.747)

S (y) 0.18** 0.199*** 0.090+ 0.150(0.040) (0.045) (0.048) (0.105)

Py b 1.576*** 1.3* 1.051** 3.385***(0.439) (0.487) (0.340) (0.887)

P-199 0.740* 0.65+ 0.588 1.065+

(0.89) (0.377) (0.377) (0.65)A 0.07*** 0.013 0.040+ 0.006

(0.017) (0.018) (0.0) (0.003)

F 0.111 0.08 0.98 0.68(0.08) (0.60) (0.46) (0.468)

C 6.06*** 4.78*** 1.965+ 1.605(0.857) (0.96) (1.111) (1.695)

L k 90.782 883.81P R2 0.399N 894

N:1. F p .. + p


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W pp ky j p- py b, y ky j b p, by pv ( y ). T jb ( py b p) ky py b p b py. T y b v b y p p. I b p pby by b p .

T pv b p y 199, F 1. Pp b 199 ky pp j b 199 p p, py b . O , y ky b p p-199 b k p p q-. W pv py y, f b jb j p b py b, v p py. H, p pz C .

rends in Class Inequality

Gv , qy f C. b 8p -y ANOVA (y v) CHIP88, CHIP95 CGSS005, pvy. W : , py bp, p p, y , p. T y k b. W py p hukou,

danwei shenen, b -M .R b 8 b y

p qy. C p 3.7 p v 1988 43. p 1995; by 005, p 48.8 p v. F py p hukou



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able8:One-wayANOVAon(Logged)MonthlyInc

omebyClassesinChina,1988,1995,and005NationalSurveys

1988LoggedIncome

1995LoggedIncome

005LoggedIncome

PartialSS

DF

R

2

PartialSS

DF

R2

PartialSS

DF

R2

Neo-Marxianclassschema

7043.318

9

0.37

970.753

9

0.43

4367.909

9

0.488

Hukou(urban)

1475.59

1

0.15

5479.81

1

0.55

846.715

1

0.318

Danwei(state/collective)

115.136

0.179

6448.86

0.300

1707.900

0.191

Cadre(authority/skills)

394.509

1

0.033

1991.675

1

0.093

1685.07

1

0.188

Owner

0.05

1

0.000

5.5

1

0.000

0.048

1

0.05

CCPmembership

44.964

1

0.037

769.838

1

0.036

41.505

1

0.07

Yearoschooling

16.786

1

0.011

330.507

1

0.151

3564.931

1

0.399

otalsumosquare

11838.471

15797.737

8934.78

N(%ototalcases)

0,4

17,54

6,58

Notes:F-testisstatistic

allysignifcant(p

Documents

4 Lin Wu 2009 the Transformation of the Chinese Class Structure 1978-2005