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4. Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries
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4.1. Animal Husbandry
A country rich in livestock is never poor and acountry poor in livestock is never rich
- An Arabian Proverb
4.1.1. Introduction
Animal Husbandry contributes significantly to rural employment and
rural income in Tamil Nadu besides fulfilling the nutritional requirements of
the population. Tamil Nadu is endowed with a large population of livestock. It
ranks second among Indian states in egg production and eighth in terms of
milk production (2005).
The Animal Husbandry sector accounts for about 3.1 per cent of the
GSDP and around 26.6% of the primary sector GSDP. Home based animal
husbandry units are a major support system for the majority of the rural poor
who are either landless or are small and marginal farmers with unirrigated
land.
Livestock Wealth
Tamil Nadu accounts for 4.94% of the country’s cattle, 1.69% of buffaloes,
pigery 2.37%, 9.10% of sheep, 6.58% of goats and 17.71% of poultry. The
total livestock population of the country and of the State is given in the
Table 4.1.1.
Table 4.1.1
The livestock population over the years from 1966 is given in the Table 4.1.2
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Table 4.1.2
The livestock population has decreased consistently over the last decade
from 266.43 lakh in 1994 to 249.42 lakh in 2004. This is mainly due to
distinct decrease in the number of buffaloes which has fallen from 32 lakh in
1994 to 16.58 lakh in 2004. The cattle and sheep population, after registering
a marginal decrease in 1998 has recovered in 2004.
The categorywise cattle and buffalo breedable age female population
during 1994, 1997 and 2004 livestock census is given in Table 4.1.3
Table 4.1.3
The total breedable age female cattle and buffaloes is 41.17 lakh and 9.01
lakh respectively. The cattle wealth of the State is unevenly distributed.
Villupuram, Salem, Vellore, Thirunelveli, Thanjavur and Coimbatore districts
account for 35% of the total breedable age female cattle while Erode, Namakkal,
Salem and Thiruvallur districts account for 44% of the total breedable age female
buffaloes.
169
During the last 10 years, the crossbred breedable age female cattle has
increased substantially. This has resulted in a significant increase in milk
production. In fact, the average milk yield per crossbred animal per day has
increased from 5.5 kg to 6.3 kg and buffalo from 3.6 kg to 4.2 kg during the
last decade. This has resulted in increasing the annual milk production in
the state from 39.76 lakh MT to 54.74 lakh MT and increasing per capita
availability of milk per day from 182 gm to 234 gm for the same period.
Present Scenario
Animal husbandry is still mainly in the hands of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers. Though poultry farming has developed into
an industry, eco-friendly backyard poultry rearing is a profitable enterprise.
It still continues to be the livelihood proposition of several poor farmers in the
rural areas and contributes 6% of the total egg production in the state. However,
no technological breakthrough in breeding or productivity has been seen
during the recent past. Value addition to livestock products at the farm has
not yet been conceived. Hygienic abattoirs and humane handling of animals
are not still fully taken care of. Scarcity of fodder is a major limiting factor in
enhancing farm animal productivity.
Veterinary Institutions: The number of Veterinary Institutions in the
public sector currently are:- a) Polyclinics-6 b) Clinical Centres- 22 c) Veterinary
Hospitals-139 d) Veterinary Dispensaries-1167 e) Sub-Centres-1828 f) Animal
Disease Intelligence Units-19 g) Poultry Disease Diagnostic Labs-2 h) Central
Referral Lab-1 i ) Livestock Farms-11 (of which 3 are sheep farms) j) Poultry
Farm-1 K) Artificial Insemination Centres-3178 L) Frozen Semen Production
Station-3 M) Frozen Semen Banks-12 N) Cattle Breeding and Fodder
Development units-20 and o) Mobile Veterinary Units-55.
4.1.2. Review of Tenth Plan
Objectives
The Tenth Plan envisaged to consolidate the gains achieved in the past
and to improve productivity of livestock by extension of Artificial Insemination
(A.I) coverage from 32% of the breedable population in 2001-02 to 67% by the
end of the Tenth Plan. It was Planned to provide veterinary health services
and breeding facilities at the doorstep of the farmers and improve the efficiency
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of A.I. techniques by awareness creation. It was further aimed to improve the
production capacity of cows and she-buffaloes by import of fresh Jersey/
Friesian breeding bulls, import of frozen semen straws, purchase of pure
Murrah buffalo bulls, undertaking a continuous programme of production of
good cross bred bulls in the livestock farms with improved elite Jersey/Friesian
semen and improvement of local breeds. It was also proposed to form breeder’s
societies for intensifying the breeding programme.
Physical Performance
During the last five years, at constant prices the contribution of Animal
Husbandry sector to the GSDP has increased from Rs.331.98 crore to Rs.347.43
crore, while its percentage share contribution to the agriculture GSDP has
also increased from 22.78 to 26.60.
During the Tenth Plan period, the estimated milk production has
increased from 49.88 LMT to 54.74 LMT and egg production has increased
from 4222.77 million to 6222.54 million. This has resulted in increase in per
capita availability of milk from 219 grams to 234 grams and that of eggs from
68 to 123 numbers for the same period.
Table 4.1.4
As a result of the implementation of the Five YearPlan, it was possible to
artificially inseminate 32 percent of breedable age female cattle and 11 percent
of buffaloes, resulting in a remarkable increase in the crossbred cattle
population from 21.41 lakh to 50.99 lakh between 1998 and 2004. The number
of cross bred cows as well as milk production from crossbred cows has also
increased substantially during the Plan period. This may be attributed to
high awareness and knowledge level among the farmers on scientific livestock
management, disease control, feeding and breeding practices.
Under the scheme for improvement of livestock markets, first aid Centres
have been established in the 20 livestock markets. During the Plan period, a
total of 565 beneficiaries were provided with sheep units. 2920 beneficiaries
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were provided with backyard poultry units. 328 new veterinary dispensaries
were established. 4 new Animal Disease Intelligence units were established.
Augmentation of fodder production was also undertaken.
Credit Flow
The annual credit flow to Animal Husbandry sector was around Rs.300
crore during the Tenth Five Year Plan.
Artificial Insemination Programme
690 mobile A.I. Centres have been established, 1930 stationary A.I. Centres
converted into Mobile A.I. units during the Tenth Plan period.
Disease Control
The incidence of disease was reduced from 403 in 2002-03 to 151 in
2005-06. The Animal Husbandry Department has conducted about 20,020
livestock protection camps during this period.
Insurance
Only 4% of the livestock population is under insurance cover. The reasons
for this low insurance coverage include lack of awareness, affordability, lack of
delivery channels that provide access at the doorsteps, problems in claims /
settlements etc.
Database
The existing database are mostly manually collected and maintained. It
is not comprehensive and standardized.
Financial Performance
An outlay of Rs. 92.34 crore was provided for the sector in the Tenth
Plan. As against this, the expenditure was to the tune of Rs. 63.23 crore
which works out to an achievement of 68.48%. Apart from this, the sector
received a sum of Rs.36.42 crore from the Central Government and Rs. 0.17
crore from autonomous bodies like NABARD. The outlay and expenditure
made during the Tenth Plan period is given in Table 4.1.5.
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Table 4.1.5
4.1.3. Eleventh Five Year Plan
Objectives
The following are the objectives of the Eleventh Five Year Plan:
� To increase crossbred cattle population and milk production.
� To increase the artificial insemination coverage of cattle and to
introduce artificial insemination in goats at the farm itself.
� To provide veterinary services and breeding support at the farmer’s
doorsteps.
� To increase the availability of green fodder by rejuvenation of
pasturelands and by bringing additional private lands under fodder
cultivation.
� To strengthen disease diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring
activities.
� To improve the quality and shelf life of livestock vaccines by improving
the cold chain network and upgrading all vaccine production
laboratories.
� To conduct training courses for farmers and officials
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� To strengthen Management Information System (MIS) and extension
services.
Thrust areas and Strategies
Bringing the landless labourers and marginal farmers into the fold of
organised livestock rearing will constitute a major strategy for increasing farm
income. Based on the agro-climatic conditions and market demand, women’s
self-help groups will be encouraged to take up suitable animal husbandry
activities. The resources available under rural development programmes like
Puthu Vazhvu and SGSY will be effectively tapped to ensure the growth of the
animal husbandry sector.
Strengthening of all frozen semen production stations and converting
stationary A.I. Centres to Mobile A.I. Centres will be taken up to ensure
increased coverage of breedable animals resulting in a significant increase in
production
The Animal Husbandry Department has started delivery of artificial
insemination services at the farm. If the fruits of the veterinary services have
to reach the rural farmer, delivery of most interventions and extension services
should be done at the farm itself.
The fodder availability in the state will be increased by rejuvenation of
village grazing lands, meikal poramboke lands and sowing of fodder seeds by
the roadside. Self-help groups will be encouraged to take up fodder cultivation.
Fodder banks will also be established.
The diagnostic services will be improved by upgrading all Animal Disease
Intelligence Units and Poultry Disease Diagnostic Labs to GMP standards.
Mobile labs with facility to diagnose infectious diseases are also a pressing
requirement for making on the spot accurate diagnosis of diseases.
To augment the livestock productivity and facilitate export of livestock
products, it is essential that livestock diseases should be controlled and disease
free zone be established.
It is proposed to increase the processing capacity and improve the cold
chain facilities so that the quality of products from the animal husbandry
sector is increased. Livestock markets will be strengthened so that animal
husbandry is made a profitable occupation for the farm.
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Latest extension methods will be introduced in the field with extensive
use of multi-media and on line facilities.
Programmes
Ongoing schemes
The ongoing programmes such as livestock protection programme
(Kalnadai Pathukappu Thittam), veterinary sub-centres, livestock disease
control, animal husbandry activities in HADP, WGDP areas, improvement of
statistical cell etc. will be continued during the Eleventh Plan period. The
horse breeding unit at District Livestock Farm, Hosur and development of pig
breeds in the departmental farms will also be continued. An amount of Rs.
47.52 crore have been provided for the ongoing schemes.
Kalnadai Pathukappu Thittam
The aim of this scheme is to provide all veterinary services at the doorsteps
of the farmers. Under this scheme, total health cover, both preventive and
curative is provided to livestock and poultry reared by the farmers in remote
villages by conducting special camps. The special camps are conducted at the
rate of one camp per month in all the 385 blocks. It is proposed to conduct
5500 such special camps every year in all the villages that do not have access
to a veterinary institution. The total cost of the scheme during the Eleventh
Plan period is Rs.12.05 crore.
New Schemes
1) National Agricultrural Development Programme (NADP) /RashtriyaKrishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
An amount of Rs. 300 crore is proposed for National Agricultural
Development Programme / Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (NADP / RKVY)
scheme. With regard to Animal Husbandry Sector, Veterinary Institutions
will be developed. The elaborate details about the scheme are given in the
Chapter 2.1 Crop Husbandry.
2) Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water-bodiesRestoration and Management Project (TN-IAMWARM)
The Animal Husbandry component of this project seeks to achieve the
following objectives viz., to improve the production potential of livestock in the
project sub basins. The aims of the project which fall in line with the overall
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objectives of the Eleventh Plan include providing veterinary service and
breeding support at the farmers’ door steps, ensuring total health care of
livestock to improve the conception and calving rate in bovines, increasing the
availability of green fodder and improving the knowledge level of the farmers
on best animal husbandry practices/techniques. An amount of Rs.34.00 crore
is proposed for this project component.
3) Poultry Development
Poultry is the main source of nutrition and family income in rural areas
of the state. Backyard poultry still accounts for 10-20% of the total poultry
production. The Eleventh Five Year Plan needs to focus on enhancement of
backyard poultry farming method developed by TANUVAS. The critical inputs
(superior germplasm, vaccination) and training inputs (technology
dissemination) will be provided to small farmers especially women self-help
groups who take up the venture. The various activities to be taken up by the
Poultry Development with an outlay of Rs. 3.81 crore are given in the
Table 4.1.6.
Table 4.1.6
To popularise turkey-rearing and create awareness on turkey-rearing as
a profitable backyard business, turkey units are maintained in Poultry Farm,
Kattupakkam and at District Livestock Farm Hosur and Orathanad. This
programme will be continued during the Eleventh Plan period also.
4) Compensation scheme for Avian Influenza
Avian influenza is one of the important zoonotic diseases threatening
poultry. Though the disease has not yet been reported in the State, necessary
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preventive and precautionary measures have been taken after the outbreak of
avian influenza in Maharashtra and Gujarat. The Government have earmarked
Rs.0.50 crore for paying compensation to the farmers, if there is a need for
destroying the affected birds.
5) Bovine Breeding Schemes
It is proposed to increase the cross-bred cattle and buffalo population by
inseminating the local breedable cattle by the semen of high quality dairy
and draught breeds such as Jersey and Friesian bulls and Murrah bulls. It is
also proposed to take up selective cross breeding of native pure breeds of
cattle such as Kangeyam and Umbalachery breeds in their respective breeding
tracts.
Artificial insemination coverage of breedable cattle and buffalo population
is planned to be increased to 75% in cattle and 66% in buffalo. It is also
proposed to increase the conception rate in cattle and buffaloes by 42% and
46% respectively as against a national average conception rate of 35%. The
target population as mentioned above will be covered over a period of 5 years
by converting all the stationary A.I. Centres into static cum mobile A.I. Centres.
Additional A.I. Centres will be established by training rural youth and
distributing breeding bulls for natural service to remote areas where delivery
of A.I. services is not possible.
Some of the schemes that will be taken up to achieve the objectives in
the breeding sector are:
It is proposed to strengthen the bull mother farm at the Exotic Cattle
Breeding Farm at Eachenkottai and at the District Livestock Farm (DLF), Hosur
for production of quality breeding bulls. It is also proposed to improve the
facilities in three Frozen Semen Production Stations to enable them to get
ISO Certification.
Under the pilot scheme on genetic selection of semen and embryos, a
genetic semen selection laboratory will be set up at one of the semen production
stations. This will help to establish protocols and study the feasibility of
giving the farmers a choice of the gender of the calves.
177
It is planned to extend the procurement and installation of 6000 litre
capacity silos in 19 additional locations keeping in view the existing AI centres
and new AI centres that will be created. Two Liquid Nitrogen road tankers of
10000 litre capacity will also be procured for uninterrupted supply of Liquid
Nitrogen to maintain the quality of the frozen semen.
‘In situ conservation’ refers to the maintenance of threatened, endangered
and vulnerable unique genetic resources in their own/ simulating environment
/ breeding tract. Tamil Nadu is endowed with five fine breeds of cattle namely
Kangeyam, Umbalachery, Pulikulam, Bargur, Alambadi and the Toda breed
of buffalo. Kangeyam and Umbalachery breeds of cattle are already maintained
at Hosur and Korukkai livestock farm. Therefore, it is proposed to conserve
the remaining unique breeds to maintain their genetic purity.
The latest livestock census indicates a steep fall in the population of
buffaloes. To arrest the fall and to stabilize the buffalo population, support
will be provided to rear female buffalo calves upto the first calving under the
Integrated calf development scheme for development of buffaloes. The support
will be given as 50% for feeding of concentrates.
In order to improve the success rate of AI in buffaloes, it is proposed to
undertake hormonal treatment for buffaloes at the rate of 50,000 animals per
year. This will bring the animals to predetermined time of heat by overcoming
longer calving time and silent heat. Further multiple ovulation embryo transfer
(MOET) will be taken up to augment the genetic progress.
As the quality of offspring is dependent on both the dam and sire, it is
necessary that the proven bulls semen should be used on the best cows. To
ensure the selection of animals based on their production traits, the Field
Performance Recording Programme (FPRP) will be implemented through the
Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers’ Federation Limited. In addition,
selection of animals based on molecular markers known as Marker Assisted
Selection will also be attempted. Further, animals covered by AI will be provided
with the passbook as a part of the identification process. Evaluation of the
production traits of the various batches of off-spring will be continued using
conventional methods as well as open nucleus breeding system. This will
help to augment the development of preferred genetic traits in the cross bred
population.
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Outlay
The total outlay for various schemes for cattle and buffalo breeding will
be Rs. 109 crore of which the State Plan component will be Rs. 34 crore and
the remaining funding will be met by Central funding.
6) Disease Control
In order to control the diseases the following schemes are proposed:
Establishment of 10 Animal Disease Intelligence Units (ADIU)- It is proposed
to establish 10 Animal Disease Intelligence Units (ADIU) in the State in various
districts viz. Ramanathapuram, Kanyakumari, Theni, Virudhunagar,
Pudukottai, Tiruvannamalai, Thiruvarur that do not have an ADIU at present.
Establishment of 4 Regional Disease Diagnostic laboratories - It is proposed
to establish four Regional Disease Diagnostic laboratories at Coimbatore,
Vellore, Madurai and Tirunelveli by upgrading the existing ADIU’s. The provision
of infrastructure and equipment shall be funded by NABARD.
Strengthening of Central Referral Laboratory - The Central referral
laboratory at Saidapet will be upgraded to meet the Good Laboratory Practices
(GLP) standards by provision of buildings, equipments etc.
Vector Control for Control of Blue Tongue - Blue Tongue is a viral disease
of sheep transmitted by a vector that can cause great economic loss to the
sheep farmers. The disease is endemic in the southern districts of Tamil
Nadu and the vaccine is yet to be developed. The control of the disease is
possible only through vector control. Funds will be provided for infrastructure
creation like fogging machines, vehicles for mounting the fogging machines
and chemicals.
The vaccine production facility at the Institute of Veterinary Preventive
Medicine, Ranipet will be improved to meet the GMP standards, so that the
state can be self-sufficient in vaccine production. The production of new vaccine
for various livestock diseases will be taken up in the upgraded facility.
Poultry farming has developed into a highly profitable industry in the
state. From being a mere backyard enterprise, it has developed into a major
economic activity. As a result, Tamil Nadu stands second in egg production in
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the country. The district of Namakkal with about 6000 small, medium and
large poultry farms is the hub of all poultry activities. Though poultry farming
has developed, the disposal of organic waste generated from these farms is
not done properly and this has led to the outbreak of many diseases. Hence,
it is proposed to set up electric incinerators to incinerate the poultry carcasses
at five locations in Namakkal district.
The ongoing immunization programmes of livestock against economically
important diseases (75:25) will be combined and 1 crore animals will be
vaccinated. The vaccination programme will cover economically important
diseases like foot and mouth disease, PPR, BQ and anthrax. It will also aim to
control emerging and exotic diseases under the Assistance to State to Control
Animal Disease (ASCAD) programme which has 75% funding from the Central
Government.
It is proposed to train the veterinarians and para- veterinarians, to
undertake publication of bulletins and conduct campaigns etc. for information
and education regarding prevention of livestock diseases with 100% Central
assistance.
The total outlay proposed for the ‘Livestock Disease Control’ is Rs.30.26
crore which will be met by the State and the Central Government.
7) Feed and Fodder development
Balanced feeding is essential to fully exploit the genetic potential of
livestock. Though the state is surplus in dry fodder availability, the state has
only 47.93% of its green fodder requirement. Many policy initiatives are being
taken to increase the availability of green fodder. This includes a ban on
transfer of grazing land and distribution of tree fodder seed minikits to the
farmers at free of cost, creation of fodder bank and cultivation of silvipasture
in the District livestock farms etc.
Fodder development projects will be implemented with an outlay of Rs.
10 crore and the major initiatives will include silvipasture in common property
resources and private lands, rehabilitation and sustainable management of
degraded rangelands, grasslands, enrichment of crop residues as well as setting
up of fodder production system in farmers holdings.
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8) Development of Meat Animals
Animals will be developed for meat production. This will serve not only to
increase meat consumption in the state but will also improve overall realisation
to livestock farmers by way of exports. The economic goal of the state is
doubling the meat production in 2010 by improving the current status of the
meat production, handling and marketing and by improving the health status
of meat animals.
The estimated demand for meat is 7.7 million metric tons as against the
present production of 4.6 million metric tons within the state. Hence, it is
proposed to augment the mutton production to meet the demand in future.
In order to do this, the local breeds of sheep, goat and swine will be improved
by selective breeding with better germplasm. Scientific Management practices
will be encouraged and access to better veterinary services will be provided
through the local dispensaries. To introduce A.I. in goats, boer goat semen
pellets will be supplied as pilot project in two districts. This technique will
then be disseminated throughout the state for improving the native goats.
Quality of swine will also be improved through cross breeding with exotic
breeds. Integrated system of pig rearing will be implemented through women
self-help groups using the technology developed by TANUVAS.
Adequate slaughter facilities are not available to produce meat under
sanitary conditions. Slaughter takes place in both authorized and unauthorized
places (unorganized slaughter) and effective meat inspection has not been
feasible. In order to produce meat in a hygienic manner, it is proposed to
establish a modern rural slaughter house at each district level so as to meet
the consumer demand and promote organized marketing of meat products
within and outside the State. Further, regulations will be introduced for the
transport of live animals and poultry to prevent illegal and unauthorized
slaughter.
It is proposed to identify disease free zones in Tamil Nadu for promotion
of export of meat and meat by-products. Efforts will be taken for proper
utilisation of these by- products by setting up cottage industries with the
involvement of women self-help groups, unemployed youth, etc. Further, as
the meat industry in the country is largely in the hands of private operators,
the major onus of development rests on the level of investment and commitment
181
they show. The government will act as a facilitator to reach the goal of increasing
meat production to attract more investment into this sector. The outlay
proposed for meat and meat product schemes is Rs. 0.27 crore.
9) Human Resources Development/ Skill upgradation
Training will focus on new techniques, artificial insemination (A.I) and
other breeding services, emerging disease in livestock and poultry as well as
areas like WTO, ISO, GLP, GMP, HRD. The skills of livestock inspector will be
upgraded in various spheres like A.I.pregnancy verification, vaccination,
deworming etc.
The farmers will be trained in the best practices of breeding, nutrition,
awareness on common diseases affecting livestock and the measures to control
diseases, bio-security measures, disaster management during natural
calamities, clean milk production, sanitation and hygiene and modern
management practices. These training programmes, will go a long way in
upgrading the skills of the farmers and other stakeholders. Most of the above
training will be imparted using central funding through the Tamil Nadu
Livestock Development Agency. An amount of Rs.1 crore is proposed as state
share for imparting training and improvement of database, e-governance, and
MIS.
10) World Trade Organisation, Sanitary, Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures
and International Regulations
The SPS Agreement under the WTO seeks to lay down the minimum
sanitary and phyto-sanitary standards for the member countries. This is to
ensure the safety of life and health of humans, animals and Plants. It is
proposed to establish a “Hazard Detection Laboratory” and “Disease
Surveillance Units” at regional level for SPS monitoring (focused on live animals
and animal products). Creation of awareness among the farmers and training
for the veterinarians on the above aspects is also proposed. The outlay for this
programme is Rs. 1 crore.
Eleventh Plan Outlay
Totally an amount of Rs. 458.70 crore is proposed for Animal Husbandry
Sector. The details of schemes and their outlays are given in Table 4.1.7.
182
Table 4.1.7
Physical Targets in the Eleventh Plan
The physical targets set for the Eleventh Plan period is given Table 4.1.8.
183
Table 4.1.8
184
4.2. Dairy Development
Cattle rearing was the second important economic activity.Cows and she-buffaloes were reared for milk and the bullsand he-buffaloes were used as draught animals.
- The Artha Shasthra
4.2.1. Introduction
Milk production and trade mainly operates as a cottage industry in the
rural areas. A majority of those involved in this activity are women, for whom it
provides employment and helps to supplement their family income. To
eliminate the middlemen and to protect the interest of the producers in the
villages, milk producers’ cooperative societies have been formed. This has
assured a remunerative price and market support to the producers besides
catering to the needs of the consumers. Dairy Development Programmes are
being implemented in Tamil Nadu through a network of co-operatives designed
on the ‘Anand model’ of Gujarat state. Milk and milk products are marketed
by the co-operatives under the brand name ‘Aavin’.
There are 17 District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Unions functioning in
the state of Tamil Nadu covering 30 Districts with an installed processing
capacity of 17.42 lakh litres per day (LLPD). There are 36 Chilling Centres in
District Co-operative Milk Producers’ Unions with installed chilling capacity
of 13.55 LLPD. The Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers’ Federation Limited
is the apex body of the 17 District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Unions. The
Federation has four dairy Plants in Chennai, one at Ambattur with a capacity
of 4.00 LLPD, another at Madhavaram with a capacity of 2.00 LLPD and the
third dairy at Sholinganallur with a capacity of 4.00 LLPD. The fourth dairy
at Ambattur is engaged in the manufacture of value added milk products
such as Yoghurt, Ice cream, Khova etc. Artificial Insemination (AI) facilities are
made available by the District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Unions in 2365 AI
Centres all over the state.
4.2.2. Tenth Plan Review
Financial
As against the total outlay of Rs.50.00 crore for the Tenth Five Year Plan
an amount of Rs.5.97 crore was released for various activities.
185
Physical
Production
The total milk production of the state is 54.74 LMT in 2005 06 that works
out to 146 lakh litres of milk per day. The per capita availability of milk in the
state has increased from 198 gms/day in 2002 to 234 gms/day in 2006,
falling short only by 16 gms/day against the ICMR nutritional recommended
level of 250 gms/day. The milk procurement by the cooperative societies has
increased from 18.88 LLPD in 2002-03 to 26.10 LLPD in 2006-07 registering
growth of 38% over 5 years.
The corresponding figure of total milk production in India during 2002-
03 was 861.59 LMT which has increased to 1000 LMT during 2006-07,
registering a lower growth of 16.01%. The per capita availability of milk in
India has increased to 245 gms/day in 2006-07 from 230 gms/day in 2002-
03.
It has been observed that 50% of the revenue villages in Tamil Nadu have
come under the ambit of cooperative sector when compared to 5% in West
Bengal, 9% in Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, 15% in Rajasthan and 21% in
Uttar Pradesh. The main reason for more coverage in the state is the consistent
thrust given by the State Government and the fact that dairying activities
have ensured regular and assured income to the farmers at times of severe
drought and flood.
Procurement
Tamil Nadu occupies 4th place in milk procurement by cooperatives in the
country. The milk procurement through organized sector has increased to 42
Lakh Litres Per Day (LLPD), with the remaining 46 Lakh Litres Per Day (LLPD)
being handled by the unorganized sector. The balance 58 Lakh Litres Per
Day (LLPD) is retained by the producers.
During the Tenth Plan period, there is an appreciable increase in the
milk procurement in the state. The average milk procurement per day by
Milk Producers Cooperative Societies (MPCS) has increased from 15.79 LLPD
in 2002-03 to 22.10 LLPD in 2006-07 registering a growth of 38% over the 5
years.
186
Milk Sales
The milk sale by cooperatives, which was 13.71 LLPD during 2000-01
has steeply increased to 19.29 LLPD in 2006-07, registering 41% growth.
Among the four metropolitan cities in India, Chennai metro dairies have
registered highest incremental milk sales growth rate of 16% in milk sales,
followed by Delhi with 13% (2004-05 & 2005-06 comparative milk sales).
The details of performance including infrastructure created during the
Tenth Five Year Plan period is given in Table 4.2.1.
Table 4.2.1
Problems and Constraints
Though the Dairy sector has shown significant progress, there have been
many problems and constraints which hamper its growth. The milk Unions
face difficulties in handling and transporting milk within and outside the
state for want of sufficient infrastructure during the surplus period. At the
same time, there is a reduction in the pouring members during periods of
scarcity due to competition from the private industry. The lack of awareness
on best practices in milk production and delay in adoption of modern
techniques by the members of dairy societies leads to low quality of procured
milk. The change in National Dairy Development Board policy has led to the
withdrawal of subsidy and interest free loan for purchase of milch animals.
Against this background, the Eleventh Plan is formulated.
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4.2.3. Eleventh Five Year Plan
Objectives
� To assure remunerative price to the milk producers.
� To ensure the availability and supply of clean processed milk as per
consumer’s need.
� To provide necessary milk products of requisite quality to the
consumer at a competitive price.
Strategies
� Veterinary health cover, breeding cover, feed supply etc., will be
provided to animals owned by the milk producers in cooperative
sector.
� Upgradation of milch animals will be taken up so as to improve their
productivity in the long run.
� Establishment of chilling centres/ bulk milk coolers and necessary
infrastructure will be created to enhance the quality of milk
production and marketing. Milk procurement system with quality
testing at village level will be introduced.
� Conversion of surplus milk into milk products will be taken up in an
extensive manner.
� Training to the staff and farmers on best practices in milk production
and modern techniques and methods will be taken up.
Thrust areas
1. Improving Infrastructure for Collection, Transportation, Handling and
Procurement of Milk from farmers, as well as for processing, packing
& marketing of milk and milk products.
2. Emphasis on Clean Milk Production.
3. Initiation of integral quality management & food safety system at
village level and implementation of international quality control
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system in dairies ensuring compliance of International Specifications
(SPS & WTO).
4. Human Resource Development / Entrepreneurship Development
Training in milk societies as well as district milk unions.
5. Creation of Management Information System and Enterprise
Resource Planning in Dairy Industry.
Programmes
Development of Primary Milk - Co-operative Societies and Unions
1) Assistance to Dairy cooperatives for implementation of the
Rehabilitation schemes
The Government of India formulated a scheme called Assistance to
cooperatives to rehabilitate the loss making District Cooperative Milk Producers’
Unions. The Plan envisages 50 per cent grant from the GOI and 50 per cent
from the State Government to wipe off cash loss in District Cooperative Milk
Producers’ Unions and make them viable with suitable Rehabilitation Plan.
The Government of Tamil Nadu has forwarded the rehabilitation project
proposal of Dindigul District Cooperative Milk Producers Union to Government
of India. An amount of Rs.2.50 crore is proposed for this rehabilitation
proposal.
2) Organization of Milk Producers Cooperative Societies (MPCS)
It is proposed to organise 1250 MPCS during the Eleventh Plan period
thereby increasing the number of MPCS from 7800 to 9050 by covering
untapped revenue villages. Under which, it is proposed to provide necessary
infrastructure like SS milk cans, stainless milk collection kit, milk testing
equipment, bulk milk coolers, softy ice cream machine and khova pan etc., to
the MPCS. The scheme is being implemented through MPCS own funds.
Creation of Infrastructure facilities
1) Loans to Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producers Federation for
Thiruvannamalai processing unit
It is proposed to establish a Dairy cum powder Plant at Thiruvannamalai
with a handling capacity of 2 LLPD and a drying capacity of 20 MT per day at
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a total cost of Rs. 29 crore. An amount of Rs.10 crore is proposed as loan
component from the state. The remaining amount will be met from NABARD.
2) National Agricultrural Development Programme (NADP) /Rashtriya
Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
An amount of Rs. 10 crore is proposed for National Agricultural
Development Programme / Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (NADP / RKVY)
scheme under Dairy Sector. The elaborate details about the scheme are given
in the Chapter 2.1 Crop Husbandry.
3) Improvement of Dairies
To facilitate hygienic milk procurement, it is proposed to provide stainless
steel milk cans and collection kits, milk testing equipments, milking machines,
water softening units, feed mixing units, computers etc., to 250 MPCS
procuring milk more than 1000 litre and to install Bulk Milk Coolers where
milk is available in surplus.
Totally an amount of Rs. 5 crore is proposed from State funds. The
remaining amount may be met from the societies own funds, from National
Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and Central Government fund.
4) Creation of Infrastructure facilities like setting up of chilling
centres & bulk milk cooler facilities etc
The present chilling facility at chilling centres and Bulk Milk coolers are
13.55 LLPD and 0.85 LLPD respectively. It has been planned to instal additional
Bulk Milk Coolers (BMC’s) and chilling centres so that the entire milk will be
received after chilling. The milk procurement at the end of 2011-2012 is
estimated as 35 LLPD.
After enhancement of chilling facilities, 15.83 LLPD of milk will be
handled at chilling centres and 19.17 LLPD of milk is proposed to be handled
at Bulk Milk Coolers. At that stage, dairies shall receive only chilled milk from
BMC’s and chilling centres. It is estimated that out of 35 LLPD of milk, 9.62
LLPD of chilled milk shall be sent directly to Chennai Metro from BMC’s and
chilling centres for sales. The remaining quantity of 25.38 LLPD of milk shall
be processed at union dairies. The present processing facility at union dairies
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are only 19.42 LLPD. The processing facility has to be increased to 24.50
LLPD at union dairies and 7.00 LLPD at metro dairies.
A provision of Rs.5 crore is proposed as the State Government contribution
for creating chilling centres and Bulk Milk Cooler facilities as well as additional
processing facilities. Funds from the unions as well as other sources will also
be tapped for this programme.
5) Product production facilities at MPCS
In order to make the MPCS viable and to popularize the healthy milk
products among consumers, it is proposed to produce and market various
kinds of milk and milk products such as khova, ice cream and paneer making
facilities at MPCS level, which will facilitate increase in milk procurement.
The scheme is proposed to be implemented through the funds of the MPCS.
6) Transport facilities
Since the entire milk is going to be procured at Chilling centres and bulk
milk coolers, the total procurement, which is around 35 LLPD of milk, has to
be transported to dairies, Feeder Balancing Diaries (FBD’s) and other places.
Around 50 Road milk tankers are proposed to be purchased at a total cost of
Rs. 8.00 crore through their own funds.
7) Quality Control
1) Integral quality management system and Food safety
system
In order to avoid microbial contaminants entering into milk through
water, it is proposed to instal mini water purifiers at MPCS level. It is also
proposed to distribute 300 such equipments to MPCS. Further, it is proposed
to purchase mobile vans attached with laboratory for testing milk at the MPCS
level to improve product quality.
2) Quality management system for Food safety
To achieve food safety in milk and milk products, testing facilities through
modern equipments like high performance liquid chromatograph, gas
chromatograph, absorption spectra photo meter, flame emission photo meter
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have been proposed to be installed in the District union dairies, feeder
balancing dairies and metro dairies. This will help to analyze trace
contaminants like pesticide residues, heavy metals, aflatoxin and antibiotic
residues which cannot be detected by conventional testing techniques.
Livelihood Promotion schemes
1) Livelihood improvement for Tsunami affected Districts
It is Planned to introduce a special package for the dairy sector in 12
coastal Tsunami affected districts with 100% financial assistance from the
Asian Development Bank for the creation of infrastructure. Under the
“Restoration of Livelihood of Tsunami affected people” component of this project,
a sum of Rs. 6.20 crore has been proposed for this sector. The following
activities will be carried out:
� 160 New Milk Producer’s cooperative Societies will be organized with
4000 beneficiaries belonging to various Self Help Groups (SHG’s)-
Rs. 0.80 crore worth of society equipments will be provided free of
cost.
� 13 Bulk Milk Coolers will be established at a cost of Rs.2.13 crore.
� Infrastructure assistance worth Rs. 1.79 crore will be provided to 40
SHG’s for the sale of milk and milk products at 40 locations.
� Training will be given to 400 SHG members in dairying at a total cost
of Rs.8 lakh.
2) New Product Dairy, APS (Aseptic packing system) and Powder Plant
It is proposed to establish a new product Dairy at Chennai at an
estimated cost of Rs. 20 crore, a powder Plant at Thanjavur at an estimated
cost of Rs. 25 crore and an Aseptic Packing Station for premium products at
an estimated cost of Rs. 20 crore. The cost for these schemes will be met
using funds from the Ministry of Food Processing, Government of India.
3) Dairy Park
It is proposed to establish a dairy park with an aim to create employment
opportunity, reduce the cost of production of milk and milk products, ensure
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quality and to convert the milk into value added products for better realization.
The Dairy Park will be located in 2-3 acres of land and provided with all
necessary infrastructure for processing milk and manufacturing of milk
products like khova, ice-cream, paneer, gulobjamun, cheese, flavoured milk,
curd, butter, ghee etc. A quality control laboratory and a training centre will
also be provided in the park, for which an amount of Rs. 5 crore is proposed as
outlay.
Eleventh Plan Outlay
Totally an amount of Rs.43.70 crore is proposed as outlay for the Dairy
Development sector. However, additional schemes for the development of this
sector will be taken up through funding from NDDB, NABARD, Ministry of
Food processing, Government of India Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana and own
funds of the MPCS and Unions. The scheme wise outlay is given in Table
4.2.2.
Table 4.2.2
The physical target for the Eleventh Plan is given in the Table 4.2.3.
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Table 4.2.3
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4.3. Fisheries
Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teacha man to fish and you feed him for a life time.
- Chinese Proverb
4.3.1. Overview
The Fisheries sector has been recognised as an important income and
employment generator as it stimulates the growth of a number of subsidiary
industries besides serving as a source of cheap animal protein. It also makes
a significant contribution to foreign exchange earnings. It contributes around
1.1% to total GDP, around 4.7% to GDP from the agriculture sector and over
Rs.6000 crore to export earnings.
Tamil Nadu with its 1076 km of coastline (13% of country’s coastline), 1.9
lakh sq. km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (9.4% of India’s EEZ) and a
continental shelf of about 41,412 sq km is one of the leading producers of
both marine and inland fish and fish products.
At present, about 13,164 mechanised fishing crafts and 62,594 traditional
crafts (26,601 vallams and 35,993 catamarans) are engaged in marine fishing.
The marine fish catch potential in Tamil Nadu is estimated at 3,89,714 lakh
tons from the EEZ (3,69,676 lakh tons from less than 50 metres depth and
20038 lakh tons from the Deep Sea fishing). The state has the potential to
emerge as a major exporter of marine products. About 72418 M.T.of marine
products are exported from Tamil Nadu. There are 591 marine fishing villages
in the state, with a population of about 6.8 lakhs, of which 2.62 lakh fishermen
are actively engaged in fishing. There are three major fishing harbours at
Chennai, Tuticorin and Chinnamuttom and four minor harbours Pazhayar,
Valinokkam, Colachel and Nagapattinam. Apart from the harbours, other
infrastructure facilities like fish landing centres, cold storages, ice Plants and
link roads have also been created in the state.
The reservoir fisheries management is undertaken in 45 Reservoirs by
the Fisheries Department and in 8 reservoirs by the Tamil Nadu Fisheries
Development Corporation. The inland fisheries sector has about 3.71 lakh ha
of waterspread area comprising of reservoirs, major irrigation and long seasonal
tanks, short seasonal tanks and ponds, estuaries, backwaters, etc., which are
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suitable for both capture and culture fisheries. About 5,000 ha of waterspread
area is being utilised for fresh water aquaculture under the programmes of
the Fish Farmers Development Agencies.
In Tamil Nadu, the total brackish water area available for aquaculture
production is 56,000 ha. of which about 6250 ha. are actually under
aquaculture production. There are 1101 primary fishermen cooperative
societies which include 329 inland fishermen / fisherwomen cooperatives. At
present there are 8 fish seed production centres and 29 fish seed rearing
centres located in various places with a capacity to produce 2750 lakhs of
early fry.
4.3.2. Review of Tenth Five Year Plan
The objectives of the Tenth Five Year Plan were to achieve sustainable
fish production through involvement of marine and inland fisher folk, to
strengthen the infrastructure facilities for fish landing and marketing to
generate additional employment opportunities, to ensure socio economic
welfare of fisher folk and to establish viable fishermen cooperatives. The rationale
for the Fisheries Development Mission in the state was to optimize fish yield
through an integrated approach, to optimally utilize coastal areas, to reduce
post harvest losses and to provide nutritional and food security to the population
through increased availability of fin and shellfishes.
Financial Progress
As against the Tenth Plan outlay of Rs.203.99 crore, an amount of
Rs.244.22 crore was spent during the Plan period. The outlay exceeded the
target by 19%. The outlay and expenditure made during the Tenth Plan period
is given in Table 4.3.1
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Table 4.3.1
The major expenditure was towards Fishermen Welfare Schemes like
construction of houses, Savings cum Relief Scheme, Group Insurance Scheme
and creation of infrastructure like fish landing centres. There is a shortfall of
expenditure under marine fisheries head.
Physical Progress
The marine fish production increased from 3.71 lakh M.T. in 2002-03 to
3.76 lakh M.T in 2006-07 and inland fish production from 1.02 lakh M.T. in
2002-03 to 1.67 lakh M.T. in 2006-07. During the Tenth Plan period, as
against the cumulative target of 19.50 lakh tons of marine fish production,
the cumulative achievement was 18.18 lakh tons, whereas against the
cumulative target of 6.00 lakh tons of inland fish production, the cumulative
achievement was 5.85 lakh tons. The physical progress made against the target
set during the Tenth Plan is given in Table 4.3.2.
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Table 4.3.2
Fishermen Welfare Schemes
Under the Tamil Nadu Marine Fisher folk scheme, as per the Govt. of
India norms, a sum of Rs.75/- per month shall be collected from the beneficiary
fisherman for a period of 8 months in a year and remitted into the Government
account. The total sum of Rs.600/- thus collected will be matched with 50%
contribution i.e. Rs.300/- each by the State and Central Governments. Thus
a sum of Rs.1200/- will be disbursed to the beneficiaries during the lean
months when fishing activity is not possible. During the Tenth Plan period,
8.39 lakh fishermen and 2.69 lakh fisherwomen, totalling 11.08 lakh fisherfolk
were benefited under this programme.
Since, 1975, in order to alleviate the sufferings of fisher folk in the
state, the Government has been constructing houses, free of cost for the
fishermen. Under this scheme, 50,887 houses have been constructed for
fishermen till now. During the Tenth Plan period, around 8,000 houses were
constructed against a target of 10000 houses proposed.
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Under the scheme of Tamil Nadu Fishermen Group Insurance, the State
and the Central Government equally contributes to the annual insurance
premium of Rs.14/- per fisherman. No premium is collected from the
fishermen. Under this scheme, the fisherman’s family will be given Rs.50,000/
- against death/ permanent disablement and Rs.25,000/- for partial
disablement. Through this scheme, about 21.91 lakh fishermen were insured
during the Tenth Plan period.
Tsunami
The earthquake on Indonesian coast caused massive tidal waves of
extreme ferocity which in turn hit the coastline on Tamil Nadu on 26.12.2004
and caused phenomenal destruction. Due to the Tsunami, 507 villages were
severely affected in the coastal districts. About 1.26 lakh huts and houses
were damaged and the death toll was 8010. About 35,530 catamarans, 11,118
vallams, 4430 mechanized boats and 2,200 MT of fishing nets were damaged.
Fishing harbours, fish landing centres, infrastructure facilities have also been
severely damaged. With a view to mitigate the sorrow of the affected fishermen
and to enable them to resume their fishing activities, the Government have
sanctioned various relief assistance to fishermen for repairing/replacing their
damaged fishing craft/gear. An amount of Rs.149.05 crore was disbursed as
relief assistance during the Tenth Plan. An amount of Rs.80.60 crore has
been allotted under World Bank Assisted Emergency Tsunami Rehabilitation
Project to improve the existing fishing harbours. An amount of Rs.12.21 crore
has been allotted under Asian Development Bank Tsunami Emergency
Assistance Project (TEAP) to provide various infrastructure facilities at various
Fishing harbours and Fish Landing Centres and to carry out dredging works.
The Union Planning Commission has provided an amount of Rs. 50 crore for
construction of 10 new fish landing centres in Tamil Nadu.
Problems and Constraints
The major issues facing the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Tamil
Nadu are optimisation of fish yield and stock enhancement in inland and
marine waters, reduction in post-harvest losses and improving fish quality
and safety, the sustainable and responsible utilisation of the aquatic resources,
development of good management practices for aquaculture, regulation of
access to marine fisheries, monitoring, control and surveillance, ensuring safety
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of fishermen at sea and development of best trade practices which include
eco-labelling, etc.
4.3.3. Eleventh Five Year Plan
An integrated approach has been attempted to blend developmental issues
as well as socio-economic issues to form a balanced vision in the Eleventh Five
Year Plan.
Objectives
For the Eleventh Five Year Plan, the following objectives are proposed:
� To increase fish production by encouraging fisherman to exploit
underutilized marine fishery resources in order to reduce fishing
pressure in inshore areas.
� To augment aquatic resource production in inshore areas through
conservation measures, stock enhancement, establishment of
artificial reefs, etc., along the coast.
� To continuously improve the knowledge and understanding of
fisheries resources, their conservation, management and
development and especially promote sustainable eco-friendly coastal
aquaculture.
� To improve and strengthen infrastructure facilities for fish landing
and marketing.
� To augment inland fish production in reservoirs, panchayat tanks
and ponds.
� To uplift the socio-economic conditions of fisherfolk through welfare
measures and by generating employment opportunities and by
ensuring their safety of the fisherfolk.
� To provide hygienic and safe fish and fish products to consumers.
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Strategies
Marine Fisheries
� In order to discourage trawling as well as to equip marine fishermen
for multi-gear, multi-day, multi-species fisheries, non-trawlers will
be encouraged.
� To sustain inshore fishing, sea ranching and artificial reefs will be
promoted. Conservation efforts will also be taken up by regulating
the access of fishing crafts to marine fisheries.
� Sustainable eco-friendly coastal farming with market support
facilities will be promoted especially, in the selective fields of mud
crab fattening, establishment of fin fish hatchery and culture of
mussel, clam, oyster, etc.
� Requisite infrastructure facilities, from shore to ultimate marketing,
with proper cold chain network will be set up.
� Awareness will be created regarding Code of Conduct of Fisheries
and potential fisheries zones will be created.
Inland Fisheries
� Integrated fish farming, cage farming and sewage fed fish farming
will be encouraged.
� Effective measures for utilization of short seasonal water bodies for
fresh water culture by ‘Seed Bank concept’ will be taken up.
� Policy support will be provided for promotion of ornamental fish
culture and trade.
� Promotion of poly-culture of freshwater prawns through effective
extension efforts and rearing of advanced fingerlings in cages in
reservoirs will be encouraged.
� Measures for conservation of endangered native species including
measures for stock enhancement will be given priority.
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� Plan programmes will be implemented through community based
participatory management.
� Manpower Planning in the fisheries sector will be given importance,
along with a thrust for improving the statistical system.
Policy Measures
The following policy measures are to be considered to ensure the
successful implementation of the Eleventh Five YearPlan:
� Evolve leasing policy for waterfronts and open sea for supporting
mariculture activities. Formulate a uniform water bodies leasing
policy to encourage freshwater fisheries;
� Evolve a land classification policy to earmark coastal waste lands for
land based coastal aquaculture;
� Propose suitable amendments to Tamil Nadu Marine Fisheries
Regulation Act 1983, empowering the State Government to impose
mesh regulations on net manufacturers and fisheries operations
and;
� Evolve a policy support programme for reduction of power tariff and
tax reduction to promote inland fish culture, ornamental fish culture,
coastal aquaculture and trade.
Eleventh Plan Programmes
I) Ongoing Schemes
The ongoing schemes such as fish seed production and collection for
stocking and exploitation of fisheries in inland water and marketing, Tsunami
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction programme, Motorisation of craft,
Reimbursement of central excise duty on HSD oil, Construction of houses for
fishermen and National savings-cum-relief scheme for fishermen, Savings-
cum-relief scheme for fisherwomen will be continued during the Eleventh
Five YearPlan. An amount of Rs.186.54 crore is proposed for ongoing schemes.
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II) New Schemes
Marine Fisheries
1. Construction of Fishing Harbours
Tamil Nadu has a long coast of 1076 km. with only three major harbours
at Chennai, Thoothukudi and Chinnamuttom and four minor fishing harbours
at Pazhayar, Valinokkam, Colachel and Nagapattinam. The existing harbours
and landing centres in Tamil Nadu provide safe berthing for only 2,200
mechanized boats which is less than 20% of the total mechanized boats available
in the state. A sum of Rs.200 crore has been proposed for construction and
improvement of three fishing harbours viz., Thengapattinam (Rs.67 crore) and
Colachel (Rs.53 crore) in Kanyakumari District and Poompuhar (Rs.80 crore)
in Nagapattinam district during the Eleventh Five YearPlan period. The total
cost of Rs. 200 crore will be shared equally between the State and the Centre.
2. Dredging of Fishing Harbours and River mouths
Due to littoral drift and wave activity, river mouths and fishing harbours
get silted up, especially in non-monsoon periods. This is a major constraint
faced by marine fishermen, who have to wade through the silt for fishing in
the sea. Periodical dredging of fishing harbours and river mouths will not
only reduce the stress on marine fishermen but also enable them to reach
the fishing ground in minimum time. Therefore an outlay of Rs.50 crore
(shared between State and Centre) is proposed for this scheme in the Eleventh
Five Year Plan.
3. Construction and Development of Fish landing centres
During the Eleventh Five Year Plan period, it is proposed to construct 10
new Fish landing centres in the following places:- Ponnagaram and R.
Pudupattinam of Pudukottai district (Rs.1.50 crore each); Keelavaipar and
Tharuvaikulam of Tuticorin district (Rs.2.00 crore each); Periyamangodu of
Thiruvallur district (Rs.2.50 crore); Chinnangudi (Rs. 7 crore) and Serudhur
(Rs 3 crore) of Nagapattinam district; Koothankuzhi of Tirunelveli district
(Rs. 2 crore); Anumanthai of Villupuram district (Rs. 2 crore) and Kadapakkam
of Kancheepuram district (Rs. 2 crore) with facilities like wharf / jetty, auction
hall, fish drying yard, processing platform, token issuing booth, approach
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road, toilet block etc. with a total outlay of Rs. 118 crore under State and
Centre equally shared scheme.
4. Alternate livelihood support, Eco production of fish seeds and Model
fish processing Market through Japanese aided Programme
To rehabilitate the Tsunami affected fishermen and to provide them
alternate livelihood support, it is proposed to set up a Model Village Fish
processing Marketing Complex (Rs.4.85 crore), production of fish seed in eco-
friendly environment (Rs.5.84 crore) and to provide alternative livelihood
opportunity to the fishermen (Rs.4.36 crore). The above schemes will be
implemented through Asian Development Bank funding. The model village
fish processing marketing complex will be implemented through Japanese
aid. An amount of Rs. 15.70 crore is proposed for this scheme.
5. Promotion of Modern fish techniques and Market
An amount of Rs.5 crore is proposed for schemes for promotion of modern
fish techniques and development of markets such as Tuna fishing, Introduction
of carrier vessels, Artificial reef, Sea ranching, Assistance to fish seed production,
Establishment of fish/shrimp health laboratories, Creation of fish rearing
facilities, Floating cages, Model Demo Freshwater Farm and Aqua Service
Centre. A brief description of the schemes is given below.
Tuna Fishing - Inshore fishing resources have been exploited to the
optimum level. The catch per unit effort has come down drastically, requiring
diversification of fishery. Moreover, the excess capitalization of the inshore
fisheries sector has to be reduced by appropriate measures like multi-day
multi-gear fishery. For this purpose, marine fishermen are to be given financial
support to convert their fishing vessels for tuna fishing. The Tamil Nadu
Fisheries Development Corporation will take up these activities.
Introduction of Carrier vessels - A major constraint faced by marine
fishermen involved in capture fishery is inadequate storage facilities to keep
catches fresh and fetch good value. The concept of carrier vessels is now gaining
ground among fishermen. These carrier vessels hold catches in fresh condition
until they are brought ashore. The major advantage over conventional ice-
staked containers is that the fish floats in the refrigerated water and hence it
is not subjected to stress due to stacking one on top of the other. This enables
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fishermen to fetch higher unit value for their catches. In order to encourage
marine fishermen to accept the concept of the carrier vessel, which will go a
long way in reducing fuel expenses and increase the unit value of the fishes
landed, it is proposed to introduce a scheme for providing subsidy for the cost
of conversion of existing fishing craft.
An artificial reef is a recycled, underwater habitat for marine life and is
helpful in increasing the productivity of the ecosystem. Fishes congregate in
these areas for food, shelter and breeding. Fish production will be increased
by establishing such artificial reefs.
Sea Ranches - The Department of Fisheries has made attempts to enhance
fisheries in inshore waters and thereby help small-scale fishermen, through
a sea ranching programme. South East Asian nations have successfully
experimented with such a stock-enhancing programme for fin fishes also.
Realising the importance of such stock enhancement to ensure adequate
resource replenishment in inshore waters, it is proposed to continue the stock
enhancing programme by concentrating on not only shrimp but also fin fishes
and other commercially important marine species. It is also planned to
coordinate this work with Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)
for monitoring the impact of stock enhancement, so that the experiment can
be suitably modified.
A state level Fish health laboratory is proposed under the Eleventh Five
Year Plan to cater to the needs of fish farmers. This laboratory will act as a
single window to meet all the requirements of fish farmers in diagnosis, health
management practices and safe culture and post-harvest practices.
Assistance to Fish seed producers including Fish farmers - A scientific
assessment of the demand and supply gap in terms of fish seed requirements
in the state will be made based on which a holistic master Plan will be drawn
up to develop the requisite infrastructure for production of fish seeds in the
state. It is proposed to provide assistance in the form of capital subsidy to fish
seed producers for creating infrastructure facilities to bridge the demand gap
for quality fish seed.
Indian major carps, catla, rohu, mirgal, chinese varieties of grass carp,
silver and common carp are being produced by induced carp spawning method
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and reared up to fingerling stage suitable for stocking in ponds. There are 27
State fish seed farms / seed production centres with 15 ha. total area. However,
about 8 ha of the seed farms are not in usable condition. Through rearing,
the Department is producing only 500 lakhs of fingerlings i.e., only 50%
capacity utilisation is achieved. There is a need to upgrade existing rearing
facilities for rearing advanced fingerlings, stunted yearlings etc., which will
grow further and attain marketable size within a short time.
Floating Cages in Reservoirs -There is ample potential left unutilized in
the reservoirs for fish production. This can be achieved only if cage farming
technology is introduced in the reservoirs. A careful study of the reservoirs,
especially with reference to wind action, has to be made and suitable cages
are to be designed. The available indigenous technology can be utilized so
that production in reservoir is enhanced. Cage farming can be adopted in
running water system and irrigation tanks with adequate depth. Considering
the high potential, it is proposed to adopt cage farming in 2500 m² area within
the Plan period, in a phased manner.
Model Demo Freshwater Farm and Aqua Service Centre - To provide
scientific information and extension services, it is proposed to extend an
exclusive demo unit which will meet all the needs of aqua farmers who can
rely upon the centre for information on transfer of technology, management
of seed or fish farming or, in case of disease, suitable remedial and preventive
measures to be taken. Moreover, this centre could circulate periodical handouts
offering guidelines to the needy farmers. This would be a single window offering
all services under one roof for fresh water fish farmers. It is proposed to upgrade
the fish farms at Manimuthar, Bhavanisagar and Thanjavur to the level of a
demo cum model aqua farm to render all the above-mentioned services.
Inland Fisheries
1. Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water Bodies Restoration
and Management (IAMWARM) (World Bank assisted)
Under the World Bank funded project IAMWARM, it is proposed to develop
the line department activities in 63 sub-basins. The Fisheries activities such
as Aquaculture in farm ponds, establishment of Fish Seed Bank, Fish seed
rearing in cages, improvement to existing Government fish seed farms,
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Ornamental fish culture and supply of fishing implements and Fish Kiosks
will be taken up. Totally, an amount of Rs.17.30 crore is proposed for this
project.
2. Development of Parvicidal fish stock for control and eradication of
mosquitoes
Shallow weed infested derelict ponds, swamps and marshes, temple
tanks, community ponds and puddles are the ideal breeding grounds for
mosquitoes. Several ‘larvicidal fishes’ are effective in eating the larvae of
mosquitoes, thereby preventing its proliferation. It is proposed to stock larvicidal
fishes in the mosquito infested waters. The stock of Gambusia will be
maintained in the department nurseries and will be supplied to local bodies
at a cost of Rs.0.20 crore during the Eleventh Plan.
3. Ornamental Techno Fisheries Park
To support farmers engaged in ornamental fish culture during the Eleventh
Five Year Plan, it is proposed to establish an exclusive service unit, which will
coordinate with ornamental fish farmers to facilitate production and build
rapport with organizations involved in ornamental fish culture. In order to
encourage ornamental fish farmers, it is necessary to give them some capital
subsidy for establishing small-scale ornamental fish culture units. This is
exclusively for encouraging small-scale ornamental fish farmers who undertake
this as a backyard hatchery. Totally, an amount of Rs.1.50 crore is proposed
for this scheme.
4. Fish processing, Product development, Marketing network and Cold
chain
There is no proper fish marketing mechanism in the state. Currently,
fish marketing is left in the hands of individuals who are middlemen, exploiting
both producer and consumer. In seasons of over- production, fishermen suffer
great loss, lacking fair prices for their produce. In the present conditions, it is
very difficult for the government to make inroads into the network of marketers
and undertake fish marketing by itself. It is, therefore proposed to provide
the required wholesale fish market infrastructure in metropolitan areas, so
that fish catches can be pooled and kept in cold store for periodical marketing.
These markets will be linked with all landing centres through appropriate
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transport network and communication. Further, fishermen will get market
information from these wholesale market centres. The stock will be moved to
areas where demand persists. This will ensure that consumers get fish in all
seasons at a fair price and at the same time, ensure that producers and
financiers get a reasonable share of the income.
These fish markets will have the state-of-art technology so that they sell
not only fresh fish but also value added fish and fishery products. An amount
of Rs.2.50 crore is proposed for this scheme during the Eleventh Plan.
5. Additional relief assistance to Tsunami affected fishermen
Shore to vessel communication will help mitigate disaster while fishing
in the sea as well as returning to the shore. Such communication would be
included in contingency rescue Plans in the event of a major disaster. Onboard
GPS and fish finding equipment will enable fishermen to establish contact
with the shore as well as locate the fishing ground without lapse of time. A
sum of Rs.10.36 crore is proposed under the Eleventh Five Year Plan towards
these disaster preparedness and mitigation measures funded under the Rajiv
Gandhi Rehabilitation Programme.
6. Promoting production of Scampi Fresh Water Farming
In order to encourage fresh water farming, integrated fish farming and
poly culture of scampi, it is proposed to give subsidy to those farmers who
come forward to undertake fresh water fish culture. A total outlay of Rs.30
crore (on 50:50 State / Central sharing basis) is proposed. This will be
dovetailed with the Fish Farmers’ Agency Network Programme.
7. National Agricultural Development Programme (NADP) / Rashtriya
Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
An amount of Rs.100 crore is proposed for National Agricultural
Development Programme (NADP) / Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
scheme. The detail about the scheme is given in the Chapter 2.1 on Crop
Husbandry.
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Fishermen Welfare Schemes
1. Relief to Inland fishermen during Lean months
Similar to the scheme of relief for marine fishermen during the lean
months, it has been decided to expand the programme to Inland fishermen
also at a cost of Rs.50 crore during the Eleventh Plan period.
2. Fishermen Welfare Board
A separate Welfare Board for the welfare of fishermen, on the same lines
as the Welfare Board for Agricultural labourers has been set up. All benefits
given to the landless agricultural labourers and farmers will be extended to
the fishermen also. Women who are engaged in activities like drying and sale
of fish will also be covered under the above scheme. A sum of Rs.25 crore has
been proposed for this purpose.
3. Creation of Infrastructure for Fisheries Department
An amount of Rs.1 crore is proposed for creation of infrastructure for
automation and e-governance of the fisheries sector, right from the Directorate
of Fisheries to the fishermen’s hamlet level. Priority and funding will also be
provided under this head for development of user friendly software so that the
benefits of this administrative streamlining are enjoyed by the beneficiaries.
4. Human Resource Development & Management
It is proposed to train the fisher boys on the operation and maintenance
of mechanized boats and to operate modern fishing gears. A vocational
programme will be started to train school dropouts in modern fishery
techniques. Further, it also proposed to impart the training to officials on
such techniques and schemes, so that they can disseminate the information
to the stakeholders. An amount of Rs. 2 crore is proposed for these activities
during the Eleventh Plan period.
Totally an amount of Rs.557.70 crore is proposed for fisheries sector. The
detailed financial outlay is given in Table 4.3.3.
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Table 4.3.3
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Table 4.3.4