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Jibachha Publishing

JIBACHHA

ANIMAL HUBANDRY

First edition

Dr. Jibachha Sah

Dr.Prabhakar K Sah

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Index

1. Animal husbandry in Nepal

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Importance of animal husbandry

1.3 Organizational diagram of veterinary service in Nepal 1.4 Scope of livestock production in Nepal

1.5 Role of livestock in Nepalese economy

1.6 The different native livestock breeds in Nepal. 1.7 History of Livestock Development in Nepal

1.8 Constraints to livestock production in various-ecological zones

1.9 Most critical areas to improve production rate of livestock

1.10 Economic value of livestock farming

1.11 Livestock grazing system in Nepal

1.11.1 Transhumant system.

1.11.2 Sedentary system.

1.11.3 Stall-fed system.

1.12 Strategies for livestock improvement in Nepal

1.13 Livestock feeding system in Nepal 1.13.1 Limitation associated with feeds and feeding

1.13.2 Constraints in Animal production

1.14 Economic of feeding dairy cow

1.15 Utilization of waste in animal feeding.

1.16 Impact of climate change in dairy cattle

2. Taxonomy of farm animals

2.1 Definition of Taxonomy

2.2 Zoological classification of farm animal

2.2.1 Characteristic of Bos indicus cattle

2.2.2 different between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle

2.3 Difference between ruminant and non-ruminant

2.4 Glossary of farm animal terms

3. Anatomy and physiology of farm animals 3.1 Skeleton system

3.1.1Functions of Bones

3.1.2 Classification of bone

3.1.3 Vertebral formula of common farm animals. 3.1.4Dentition

3.1.5 Articular system

3.2 Muscular system

3.3 Digestive system

3.3.1 Digestive system of ruminant

3.3.2 Digestive system of non-ruminant

3.4 Respiratory system

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3.4.1 Avian respiration

3.5Urinary system

3.6 Reproductive system

3.6.1 Male sexual organs and their function

3.6.2 Female sexual organs and their function

3.6.1.1 Structure and function of the bovine placenta

3.6.1.2 Mammary gland

3.7 Endocrine system

3.8Nervous system

3.9 Circulatory system.

3.9.1Foetal circulation

3.9.1 Animal blood

3.9.2 Avian blood

3.10Integumentary system

3.11Sensory system

4. Animal genetics

4.1 Cell structure

4.1.1 Animal cell

4.1.2 Plant cell

4.1.3 Difference between animal cell and plant cell

4.2 Cell division

4.2.1 Mitosis

4.2.2 Meiosis

4.2.3 Difference between mitosis and meiosis 4.3 Mutation

4.3.1 General character of mutation

4.4 Traits

4.5 Variations

4.6 Phenotype

4.7 Phenotypic variation

4.8 Genotype

4.8.1 Different between genotype and phenotype

4.9 Gene

4.10 Hereditary

4.10.1 Types of heredity

4.11 Mendelian Law

4.11.1. Law of segregation

4.11.2. Law independent assortment

4.11.3. Law of dominance

4.12 Lethal Factor

4.12.1 Typical lethal factor associated condition in cattle.

4.13 Sex chromosome

4.14 Heterozygous and homozygous

4.15 Different between species and breed

4.16. Implantation

4.17 Multiple Alleles

4.18 Linkage

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4.19 Sex determination system

4.20 Glossary of genetic terms

5. Animal breeding 5.1 Animal breeding policy in Nepal

5.1.2 Constraint of animal breeding in Nepal. 5.1.3Implementation Constraint in animal breeding policy in Nepal

5.2 Selection method

5.2.1Performance testing

5.2.2Pedigree selection

5.2.3Progeny testing

5.2.4Show ring selection

5.3 Choosing Traits for selection

5.3.1Heritability

5.3.2 Variability of the trait

5.3.3 Correlated trait

5.4 Factors Affecting Breeding Efficiency

5.5 System of breeding

5.5.1 Inbreeding

5.5.2 Outcrossing:

5.5.3 Crossbreeding Systems

5.5.4 Terminal crossing

5.5.5 Rotational crossing

5.5.6 Roto-terminal crossing

5.5.7 Grading up

5.5.8 Straight breeding

5.5.9 Hybrid vigor

5.5.10 Cloning

5.6 Heritability

5.6.1 Concept of repeatability

5.7 Scope of Animal genetics conservation in Nepal

6 Breed of Cattle & Buffalo 6.1 Nepalese Indigenous cattle breeds

6.1.1 Lulu, Achhami, Siri, Pahadi, Terai, Khaila 6.2 Yak & Chauri

6.3 Indian milk cattle breed

6.3.1. Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir , Deoni,

6.4 Dual Purpose breeds

6.3.2 Tharparkar, Ongole, Hariana, Kankrej, 6.5 Draught breeds

6.5.1 Malvi, Hallikar, Amrit Mahal, Kangayam,

6.6 Exotic Dairy Breeds

6.6.1 Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire

6.6.2Characteristics of Major Exotic Dairy Breeds

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6.7 Nepalese Indigenous Buffaloes Breeds

6.7 Lime, Parkote , Gaddi ,

6.8 Indian Buffalo Breeds

6.7.1 Murrah, Nili,- Ravi, Jaffrabadi,Surti,Mehsana,Nagpuri

7 Animal reproduction 7.1. Reproductive Hormones

7.2 The Estrous Cycle

7.3 Heat detection

7.4 Role of male in reproduction

7.5Sign of heat

7.6 Heat detection efficiency equations

7.6.1 Percentage of Possible Heats Detected

7.6.2 Percentage of Breedable Heats Detected

7.7 Heat detection index

7.8 Ovulation

7.8.1Ovulation period

7.10 Puberty

7.10.1 Puberty in the Female

7.10.2Puberty in the Female

7.10.3 Factors Affecting the Attainment of Puberty

7.11Spermatogenesis

7.11.1 Different between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

7.11.2 Morphology of Spermatozoa.

7.11.3 Semen abnormality related terms

7.11.4 Average semen volume in different animals

7.12Gamatogenesis

7.13 Fertilization

7.14. Gestation period

7.14.1 Abnormality during the pregnancy and prenatal period

7.15 Pregnancy diagnosis

7.15.1 Steps of Rectal Palpation in Cattle

17.18 Parturition

17.18.1 Stages of parturition

17.18.2 Role of hormone in parturition

7.19 Retained placenta

7.20 Postpartum recovery

7.21 Artificial insemination

7.21.1 Advantage and disadvantage

7.21.2 A.I. equipment

7.21.3 Artificial insemination technique

7.21.3.1 Thawing of semen

7.21.3.2 Loading the Al gun

7.21.3.3 Inseminating the cow

7.21.3.4 Artificial insemination timing in cattle

7.25 Cow artificial insemination record

7.22 Semen collection

7.22.1 Collection method

7.22.2 Use of an Artificial Vagina (A.V.),

7.22.3By Electro-stimulation

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7.22.4 Semen evaluation method 7.22.4.1Determining Sperm Numbers with a Hemocytometer

7.23 Embryo transfer (ET)

27.23.1Advantage of embryo transfer

27.23.2 Disadvantage of embryo transfer

7.24. Glossary of reproductive terms

8 Animal nutrition 8.1 Composition and classification of feedstuff

8.1.1 Carbohydrate

8.1.1.1 Classification of carbohydrate

8.1.1.2 Properties of Carbohydrates

8.1.1.3 Structure of Carbohydrates

8.1.1.4 Functions of Carbohydrates

8.1.1.5Types of Carbohydrates

8.1.2 Proteins

8.1.2.1 Characteristics of Proteins

8.1.2.2Properties of Proteins

8.1.2.3 Protein Classification

8.1.2.4 Structure of Proteins

8.1.2.5 Function of Proteins

8.1.2.6 Types of Proteins

8.1.3 Amino acid

8.1.3.1 General properties of Amino Acids

8.1.3.2 Functions of Amino Acids

8.1.3.3 Classification of Amino Acids

8.1.3.4 Structure of Amino Acid

8.1.4 Lipids 8.1.4.1 Characteristics of Lipids

8.1.4.2 Types of Lipids

8.1.4.3 Structure of Lipids

8.1.4.4 Function of Lipids

8.1.5Minerals 8.1.5.1Classification of minerals

8.1.5.2 General function

8.1.6 Enzyme 8.1.6.1Characteristics of Enzymes

8.1.6.2 Classification of enzyme

8.1.6.3 Structure of Enzymes

8.1.6.4Function of Enzymes

8.1.7 Vitamins

8.1.7.1 Water soluble vitamin

8.1.7.2 Fat soluble vitamin

8.2 Formulation of ration

8.2.1Types of ration

8.2.2 Feeding Standards

3.2.3 Desirable Characteristic of a Good Ration

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8.2.4Thumb Rules of Feeding Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goat

8.2.5 Principles of Ration Formulation for Different Classes of Animals

8.2.6 Method of ration formulation 8.2.6.1Pearson square method

8.2.6.2Trial and error method

8.2.6.3 Linear Programming (LP) Method.

8.2.7 Formulation of Milk Replacer and Calf Starter

8.2.8 Classification of concentrate

8.2.9 Classification of roughage

8.2.10 Different between concentrate & roughage

8.2.11 Different between concentrate & non roughage 8.2.12 Energy rich feed ingredients

8.2.13 Protein rich feed ingredients

8.2.14 Differentiate between essential and non-essential nutrients.

8.11 Classify nutrient

8.11.1 Water requirement for cattle & Buffalo

8.11.2 Carbohydrate

8.11.3 Protein

8.11.4 Minerals

8.11.5 Vitamins

8.12 Feed analysis

8.12.1 Proxymate analysis 8.12.2.Crude Protein Determination in Feed and Forages

8.12.2.1 Macro-Kjeldahl Method

8.12.3 Detergent Fiber analysis

8.12.4 Measuring the Dry Matter Content of Forages

8.12.4.1 Hand squeezing

8.12.4.2 Microwave method

8.12.5 Determine yield of forages.

8.12.5 Classification of feed

8.12.5.1 Nutrient content of some feed (Dry matter basis)

8.13 Energy

8.13.1 Gross energy (GE)

8.13.2 Fecal energy (FE)

8.13.3 Digestible energy (DE)

8.13.4 Metabolizable energy (ME)

8.13.5Urinary energy (UE)

8.13.6. Heat energy (HE)

8.14 Use of urea (NPN) in ruminant feed 8.14.1 Factors Affecting the Use of NPN Sources as Ruminant Feed

8.14.2 Use of NPN and bypass protein in ruminant diets

8.14.3 Constraints to application of the bypass protein .

8.14.4 Methods to improve the nutritive value of rice straw

8.14.5 Method of urea treatment

8.14.6 Practical guidelines for use of rice straw as ruminant feed

8.15Formulation of ration 8.15.1 Desirable character of ration

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8.16 Feeding balance concentrate mixture for cattle

8.17 Factor affecting digestibility intake

8.18 Anti-nutritional factor in feedstuff

8.19 Digestion in non-ruminant

8.20 Digestions in ruminant

8.21 TMR (Total mixed ration)

8.21.1 Advantage of TMR feeding

8.21.2 Disadvantage of TMR feeding 8.21.3Guidelines for nutrient concentrations in TMRs

8.21.4Recommended nutrient concentrations in TMRs for lactating cows

8.21.5Recommended nutrient concentrations in TMRs for dry cows

8.22MB (Urea molasses block) preparation

9. Dairy farm management 9.1 Housing system

9.2 Selecting of Site and Layout of Dairy Farm

9.3 Conventional Barn Cow House Systems

9.4 Comparison different housing system

9.5 Layout of dairy farm

9. 2 Calf pen house for young stock

9.2.1 Feeding

9.2.2Feeding dairy cattle and buffalo

9.2.3 Daily nutrient requirements for maintenance, pregnancy and lactation for cattle and

buffalo

9.2.4 Nutrient requirements of pre-ruminant cattle and buffalo calves

9.2.5 Daily nutrient requirement for growing dairy animals

9.2.6 Feeding dairy calves

9.2.6.1 Feeding dairy calves from birth to three months

9.2.6.2 Feeding dairy calves from three months to maturity

9.2.6.3 Feeding schedule (g) for calves up to three months of age.

9.2.6.4. Example of the growth production ration for a 200 kg animal

9.2.6.5 Feeding dry calf starters and roughages

9.2.6.6 Ration schedule for dairy animals from three months to maturity

9.3. Feeding dairy cow

9.4. Feeding dry cow

9.5. Feeding for reproduction

9.6 Care, management of pregnant animals

9.6.1 Steaming up

9.7. Care and Management cow after parturition

9.8 Care and Management of lactating animals.

9.9 Care and management of work Bullocks

9.10 Care and management of breeding bull

9.11 Management of calf

9.11.1Colostrum feeding

9.11.2Creep feeding

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9.12 Care and management Heifer

9.12.1Heifers 12–18 months of age

9.12.2Pregnant heifers – prepartum (24–36 months)

9.12.3Replacement heifers

9.12.4Culling

9.13Feeding Systems of dairy cattle

9.13.1 Hay, Silage and Concentrate Fed Separately

9.13.2 Single Forage and Concentrate Feed Separately

9.13.3 Feeding Part of the Concentrate with Forage

9.13.4 Total Mixed Rations 9.14 Cattle age determination

9.15 Farm animal identification

9.15.1Advantage of identification

9.16 Restraint of farm animals

9.16.1Casting of cattle

9.16.1.1 Rope Squeeze

9.16.1.2 Burley Method 9.16.2 Calves restraint technique

9.16.3 Heifer restraint technique

9.17 Castrations

9.17.1Reasons for Castration

9.17.2 Age of castration

9.17.3 Banding method

9.17.3.1Advantages to banding

9.17.3.2 Disadvantages to banding

9.17.4 Burdizzo method

9.17.4.1. Advantages to burdizzo 9.17.4.2 Disadvantages to burdizzo

9.17.5 Surgical method

9.17.5.1 Advantages to surgical

9.17.5.2 Disadvantages to surgical

9.18 BCS (Body Condition Score)

9.18.1 System of body condition scoring in dairy cattle

9.19 Basic farm recording system

9.19.1. Organizing herd recording

9.19.2 Data handling and processing

9.19 3 Identification of cattle

9.19.4 Breeding records

9.19.5 Milk production records

9.19.6 Recording for health

9. 20 Vaccination

9.21 Dehorning/disbudding

9.21.1 Electric or butane hot dehorning

9.21.2 Chemical method

9.21.3 Advantage of disbudding

9.22 Drenching

9.23 Ringing

9.24Animal behavior

9.24.1 Feeding behavior

9.24.2 Breeding behavior

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9.24.3 Behaviour during sick

9.24.4 Excite by seeing strangers

9.24.5 Abnormal behaviors

9.24.6 Maternal-offspring behavior

9.24.7 Resting behaviour

9.25 Hoof trimming

9.26 Milking method

9.26.1Stripping Technique

9.26.2 Full-Hand Technique

9.26.3 Machine Milking 9.27 Dairy farm project plan

10 Forage and fodder

10.1 Classify grass 10.1.1 Forage

10.1.2 Fodder

10.1.3Different between fodder and forage crop

10.1.4Salient features of forage crops 10.1.5 Limitations/constraints of forage crops production

10.2 Classification of forage crops

10.2.1 Classification based on climate

10.2.2Classification Based on growing season

10.2.3 Agronomic classification

10.2.4 Classification based on life of crops/duration of crops

10.2.5 Classification based on cultural method/water

10.2.5 Classification based on cultural method/water

10.2.7 Classification based on economic importance

10.2.8 Classification based on No. of cotyledons

10.3 Importance and scope of fodder production

10.4 Constraint / limitation of fodder production

10.5 Importance of fiber for rumen health

10.6 Factor affecting the chemical composition of fodder/forages

10.7 Classification of feedstuff

10.7.1 Feed resources in Nepal

10.8 Types of forage 10.9 Forage and fodder production systems in Nepal

10.10 Major Limitations and Constraints in forage seed production in Nepal

10.11Fodder tree

10.11.1 Types of fodder tree

10.11.2 Species of fodder trees utilized in the hills of Nepal, and their lopping cycle

10.11.3 Estimated foliage production of fodder trees.

10.11.4 Nutritive value of some species of fodder tree leaves from the mid-hills of Nepal.

10.11.5 Recommended grass/legumes for the hills

10.11.6 Nutritive value of fibrous crop residues (dry matter basis)

11.1 Agroforestry and silvipasture system and its importance in Nepal

11.1.1 Silvipasture

11.2 Conservation of fodder/forage

11.2.1 Hay

11.2.2 Silage

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11.2.2.1 Major raw forage materials for silage making

11.2.2.2 Ideal crop for silage making

11.2.2.3 Kinds of silos

11.2.2.4Process of silage making

11.2.2.5 Quality of silage

11.3 Plant poisoning in pasture and their management

11.3.1 Plant Causing Nitrate & Oxalate Poisoning

11.3.2 Plants Causing Liver Disease & Sunlight Sensitivity

11.3.3 .Plants Causing Organ Failure

11.3.4 Plants Causing Cyanide Poisoning

11.3.5 Plants Affecting Cardiovascular Health

11.3.6 Management of toxic plant in pasture land.

11.4 Problem in pasture/rangeland improvement in Nepal.

11.5 Factors Affecting the Nutritive Value of Range Forage

11.6 Factors Affecting Forage Intake by Range Ruminants

11.7 Definition of annual and perennial forage

11.8 Difference between legumes and grasses?

11.9 Common legumes grass and their cultivation

11.9.1 Berseem(Trifolium alexandrinum) 11.9.2 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata )

11.9.3Lucerne (Medicago sativa)

11.9.4 Stylosanthese (Hedysarum hamatum )

11.9.5 Bean (LabLab)

11.10 Common annual cereal fodder and their cultivation

11.10.1 Oat (Avena sativa)

11.10.2 Maize (Zea maize)

11.11 Common annual cereal fodder and their cultivation

11.11.1 Sorghhum (Sorghum bicolor)

11.11.2 Napiers (Pennisetum purpureum) 11.11.3 Gninea grass (Megathyrsus maximus)

12.Goat 12.1 Taxonomy

12.2 Indigenous Goat Breeds of Nepal

12.2.1Chyangra,Sinhal,Khari/Aule, Terai goat,Barbari

12.2.2 Growth characters of indigenous goat

12.2.3 Reproductive parameters of indigenous goat breeds

12.3 Exotic Goat Breed,

12.3.1 Boer, Jamunapari, Anglo-Nubian, Beetal , Damascus,Saanen, Toggenburg, Black

Bengal

12.4 Goat management

12.4.1 Managing a pregnant doe

12.5 Housing

12.5.1. Rearing in mud floor

12.5.2. Deep litter shed

12.5.3. Elevated floor shed 12.6 Grazing system

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12.6.1. Extensive Grazing

12.6.2 Rotational grazing method

12.6.3 Semi-intensive

12.6.4 Intensive system-zero grazing-system 12.7 Feeding

12.7.1 Feeding of breeding does

12.1.2. Feeding does during the first four months of pregnancy:

12.1.3. Feeding does during the last one month of pregnancy:

12.7.4. Feeding does at kidding time

12.7.5. Feeding lactating does

12.7.6. Feeding non pregnant does

12.7.7. Feeding bucks for breeding

12.7.8. Feeding kids

12.7.8.1. Feeding from birth to three months of age

12.7.8.2 Colostrum feeding of kids

12.7.9. Creep ration

12.7.10 Flushing ration

12.8 Daily water requirement

12.9 Identification

12.9.1 Types of tag:

12.9.2 tagging hygienic:

12.9.3 Steps to tagging:

12.9.4 Tagging Precaution

12.10 Castration

12.10.1 Surgical method

12.10.2 Burdizzo (Emasculatome) Method

12.10.3Elastrator Method

12.11 Dipping

12.11.1 Pre-Dipping Precautions

12.11.2 Goat, Sheep Dip Pool Management 12.12 Vaccination

12.13 Breeding

12.13.1 Common problems associated with poor selection and breeding.

12.13.2 Selecting a good and healthy goat.

12.13.2.1 The buck (male)

12.13.2.2The doe (female)

12.13.2.3 Kids

12.13.3 Breeding Method

12.13.3.1 Different between inbreeding and line breeding

12.13.3.2 Different between cross breeding and back crossing

12.13.4 Sign of heat in goat

12.13.5 Sign of kidding in goat

12.13.6 Sign of kidding process

12.13.7 Raising Kids

12.14 Artificial insemination in goat

12.14.1Reproductive cycle of the doe

12.14.2 Time of insemination

12.14.3 Equipment need for insemination does with frozen semen

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12.14.4 A few key reminders concerning semen storage

12.14.5 Thawing the straw

12.14.6 Preparing Straws

12.14.7 Preparing Ampules

12.14.8 Preparing Straws:

12.14.9 Preparing the doe for AI

12.14.10 Goat AI technique

12.14.7.11 AI advantages over natural breeding.

12.14.7.2 Disadvantages of AI

12.15 Deworming

13.Sheep

13.1 Taxonomy

13.1 Indigenous sheep Breeds of Nepal

131.1 Bhyanglung, Kage, Baruwal, and Lampuchhre Dhorel

13.2 Exotic sheep Breed

13.3 Feeds

13.3.1. Flushing ewes

13.3.2. Feeding ewes during early and mid-pregnancy

13.3.3. Feeding ewes during late pregnancy

13.3.4 Feeding ewes at lambing time 13.3.5 Feeding lactating ewes

13.3.6. Feeding of ewes from the time lambs are weaned until flushing time

13.3.7Feeding rams for breeding 13.3.8 Feeding lambs

13.3.81 feeding suckling lamb

13.3.8.2 Colostrum feeding of lambs

13.3.8.3 Creep feeding for lambs

11.3.8.4 Composition of ideal creep feed

13.3.9 Feeding schedule for a kid/lamb from birth to 90 days:

13.3.10 feeding early-weaned and orphan lambs

13.3.11 Feeding from weaning to market

13.4 Daily water requirements

13.5 Shearing

14. Horse 14.1Taxonomy

14.2 Horse breed

14.2.1 Chyanta pony, Jumli,Mithun,Manipuri,Spiti, Zanskari

14.3Identification

14.3.1Microchipping

14.3.2 Freeze marking

14.3.3Hot branding

14.4Horse marking

14.5Restraint of horse

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14.5.1 Physical restraint

14.6Dentition

14.7Weight measurement

14.8 Glossary of horse related term

15. Poultry 15.1 Introduction

15.2 Taxonomy

15.3 Importance of poultry and poultry products

15.4Scope of poultry production in Nepal 15.5Constraint in poultry production in Nepal

15.615.6 Importance of chicken meat.

15.7 External body parts of a chicken

15.7.1 Part of digestive system of chicken

15.7.2 Reproductive organ of chicken

15.7.3 Formation of egg shell 15.8 Indigenous poultry Breeds of Nepal

15.3.1Shakin, Ghanti Khuile, Puwankh Ulte

15.9 Exotic poultry Breed Class

15.4.1 American class 15.4.2 Asiatic class 15.4.3English class 15.4.4Mediterranean class

15.5 Housing

15.5.1 Construction of chicken house

15.6 Feeding

15.6.1 Vitamin and trace minerals

15.6.2 Broiler feed

15.6.3 Layers feed

15.7 Watering

15.7. 1 Drinking-water quality 15.8 Hatchery Management

15.8.1 Biosecurity and hygiene

15.8.2 Egg handling, identification, and storage

15.8.3 Incubation

15.8.4 Hatchers

15.8.5 Cleaning and disinfection

15.8.6 Chick processing and vaccination

15.8.7 Record keeping

15.8.9 Maintenance and servicing of equipment

15.9 Sex Identification of Chicks

15.10 Chicks management

15.10.1 Brooding temperature

15.11 Layers management

15.11.1 Selection of good layers

15.11.2 Egg shell deformities

15.11.3 Egg shell structure

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15.12Poultry related glossary of term

16. Pig 16.1 Taxonomy

16.2 Advantage of pig farming

16.3 Economic Importance of pig

16.4Constraints in piggery development in Nepal

16.5 Indigenous pig Breeds of Nepal

16.5.1 Jangali Bandel, Pygmi Bandel, Hurra, Chwanche, Bampudke, Pakhribas Black, Dharane Kalo Banggur

16.6 Exotic pig Breed

16.6.1Newhampshire,Durock,Chesterwhite,Landrace,Yourshire

16.7 Comparison between native and exotic breed of pig

16.8 Pig Rearing System in Nepal 16.18 Factors influencing nutrient requirements in pigs

16.3 Pig Housing

16.3.1Mating Area

16.3.2Gestating Area

16.3.3Farrowing Area

16.3.4 Weaning (Nursery) Area

16.4 Feeding

16.4.1 Feed and Water Requirement for Pigs

16.4.2 Diet for sow gestation and lactation

16.4.3 Dietary Nutrient Requirements of Growing Pig

16.4.4Factors influencing nutrient requirements in pigs

16.5 Breeding

16.5.1 Systems of Breeding

16.5.2Purebreeding

16.5.3Inbreeding

16.5.4Linebreeding

16.5.5Outcrossing

16.5.6 Crossbreeding

16.5.7 Crisscrossing or two breed rotation

16.5.8 Three breed rotation or triple crossing

16.6 Selection of gilt

16.6.1 Criteria for Herd Replacement

16.6.2 Breeding gilt

16.6.3 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred Jan. 1–April 30.

16.6.4 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred May 1–August 31.

16.6.5 Swine gestation table (115 Days), if bred September 1–December 31. 16.6Artificial insemination

16.7 pig management

16.7.1 Pig castration

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16.7.2 Pig identification

16.7.2.1 Tagging

16.7.2.2 Notching

16.7.2.3 Tattooing

16.7.2.4 Recording

16.7 Health management

16.7.1 Vaccination

16.7.2 Deworming

17. Rabbit 17.1Introduction

17.2 Taxonomy

17.3 Body part of rabbit

17.4 Scope for rabbit farming

17.5 The advantages of rabbit farming.

17.6 Limitation of rabbit farming

17.7 Rabbit breed

17.8 Sexing of rabbit

17.9Handling and restraint of rabbits

17.10Housing

17.11Feeding

17.12Breeding

17.13 Behavior

17.14Health management

17.14.1 Snuffles

17.14.2Coccidiosis

17.14.3Ear mites

18. Fisheries 18.1 Taxonomy

18.2Differentiation between fish culture and aquaculture

18.3History of fish farming in Nepal

18.3Scope of fish culture in Nepal

18.4 Economic importance of fish 18.5 Fish farming system in Nepal. 18.6 Anatomy of fish and their function 18.7 Select site for fish farming 18.7.1 Ecological factors

18.7.2 Biological and operational factors

18.7.3 Economic and social factors

18.8 Types of fish pond 18.9 Types of water quality in fish pond

18.10Different Types of Fresh Water Fishes

18.11Common fish species found in Nepal.

18.12Characteristics of brood fish

18.13 Differentiation of male and female brood fish

17

18.14Different between monoculture and poly culture fish farming

18.15 Calculating Fertilization Rate, Hatching Rate and Fry Survival Rate

18.16 Diseases of fish

18.16.1 Common parasitic diseases

18.16.2 Common fungus diseases

18.16.3 Common bacterial diseases

19. Dairy production 19.1 Milk production in Nepal

19.2 Clean milk production

19.2.1 Step in clean milk production

19.3 Definition of milk

19.3.1 Composition of milk

19.4 Dairy Products preparation

19.4.1 Butter

19.4.2 Dahi(Curd)

19.4.3 Cheese

19.4.4 Ice cream

19.4.5 Khoa

19.4.6 Paneer

19.4.7 Kulfi 19.5 Nepalese standard of milk products

19.6 Factors affecting the milk composition of milk and its quality

19.7 Theory of milk secretion

19.8 Method of pasteurization

19.9 Physicochemical Properties of Milk

19.10 Flavor and off flavor of milk

19.11 Sanitization of dairy plant utensils and equipment

19.12 Pasteurization and homogenization of milk, packing and distribution of milk

19.13 Testing of milk quality

19.13.1 Platform Tests

19.13.2Organoleptic evaluation (OE), 19.13.3 Clot on boiling test (COP), 19.13.4 Alcohol test (AT), 19.13.5 Sediment test (ST) 19.13.6 Resazurin test (RT) 19.13.7 Determination of Activity (Titrable Acidity) of Milk

19.13.8 Determination of Fat in Milking 19.13.9 Determination of S.N.F. (Solid Not Fat) and Total Solids of Milk

19.14 Bacterial test in milk

19.15 Commonly used Dairy Sanitizers in dairy plan 19 .16 Use of Detergents and Sanitizers in Dairy Industry 19.17 Procedure for cleaning and sanitizing of dairy utensils:

19.18 Adultration test in milk

19.19 Milk born disease

20. Miscellaneous