A  Randomized  Experiment  of  Slum  Housing  Upgrading  

   Sebas'an  Galiani    -­‐    University  of  Washington  St  Louis    Paul  Gertler  –  UC  Berkeley  Ryan  Cooper  –  JPAL  Sebas'án  Mar'nez  -­‐  IDB  Adam  Ross  –  World  Bank  Raimundo  Undurraga  -­‐  JPAL  

Introduc;on  •  In  this  paper  reporte  on  a  randomized  evalua'on  of  Un  Techo  Para  Mi  País  in  El  Salvador  and  Uruguay  (the  final  paper  will  also  include  Mexico).    

 •  Un  Techo  Para  Mi  País  (UTPMP)  is  a  youth-­‐led  program  which  provides  basic  pre-­‐fabricated  houses  to  extreme  poor  popula'ons  in  La'n  America.    

•  The  main  objec've  of  the  program  is  to  improve  household  well-­‐being  and  increase  the  beneficiary  household's  probability  of  exi'ng  extreme  poverty.    

Introduc;on  •  UTPMP  targets  the  poorest  informal  seUlements  and  the  households  within  these  seUlements  that  live  in  sub-­‐standard  housing  (typically  homes  made  of  waste  materials  such  as  cardboard,  'n  and  plas'c,  with  dirt  floors  and  lacking  basic  services  such  as  water  and  sewage)  and  provides  a  basic  housing  structure.    

Program  

•  UTPMP  began  opera'ons  thirteen  years  ago  in  Chile,  and  currently  works  in  fourteen  addi'onal  La'n  American  countries  including  Argen'na,  Bolivia,  Brazil,  Colombia,  Costa  Rica,  Dominican  Republic,  Ecuador,  El  Salvador,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Mexico,  Nicaragua,  Peru  and  Uruguay.    

•  UTPMP  has  helped  build  over  43,000  houses  and  worked  with  more  than  190,000  volunteers  in  15  countries  throughout  LAC.    

Program  •  The  UTPMP  houses  are  made  of  wood  or  aluminum.  A  typical  house  is  18  m2  (6*3)  in  size  and  is  built  by  teams  of  youth  volunteers  along  with  the  household  recipient.    

•  On  average,  the  houses  take  one  to  two  days  to  build  by  a  team  of  6-­‐12  people.    

House  built  in  El  Salvador  

House  built  in  Mexico  

Program  

•  The  cost  of  each  transi'onal  house  is  around  US  $1,000.    

•  The  design  of  the  house  is  meant  to  be  low  cost,  easy  to  construct  and  mobile.    The  house  can  be  easily  disassembled  and  moved  to  a  new  loca'on.    The  purpose  of  this  is  to  deal  with  the  fact  that  most  of  the  households  in  informal  seUlements  do  not  have  formal  'tle  to  the  land  they  live  on.    

Experimental  Design  

•  The  study  exploits  randomiza'on  of  treatment  at  the  household  level  within  seUlements  (clusters).    

•  Elegible  households  were  then  randomly  assigned  to  the  treatment  and  control  groups  within  each  seUlement.    

Experimental  Design  

•  Baseline  survey  in  two  waves:  

•  Treatment  alloca'on  right  ager  baseline  survey.    

•  Follow  up  survey,  18  months  laUer.        

Table 1. General Information a

El Salvador Uruguay

Observations Treatment

Observations Control Mean Differences Observations

Treatment Observations

Control Mean Differences

General Information

Households by Group

421 277

433 346

60.32% 39.68% 55.58% 44.42%

Individuals by Group

2,111 1,363

1,872 1,454

60.77% 39.23% 56.28% 43.72% Compliers 369 275 407 299 87.65% 99.28% 94.00% 86.42% Attritors 19 16 26 25 4.51% 5.78% 6.00% 7.23% Attrition Rates 0.045 0.058 -0.013 0.060 0.072 -0.012

(0.012) (0.016) (0.017) (0.011) (0.010) (0.013)

(0.010) (0.014) (0.016) (0.011) (0.013) (0.017)

a Reported Results: Number of observations and percentage. For Attrition Rates, the coefficient, "clustered" standard error (23 clusters for El Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported.

*Significantly different from 0 at 10-percent level. **Significantly different from 0 at 5-percent level. ***Significantly different from 0 at 1-percent level.

Table 3b. Differences in Pre-Treatment Means. Treatment vs Control. Baseline Survey. a El Salvador Uruguay

Variables

Total Observations

Mean Control

Mean Differences

Mean Differences w/settlement

dummies

Total Observations

Mean Control

Mean Differences

Mean Differences w/settlement

dummies

Satisfaction with Quality of House and Life Satisfaction with Floor Quality 697 0.116 0.018 0.018 778 0.188 -0.021 -0.019 (0.027) (0.025) (0.027) (0.028) (0.027) (0.029) Satisfaction with Wall Quality 696 0.083 0.012 0.004 778 0.121 0.001 -0.001 (0.023) (0.021) (0.025) (0.019) (0.023) (0.026) Satisfaction with Roof Quality 696 0.091 0.026 0.008 778 0.185 -0.037 -0.025 (0.023) (0.023) (0.026) (0.019) (0.027) (0.028) Satisfaction with House Protection against Water when it rains 696 0.090 0.012 -0.005

777 0.180 -0.022 -0.014

(0.026) (0.022) (0.025) (0.018) (0.027) (0.029) Satisfaction with Quality of Life 695 0.181 0.085 0.025 767 0.228 -0.009 -0.016 (0.034) (0.031)*** (0.033) (0.037) (0.030) (0.032) Perception of Security Safe inside the house during the last 12 months (=1) 698 0.538 -0.011 -0.045

779 0.590 0.032 0.030

(0.033) (0.038) (0.043) (0.035) (0.035) (0.037) Safe leaving the house alone during the last 12 months (=1) 698 0.419 0.016 -0.011

779 0.295 0.022 0.030

(0.036) (0.038) (0.043) (0.030) (0.033) (0.035) Safe leaving the kids alone in the house during the last 12 months (=1)

698 0.166 -0.019 -0.049

779 0.121 0.029 0.015

(0.022) (0.028) (0.032) (0.015) (0.024) (0.026) House robbed in the last 12 months (=1) 697 0.036 0.042 0.053

776 0.272 0.008 -0.013

(0.011) (0.017)** (0.020)** (0.032) (0.032) (0.032) a On material of rooms, were only included those households that reported information for all rooms. On monetary variables, observations over p99 were not considered. On hours worked, cases that reported more than 84 hours were not considered. Reported Results: Standard errors clustered at survey-block level shown in parentheses (23 clusters for El Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported in that order. Data source: 2007 - 2008 UTPMP Baseline data *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 3a. Differences in Pre-Treatment Means. Treatment vs Control. Baseline Survey. a El Salvador Uruguay

Variables

Total Observations

Mean Control

Mean Differences

Mean Differences w/

settlement dummies

Total Observations

Mean Control

Mean Differences

Mean Differences w/settlement

dummies

Characteristics of the House Number of Rooms 698 2.350 0.13 -0.141 779 2.659 0.013 0.066 (0.084) (0.089) (0.095) (0.048) (0.095) (0.104) Share of Rooms with Dirty Floors 692 0.857 0.00 0.039 749 0.361 0.005 -0.015 (0.024) (0.019) (0.021) * (0.021) (0.032) (0.033) Share of Rooms with Low Quality Walls 695 0.920 -0.039 0.006 560 0.692 -0.015 -0.043

(0.016) (0.017)** (0.015) (0.070) (0.037) (0.039) Share of Rooms with Low Quality Roofs 689 0.999 0.000 -0.001 749 0.991 0.004 0.006

(0.001) (0.001) (0.002) (0.005) (0.005) (0.006) Share of Rooms with Window 697 0.179 -0.03 0.002 773 0.583 -0.029 -0.025 (0.022) (0.021) (0.024) (0.030) (0.028) (0.029) Water Connection (=1) 698 0.195 0.03 -0.033 777 0.908 0.014 0.018 (0.052) (0.031) (0.030) (0.016) (0.020) (0.021) Sink on Room where food is prepared (=1) 694 0.007 0.01 0.002 768 0.253 0.002 0.024

(0.008) (0.007) (0.010) (0.019) (0.031) (0.034) Room where food is prepared is also used as Bedroom (=1) 693 0.327 -0.02 0.055 766 0.447 -0.028 -0.012

(0.072) (0.036) (0.039) (0.030) (0.036) (0.038) Electricity Connection (=1) 698 0.386 0.01 -0.063 779 0.957 0.004 0.004 (0.071) (0.037) (0.038) (0.008) (0.014) (0.015) Use Gas Stove or Kerosene to Cook (=1) 698 0.141 0.05 0.010 779 0.468 -0.027 -0.030

(0.028) (0.028)* (0.030) (0.061) (0.035) (0.037) Own Toilet (=1) 698 0.448 0.06 -0.056 779 0.598 0.065 0.058 (0.050) (0.038) (0.042) (0.036) (0.034)* (0.036) a On material of rooms, were only included those households that reported information for all rooms. On monetary variables, observations over p99 were not considered. Reported Results: Standard errors clustered at survey-block level shown in parentheses (23 clusters for El Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported in that order. Data source: 2007 - 2008 UTPMP Baseline data *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 3b. Differences in Pre-Treatment Means. Treatment vs Control. Baseline Survey. a

El Salvador Uruguay

Variables

Total Observations

Mean Control

Mean Differences

Mean Differences w/settlement

dummies

Total Observations

Mean Control

Mean Differences

Mean Differences w/settlement

dummies

Sociodemographic Characteristics

HH Members 698 4.921 0.094 -0.040 779 4.202 0.121 0.087 (0.166) (0.187) (0.233) (0.133) (0.173) (0.191) Head of HH's Age 695 44.227 0.811 0.129 750 37.314 0.906 1.203 (1.787) (1.303) (1.555) (0.559) (1.026) (1.108) Head of HH's Gender (1=Man) 698 0.769 0.029 0.028 753 0.537 -0.036 -0.043 (0.018) (0.032) (0.036) (0.024) (0.036) (0.038) Head of HH's Education Level (higher value, higher education) 678 2.319 0.190 -0.048

734 8.314 -0.352 -0.190

(0.246) (0.223) (0.243) (0.685) (0.493) (0.530) Spouse's Age 252 41.598 0.898 -0.779 179 38.872 -2.013 -2.108 (1.542) (1.936) (2.420) (1.513) (2.036) (2.200) Spouse's Education Level (higher value, higher education) 249 1.677 0.270 0.211

178 9.634 -0.598 0.032

(0.201) (0.316) (0.341) (0.498) (1.066) (1.165) Hours worked last week by Head of HH (including Secondary job) 507 32.811 3.611 2.253

658 31.956 -1.071 -1.280

(1.482) (2.112)* (2.457) (1.567) (1.907) (2.056) Hours worked last week by Spouse (including Secondary job) 220 9.885 -2.893 -1.847

165 22.000 -2.835 -0.416

(3.127) (2.447) (2.940) (2.991) (3.733) (4.319) Health (<5 years old) Respiratory Disease during last 4 weeks (=1)

424 0.635 0.035 0.042

623 0.360 -0.014 -0.050

(0.035) (0.475) (0.056) (0.037) (0.038) (0.044) Diarrhea during last 4 weeks (=1) 424 0.144 0.105 0.043

624 0.083 0.009 -0.014

(0.017) (0.038)*** (0.042) (0.016) (0.022) (0.024) a On material of rooms, were only included those households that reported information for all rooms. On monetary variables, observations over p99 were not considered. On hours worked, cases that reported more than 84 hours were not considered. Reported Results: Standard errors clustered at survey-block level shown in parentheses (23 clusters for El Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported in that order. Data source: 2007 - 2008 UTPMP Baseline data. *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 4: Differences of Means between groups El Salvador a

Variable

(1) Mean of Observations

Non Poor (EHPM 2008)

(2) Mean of Observations National Poor

(EHPM 2008) b

(3) Mean of Observations Settlements

(UTPMP 2007-08)

Dif (2)-(3) Dif (2)-(3)c

Income Indicators (HH) Total Income PC 401.950 45.838 64.175 -18.337 -22.647 (6.894) (0.467) (6.806) (6.802)*** (7.162)*** % of Wage Work 0.457 0.511 0.458 0.053 0.042 (0.005) (0.006) (0.016) (0.016)*** (0.016)** % of Self Employment 0.194 0.316 0.517 -0.201 -0.189 (0.003) (0.005) (0.019) (0.019)*** (0.020)*** % of Private Transfer 0.324 0.154 0.024 0.130 0.130 (0.006) (0.003) (0.008) (0.009)*** (0.009)*** % of Govern Transfer d 0.004 0.009 0.000 0.009 0.009 (0.007) 0.000 0.000 (0.001)*** (0.001)*** a Table computed at household and individual level in El Salvador using Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples 2008 and UTPMP Impact Evaluation Data 2007 – 08 Sources. Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The EHPM 2008 Data contain clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and UTPMP 33 clusters (PSU:“caserio”). b National Poor means households who live with less than USD 89.4 per capita per month in urban zones and less than USD 58.2 in rural zones in 2008, equivalent to two CBAs which represents the National Poverty Line and basic needs in El Salvador in 2008. c Urban and Rural zones in El Salvador face different prices, then the regression have a dummy by cluster (settlement - UTPMP slum dwellers; comuna - EHPM poors) and a dummy by zone. Reported Results: estimated coefficient, clustered standard error at block level in brackets (23 clusters for UTPMP Slums and 500 clusters for EHPM Poors). d Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income.

*Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 4: Differences of Means between groups El Salvador a

Variable

(1) Mean of Observations

Non Poor (EHPM 2008)

(2) Mean of Observations National Poor

(EHPM 2008) b

(3) Mean of Observations Settlements

(UTPMP 2007-08)

Dif (2)-(3) Dif (2)-(3)c

Employment Indicators (IND) Employment rate 16-64 0.656 0.545 0.526 0.019 0.009 (0.003) (0.004) (0.014) (0.014) (0.014) Employment rate Males 16-64 0.370 0.349 0.374 -0.025 -0.011 (0.003) (0.003) (0.010) (0.011)** (0.013) Employment rate Females 16-64 0.286 0.196 0.152 0.044 0.020 (0.003) (0.003) (0.013) (0.013)*** (0.014) Wage employment rate 16-64 0.459 0.346 0.216 0.130 0.119 (0.003) (0.004) (0.014) (0.015)*** (0.014)*** Wage employment rate Males 16-64 0.278 0.243 0.187 0.056 0.058 (0.003) (0.003) (0.012) (0.012)*** (0.013)*** Wage employment rate Females 16-64 0.181 0.103 0.029 0.074 0.061 (0.002) (0.002) (0.006) (0.006)*** (0.007)*** Self employment rate 16-64 0.197 0.199 0.308 -0.110 -0.109 (0.002) (0.003) (0.014) (0.014)*** (0.014)*** Self employment rate Males 16-64 0.092 0.106 0.185 -0.079 -0.068 (0.001) (0.003) (0.015) (0.016)*** (0.016)*** Self employment rate Females 16-64 0.105 0.093 0.123 -0.030 -0.041 (0.002) (0.002) (0.008) (0.009)*** (0.009)*** Average Wage Males 16-64 (Main Job) (USD) 310.962 142.058 145.829 -3.771 -13.048 (6.307) (1.627) (5.853) (6.352) (7.729)* Average Wage Females 16-64 (Main Job) (USD) 258.734 113.807 135.256 -21.449 -31.193 (5.346) (1.583) (4.628) (4.842)*** (5.392)*** a Table computed at household and individual level in El Salvador using Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples 2008 and UTPMP Impact Evaluation Data 2007 – 08 Sources. Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The EHPM 2008 Data contain clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and UTPMP 33 clusters (PSU:“caserio”). b National Poor means households who live with less than USD 89.4 per capita per month in urban zones and less than USD 58.2 in rural zones in 2008, equivalent to two CBAs which represents the National Poverty Line and basic needs in El Salvador in 2008. c Urban and Rural zones in El Salvador face different prices, then the regression have a dummy by cluster (settlement - UTPMP slum dwellers; comuna - EHPM poors) and a dummy by zone. Reported Results: estimated coefficient, clustered standard error at block level in brackets (23 clusters for UTPMP Slums and 500 clusters for EHPM Poors). d Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income. *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 4: Differences of Means between groups El Salvador a

Variable

(1) Mean of Observations

Non Poor (EHPM 2008)

(2) Mean of Observations National Poor

(EHPM 2008) b

(3) Mean of Observations Settlements

(UTPMP 2007-08)

Dif (2)-(3) Dif (2)-(3)c

Demographics HH Size 3.779 4.660 4.860 -0.200 -0.085 (0.021) (0.032) (0.124) (0.125) (0.116) Female Head (%) 0.353 0.298 0.219 0.079 0.052 (0.004) (0.006) (0.015) (0.017) *** (0.020)** Head of HH's Age 48.229 46.376 43.438 2.938 2.811 (0.204) (0.221) (1.048) (1.059) *** (1.151)** Head of HH's years of schooling 6.372 4.013 4.392 -0.378 -0.692 (0.096) (0.058) (0.176) (0.193) * (0.164)*** % children 5-12 enrolled in school 0.922 0.834 0.929 -0.094 -0.103 (0.003) (0.005) (0.010) (0.011) *** (0.012)*** % children 13-18 enrolled in school 0.724 0.652 0.540 0.112 0.076 (0.007) (0.009) (0.028) (0.030) *** (0.029)*** a Table computed at household and individual level in El Salvador using Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples 2008 and UTPMP Impact Evaluation Data 2007 – 08 Sources. Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The EHPM 2008 Data contain clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and UTPMP 33 clusters (PSU:“caserio”). b National Poor means households who live with less than USD 89.4 per capita per month in urban zones and less than USD 58.2 in rural zones in 2008, equivalent to two CBAs which represents the National Poverty Line and basic needs in El Salvador in 2008. c Urban and Rural zones in El Salvador face different prices, then the regression have a dummy by cluster (settlement - UTPMP slum dwellers; comuna - EHPM poors) and a dummy by zone. Reported Results: estimated coefficient, clustered standard error at block level in brackets (23 clusters for UTPMP Slums and 500 clusters for EHPM Poors). d Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income. *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 4: Differences of Means between groups El Salvador a

Variable

(1) Mean of Observations

Non Poor (EHPM 2008)

(2) Mean of Observations National Poor

(EHPM 2008) b

(3) Mean of Observations Settlements

(UTPMP 2007-08)

Dif (2)-(3) Dif (2)-(3)c

Housing and Assets Rooms Per Capita 0.909 0.512 0.394 0.118 0.085 (0.009) (0.006) (0.017) (0.018) *** (0.024)*** % Dirty Floors 0.163 0.390 0.931 -0.541 -0.482 (0.005) (0.010) (0.017) (0.021) *** (0.032)*** % Weak Walls 0.249 0.436 0.919 -0.483 -0.424 (0.007) (0.009) (0.037) (0.037) *** (0.050)*** % Weak Roofs 0.297 0.452 0.917 -0.465 -0.466 (0.007) (0.010) (0.021) (0.024) *** (0.024)*** % Water Connection 0.700 0.544 0.249 0.295 0.227 (0.009) (0.010) (0.053) (0.054) *** (0.062)*** % Access to toilet 0.967 0.922 0.680 0.241 0.207 (0.002) (0.005) (0.052) (0.051) *** (0.043)*** % Access to private toilet 0.844 0.765 0.550 0.215 0.199 (0.005) (0.007) (0.057) (0.057) *** (0.057)*** % Connected to sewage 0.686 0.640 0.007 0.633 0.491 (0.015) (0.019) (0.003) (0.019) *** (0.059)*** % Electricity 0.928 0.810 0.416 0.394 0.346 (0.003) (0.009) (0.069) (0.071) *** (0.081)*** % Cook with wood 0.183 0.486 0.800 -0.314 -0.212 (0.006) (0.012) (0.046) (0.050) *** (0.065)*** % Refrigerators 0.658 0.328 0.094 0.234 0.181 (0.007) (0.008) (0.028) (0.031) *** (0.041)*** % TV 0.864 0.678 0.393 0.286 0.204 (0.004) (0.009) (0.048) (0.050) *** (0.066)*** a Table computed at household and individual level in El Salvador using Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples 2008 and UTPMP Impact Evaluation Data 2007 – 08 Sources. Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The EHPM 2008 Data contain clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and UTPMP 33 clusters (PSU:“caserio”). b National Poor means households who live with less than USD 89.4 per capita per month in urban zones and less than USD 58.2 in rural zones in 2008, equivalent to two CBAs which represents the National Poverty Line and basic needs in El Salvador in 2008. c Urban and Rural zones in El Salvador face different prices, then the regression have a dummy by cluster (settlement - UTPMP slum dwellers; comuna - EHPM poors) and a dummy by zone. Reported Results: estimated coefficient, clustered standard error at block level in brackets (23 clusters for UTPMP Slums and 500 clusters for EHPM Poors). d Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income. *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 4: Differences of Means between groups Uruguay (Montevideo and Canelones Departments)a

Variable

(1) Mean of Observations

Non Poor out of Slums (ECH

2008)

(2) Mean of Obervations Poor Out of

Slums (ECH 2008) b

(3) Mean of Observations Settlements (ECH 2008)

Dif (2)-(3)

Income Indicators (HH) Total Income PC 778.646 174.081 273.628 -99.547 (58.485) (0.849) (7.513) (7.243)*** % of Wage Work 0.331 0.258 0.319 -0.061 (0.002) (0.007) (0.007) (0.009)*** % of Self Employment 0.309 0.218 0.222 -0.004 (0.008) (0.010) (0.005) (0.009) % of Private Transfer 0.043 0.052 0.044 0.008 (0.002) (0.001) (0.002) (0.003)*** % of Govern Transfer c 0.177 0.436 0.366 0.070 (0.007) (0.002) (0.006) (0.006)*** a Table computed at household and individual level in Montevideo and Canelones Departments in Uruguay using Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH). Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The ECH Data contain 232 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and households who live in settlements are contained in 147 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) b National Poor means households who live below the National Poverty Line in urban zones in Uruguay. This line is calculated monthly and in 2008 varied between 213 and 234 dollars per month depending on which month was the household measured. The poverty line represents a CBA of "food needs" plus a CBA of "non-food needs", both calculated in base of needs of 2006 in Uruguay

c Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income. *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 4: Differences of Means between groups Uruguay (Montevideo and Canelones Departments)a

Variable

(1) Mean of Observations Non Poor out

of Slums (ECH 2008)

(2) Mean of Obervations Poor Out of

Slums (ECH 2008) b

(3) Mean of Observations Settlements (ECH 2008)

Dif (2)-(3)

Employment Indicators (IND) Employment rate 16-64 0.741 0.584 0.647 -0.063 (0.002) (0.004) (0.007) (0.007)*** Employment rate Males 16-64 0.387 0.337 0.388 -0.051 (0.006) (0.009) (0.006) (0.010)*** Employment rate Females 16-64 0.354 0.247 0.260 -0.012 (0.008) (0.011) (0.006) (0.011) Wage employment rate 16-64 0.561 0.404 0.467 -0.063 (0.011) (0.005) (0.008) (0.009)*** Wage employment rate Males 16-64 0.278 0.225 0.271 -0.046 (0.002) (0.008) (0.007) (0.009)*** Wage employment rate Females 16-64

0.283 0.178

0.196 -0.017

(0.011) (0.010) (0.006) (0.012) Self employment rate 16-64 0.180 0.181 0.180 0.000 (0.010) (0.003) (0.007) (0.008) Self employment rate Males 16-64 0.109 0.112 0.116 -0.005 (0.007) (0.003) (0.004) (0.005) Self employment rate Females 16-64

0.071 0.069

0.064 0.005

(0.003) (0.002) (0.004) (0.005) Average Wage Males 16-64 (Main Job) (USD)

778.071 230.312

304.915 -74.603

(44.575) (3.286) (8.804) (9.701)*** Average Wage Females 16-64 (Main Job) (USD)

496.821 126.154

176.903 -50.749

(25.662) (3.558) (6.229) (5.893)*** a Table computed at household and individual level in Montevideo and Canelones Departments in Uruguay using Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH). Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The ECH Data contain 232 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and households who live in settlements are contained in 147 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) b National Poor means households who live below the National Poverty Line in urban zones in Uruguay. This line is calculated monthly and in 2008 varied between 213 and 234 dollars per month depending on which month was the household measured. The poverty line represents a CBA of "food needs" plus a CBA of "non-food needs", both calculated in base of needs of 2006 in Uruguay c Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income. *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 4: Differences of Means between groups Uruguay (Montevideo and Canelones Departments)a

Variable

(1) Mean of Observations Non Poor out

of Slums (ECH 2008)

(2) Mean of Obervations Poor Out of

Slums (ECH 2008) b

(3) Mean of Observations Settlements (ECH 2008)

Dif (2)-(3)

Demographics HH Size 2.549 4.274 3.691 0.584 (0.028) (0.091) (0.053) (0.118)*** Female Head (%) 0.398 0.378 0.372 0.005 (0.023) (0.038) (0.013) (0.039) Head of HH's Age 55.496 45.311 45.423 -0.112 (0.151) (0.213) (0.352) (0.395) Head of HH's years of schooling 9.476 6.351 6.169 0.182 (0.550) (0.190) (0.099) (0.140) % children 5-12 enrolled in school 0.988 0.980 0.978 0.002 (0.001) (0.002) (0.003) (0.004) % children 13-18 enrolled in school 0.875 0.707 0.661 0.046 (0.011) (0.011) (0.019) (0.024)* a Table computed at household and individual level in Montevideo and Canelones Departments in Uruguay using Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH). Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The ECH Data contain 232 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and households who live in settlements are contained in 147 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) b National Poor means households who live below the National Poverty Line in urban zones in Uruguay. This line is calculated monthly and in 2008 varied between 213 and 234 dollars per month depending on which month was the household measured. The poverty line represents a CBA of "food needs" plus a CBA of "non-food needs", both calculated in base of needs of 2006 in Uruguay c Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income. *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 4: Differences of Means between groups Uruguay (Montevideo and Canelones Departments)a

Variable

(1) Mean of Observations Non Poor out

of Slums (ECH 2008)

(2) Mean of Obervations Poor Out of

Slums (ECH 2008) b

(3) Mean of Observations Settlements (ECH 2008)

Dif (2)-(3)

Housing and Assets Rooms Per Capita 1.737 0.836 0.977 -0.141 (0.017) (0.024) (0.020) (0.039)*** % Dirty Floors 0.036 0.242 0.404 -0.162 (0.011) (0.010) (0.017) (0.016)*** % Weak Walls 0.004 0.025 0.087 -0.063 (0.000) (0.002) (0.009) (0.008)*** % Weak Roofs 0.031 0.235 0.448 -0.212 (0.008) (0.008) (0.019) (0.021)*** % Water Connection 0.948 0.864 0.989 -0.125 (0.036) (0.061) (0.004) (0.057)** % Access to toilet 0.996 0.964 0.937 0.027 (0.001) (0.005) (0.007) (0.009)*** % Access to private toilet 0.976 0.922 0.895 0.027 (0.001) (0.006) (0.009) (0.012)*** % Connected to sewage 0.703 0.543 0.604 -0.061 (0.010) (0.033) (0.023) (0.025)** % Electricity 0.998 0.988 0.996 -0.008 (0.000) (0.003) (0.001) (0.003)** % Cook with wood 0.013 0.054 0.016 0.038 (0.008) (0.023) (0.004) (0.020)* % Refrigerators 0.985 0.886 0.860 0.027 (0.002) (0.006) (0.011) (0.011)** % TV 0.984 0.939 0.919 0.020 (0.002) (0.007) (0.008) (0.009)** a Table computed at household and individual level in Montevideo and Canelones Departments in Uruguay using Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH). Standard errors clustered at Primary Sample Unit level shown in parentheses. The ECH Data contain 232 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) and households who live in settlements are contained in 147 clusters (PSU:“segmento”) b National Poor means households who live below the National Poverty Line in urban zones in Uruguay. This line is calculated monthly and in 2008 varied between 213 and 234 dollars per month depending on which month was the household measured. The poverty line represents a CBA of "food needs" plus a CBA of "non-food needs", both calculated in base of needs of 2006 in Uruguay c Total Income includes Retirement Pension Transfers, but they are not included in Public Transfers income. *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Table 5. Differences of Means between Countries. Treatment and Internal Control Groups. Baseline Survey. a

Variables

Total Observation

s

Mean El Salvador

Mean Uruguay

Mean Differences

Characteristics of the House Number of Rooms per HH 1,477 2.431 2.666 -0.235 (0.086) (0.060) (0.104) ** (0.043) (0.047) (0.065) *** Share of Rooms with Dirty Floors 1,441 0.854 0.364 0.490 (0.015) (0.028) (0.032) *** (0.009) (0.016) (0.018) *** Share of Rooms with Low Quality Walls 1,255 0.896 0.683 0.213 (0.036) (0.044) (0.056)*** (0.008) (0.018) (0.019)*** Sahre of Rooms with Low Quality Roofs 1,438 0.999 0.993 0.006 (0.000) (0.002) (0.002)*** (0.000) (0.002) (0.002)*** Share of Rooms with Window 1,470 0.163 0.567 -0.405 (0.017) (0.015) (0.022) *** (0.010) (0.014) (0.017) *** Water Connection (=1) 1,475 0.215 0.915 -0.700 (0.051) (0.013) (0.053) *** (0.015) (0.010) (0.018) *** Sink on Room where food is prepared (=1) 1,462 0.012 0.254 -0.242 (0.005) (0.025) (0.024) *** (0.004) (0.015) (0.016) *** Room where food is prepared is also used as Bedroom (=1) 1,459 0.313 0.432 -0.119

(0.047) (0.025) (0.053) ** (0.017) (0.017) (0.025) *** Electricity Connection inside the House (=1) 1,477 0.391 0.959 -0.568 (0.058) (0.006) (0.058) *** (0.018) (0.007) (0.019) *** Use Gas Stove or Kerosene to Cook (=1) 1,477 0.173 0.453 -0.280 (0.034) (0.052) (0.061) *** (0.014) (0.017) (0.023) *** House with Own Bathroom (=1) 1,477 0.483 0.634 -0.151 (0.041) (0.024) (0.047) *** (0.018) (0.017) (0.025) *** a On material of rooms, were only included those households that reported information for all rooms. On monetary variables, observations over p99 were not considered. Reported Results: Standard errors clustered at survey-block level shown in parentheses (23 clusters for El Salvador and 12 clusters for Uruguay) and standard error are reported. Data source: 2007 - 2008 UTPMP Baseline data *Significantly at 10% level. **Significantly at 5% level. ***Significantly at 1% level

Next  Steps  •  Using  the  results  of  the  evalua'on,  and  the  interest  of  the  NGO  in  improving  the  health  of  the  children,  we  are  now:  

•  Adding  to  these  houses  cuing  edge  water  cleaning  technology  developed  by  the  founders  of  Cántaro  Azul  (CA),  a  Mexican  NGO,  at  the  UC  Berkeley.    

•  This  system,  the  Mesita  Azul  (MA),  advocates  to  being  capable  of  providing  clean  drinking  water  to  slum  dwellers  at  a  cost  of  US$50  per  device.