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Computer Software

Chapter

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1. Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.

2. Give examples of several major types of application and system software.

3. Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

4. Outline the functions of an operating system.

5. Describe the main uses of computer programming software, tools, and languages.

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What is Software?What is Software?

Definition:

• Various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices

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Types of SoftwareTypes of Software

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Types of SoftwareTypes of Software

• Application Software - performs information processing tasks for end users

• System Software – manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks

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Application SoftwareApplication Software

• General-Purpose – programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users

• Application-Specific – support specific applications of end users in business and other fields

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How is Software Developed?How is Software Developed?

• Custom Software – software applications that are developed within an organization for use by that organization

• Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS) Software – software that is developed by a software developer with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies

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General-Purpose Application SoftwareGeneral-Purpose Application Software

• Software Suites• Web Browsers• Electronic Mail• Word Processing• Spreadsheets• Database Managers• Presentation Graphics• Personal Information Managers• Groupware

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Software SuitesSoftware Suites

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Integrated PackagesIntegrated Packages

Definition:

• Combine some of the functions of several programs into one software package

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Definition:

• Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and so on, which gives an application its look and feel

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Web BrowserWeb Browser

Definition:

• Software interface used to point and click through the hyperlinked resources of the Internet

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Web BrowserWeb Browser

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Electronic Mail & Instant MessagingElectronic Mail & Instant Messaging

• Electronic Mail – software used to send and receive electronic messages and file attachments via the Internet, intranets or extranets

• Instant Messaging (IM) – software used to send and receive electronic messages instantly to facilitate real time communication and collaboration

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E-mailE-mail

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Word Processing & Desktop PublishingWord Processing & Desktop Publishing

• Word Processing – software that supports the creation, editing, revision and printing of documents

• Desktop Publishing (DTP) – software that supports the production of materials that look professionally published

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Word ProcessingWord Processing

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Electronic SpreadsheetsElectronic Spreadsheets

Definition:

• Software that supports the development of electronic worksheets consisting of rows and columns used for business analysis, planning and modeling

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SpreadsheetsSpreadsheets

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Presentation GraphicsPresentation Graphics

Definition:

• Software that helps convert numeric data into graphics displays and prepare multimedia presentations including graphics, photos, animation, and video clips

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Presentation SoftwarePresentation Software

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Graphics SoftwareGraphics Software

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Video SoftwareVideo Software

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Personal Information Manager (PIM)Personal Information Manager (PIM)

Definition:

• Software for end user productivity and collaboration

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GroupwareGroupware

Definition:

• Software that helps workgroups and teams work together to accomplish group assignments

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Software AlternativesSoftware Alternatives

• Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelf software

• Application Service Providers – companies that own, operate, and maintain application software and the computer system resources required to offer the use of the application software for a fee as a service over the Internet

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Software LicensingSoftware Licensing

• Purchasing the right to use specific software under the terms of the software licensing agreement

• Protects the vendor’s intellectual property right

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System SoftwareSystem Software

• System Management Programs – programs that manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of computer systems during the execution of various information processing jobs of end users

• System Development Programs – programs that help users develop information system programs and procedures and prepare user programs for computer processing

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Operating SystemOperating System

Definition:

• An integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system, and provides various support services as the computer executes the application programs of users

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Operating System FunctionsOperating System Functions

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User InterfaceUser Interface

Definition:

• The part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it so you can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks

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Types of User InterfacesTypes of User Interfaces

• Command-Driven

• Menu-Driven

• Graphical User Interfaces

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Resource ManagementResource Management

Definition:

• Programs to manage the hardware and networking resources of a computer system, including its CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications processors, and input/output peripherals

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File ManagementFile Management

Definition:

• Programs that control the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs as well as keeping track of the physical location of files on magnetic disks and other secondary storage devices

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Task ManagementTask Management

Definition:

• Programs that control which task gets access to the CPU and for how much time

• Multitasking – approach that allows for several computing tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion

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Popular Operating SystemsPopular Operating Systems

• Microsoft Windows

• UNIX

• Linux

• Mac OS X

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Other System Management ProgramsOther System Management Programs

• Performance Monitors – programs that monitor and adjust the performance and usage of one or more computer systems to keep them running efficiently

• Security Monitors – programs that monitor and control the use of computer systems and provide warning messages and record evidence of unauthorized use of computer resources

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Application ServersApplication Servers

Definition:

• Software which provides an interface between an operating system and application programs of users

• Middleware – software that helps diverse software applications and networked computer systems exchange data and work together more efficiently

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Programming LanguageProgramming Language

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Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages

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Machine LanguagesMachine Languages

• All program instructions had to be written using binary codes unique to each computer

• Programmers had to have a detailed knowledge of the internal operations of the specific type of CPU

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Assembler LanguagesAssembler Languages

• Alphabetic abbreviations and symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage locations

• Language translator programs are required to convert the instructions into machine instructions

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High-Level LanguagesHigh-Level Languages

• Instructions that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions

• Each statement generates several machine instructions when translated by compilers or interpreters

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Fourth-Generation LanguagesFourth-Generation Languages

• Nonprocedural – programmers specify results while computer determines the sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results

• Natural Language – very close to human language

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Object-Oriented LanguagesObject-Oriented Languages

• Ties together data element and the procedures or actions that will be performed upon them

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Web LanguagesWeb Languages

• HTML – a page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents

• XML – describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents

• Java – an object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent

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HTMLHTML

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Web ServicesWeb Services

Definition:

• Software components that are based on a framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technologies for using the Web to electronically link the applications of different user and different computing platforms

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Web ServicesWeb Services

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Language Translator ProgramsLanguage Translator Programs

• Assembler – translates the symbolic instruction codes of programs written in an assembler language into machine language instructions

• Compiler – translates high-level language statements

• Interpreter – compiler that translates and executes each statement in a program one at a time

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Programming ToolsProgramming Tools

• Graphical Programming Interfaces

• Programming Editors

• Debuggers

• CASE tools

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SummarySummary

• Computer software consists of applications software that directs the performance of a particular use of computers to meet the information processing needs of users, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system as it performs various information processing tasks.

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SummarySummary

• Application software includes general-purpose and application-specific categories.

• General-purpose application programs perform common information processing jobs for end users.

• Application-specific programs accomplish information processing tasks that support specific business functions.

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SummarySummary

• System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs.

• System management programs manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of a computer system during its execution of information processing jobs.

• System development programs help IS specialists develop computer programs to support business processes.

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SummarySummary

• An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operation of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage functions of the computer system, and provides various support services.

4 - 58Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

SummarySummary

• Programming languages require the use of a variety of programming packages to help programmers develop computer programs, and language translator programs to convert programming language instructions into machine language instruction codes.

4 - 59Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

End of Chapter

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