• 3.The policy of annexation introduced by Lord Dalhousie was received with much discontent among Indians. Due to the introduction of the new policy, Baji Rao's adopted son Nana Sahib was dispossessed of the pension his father was receiving. It was announced that Bahadur Shah Zafar will not be allowed to stay in the Red Fort anymore and they would have to move to a place near Qutub Minar. It was also announced that the successors of Bahadur Shah would not be given the title of king. 4.The British started to impose Christianity to provoke people further. Taxes were collected form temples and mosques and Hindu and Muslim soldiers were asked to accept the faith of Christianity.

Then after the first war of independence in 1857In 1858, India came under the direct control of the

British Crown.However, much of British India was not ruled directly by the government; the territory was divided into hundreds of nominally sovereign

princely state or "native states" whose relationship was not with the British government,

but directly with the monarch.

Then in the year 1862 Bahadur ShahII dies and India became a British colony

After the death of Bahadur ShahII the British rule was there until the Indian national congress was

founded in 1885

The All India Muslim League founded at Dhaka in 1906, was a political party in British India that developed into the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent After the independence of India and Pakistan, the League continued as a minor party in India, especially in Kerala, where it is often in government within a coalition with others. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"

The British rule was there in India until Mahatma Gandhi came in India in the year 1915 . The Defence of India act 1915 , also referred to as the Defence of India Regulations Act, was an Emergency Ciminal Lawenacted by the British rule in India in 1915 with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of World WarI. It would later be applied during the First Lahore Conspiracy trial in the aftermath of the Failed Ghadar Conspiracy of 1915. The act, after the end of WW I formed the basis of the Rowlatt act.

The Rowlett Act passed in 1919 authorized the government to imprison people without trial. Gandhi was the most vehement critic of the political violence which their act represented. He argued that it was not right to frame drastic legislation for the whole of India because political crimes occurred in a few places. There was a rare unanimity among Indian leaders on opposition of the Rowlett Bills. It lead to a wave of popular indignation. The government. resorted to repressive measures. The Rowlett Act came into effect on 10th March in 1919 . In Punjab the protest movement was very strong. On 10th April, two outstanding leaders of the congress Dr.Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kithlew, were arrested and taken to an unknown place. To protest

against the arrests, a public meeting was held on 13th April at Jallianwala Bagh, a small park enclosed by buildings on all sides in Amritsar. General Dyer with his British troops entered the park, closed the only exit and without giving any warning ordered the troops to fire. A peaceful meeting also attended by women and children was fired upon. Firing lasted about 10 minutes and about 1600 rounds were fired. As the exit, which was a narrow passage, had been closed, no one was allowed to escape. About 1000 dead, according to unofficial estimates, and about 2000 wounded persons lay unattended to in the Bagh.

The non-cooperation movement (असहयो�ग आन्दो�लन), was the first-ever series of nationwide people's movements of non-violent resistance and Civil Disobedience, led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. The Movement opened the Gandhi Era in the Indian Independence Movement and took place from September 1920 until February 1922

Gandhiji decided upon an experiment of mass civil disobedience at Bardoli in 1922. He had to suspend the campaign owing to the outbreak of violence at Chauri Chaura. (The second campaign was extremely successful). Subsequently, he was arrested for seditious articles in `Young India'. Gandhiji was sentenced to six years in jail at the `great trial' in Ahmedabad under Judge Broomfield.

In 1929 he was arrested for burning foreign cloth under the non-co-operation movement. In December, the Congress session at Lahore voted for complete independence (Sampoorna Swaraj). January 26 was proposed as Independence Day and Gandhiji launched the third all-India `Satyagraha campaign'.

On March 12 1930, Gandhiji, 61, set off from Sabarmati with 79 Satyagrahis on the historic Salt March to Dandi. Gandhiji and his followers covered 100 miles in 24 days to defy the `nefarious' Salt Act. Such publicized defiance required imagination and dignity. Technically, legally nothing had changed, except that British imperialism suffered a moral defeat. Gandhiji was arrested and sent to jail without trial.

The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence. Gandhi hoped to bring the British government to the negotiating table.[1] Almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress leaders were to spend the rest of the war in jail. By 1942, Indians were divided over World War II, as the British had unilaterally and without consultation entered India into the war. Some wanted to support the British during the Battle of Britain, hoping for eventual independence through this support. Others were enraged by the British disregard for Indian intelligence and civil rights, and were unsympathetic to the travails of Britons in the United Kingdom, which they saw as revenge for the subjugation of Indians.

In February Gandhiji’s wife dies. Gandhiji was allowed to attend her cremation but is then returned to prison. On 6 May he is released for good because of failing health. Meanwhile, the British Government agrees to independence for India on condition that the two contending nationalist groups, the Muslim League and the Congress Party, resolve their differences. In September Gandhi discusses the possibility of partition with Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the head of the Muslim League. The talks fail to resolve the issue. Nehru, with Gandhi's blessing, is invited by the British to form an interim government to organize the transition to independence. Fearing it will be excluded from power, the Muslim League declares 16 August 'Direct Action Day'. When communal rioting breaks out in the north, partition comes to be seen as a valid alternative to the possibility of civil war.

Partition of indian subcontinentThe Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation, on August 14, 1947 and August 15, 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan and People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of India). "Partition" here refers not only to the division of the Bengal province of British India into East Pakistan and West Bengal (India), and the similar partition of the Punjab province into Punjab (West Pakistan) and Punjab (India), but also to the respective divisions of other assets, including the British Indian Army, the Indian Civil Service and other administrative services, the railways, and the central treasury.

In August 1947, the Indian Independence Act was signed. This separated the Muslim majority areas (in the north-west and north-east regions of India) from India to create the independent state of Pakistan. This new state was split in two, the two parts being 1000 miles apart. The act was not easy to put into action.Some people found themselves on the wrong side of frontiers especially in the mixed provinces of the Punjab and Bengal. Millions moved to the new frontiers – Hindus in what was to be the new Pakistan moved to India while Muslims in India moved to Pakistan. Where the two moving groups met, violence occurred especially in the volatile Punjab province where it is though 250,000 people were murdered in religious clashes.

By the end of 1947, it seemed as if the violence was on the wane but in January 1948, a Hindu assassinated Gandhi. In a gesture that summed up the whole problem of India, the Hindu detested Gandhi’s tolerance towards Muslims. However, the murder of Gandhi shocked so many people, that ironically it ushered in a period of stability.

The first general elections were conducted in India in 1951, for 489

constituencies representing 26 Indian states. At that time, there were a few

two-seat and even a three-seat constituency. The multi-seat

constituencies were discontinued in the 1960s.

First general elections of india

The Sino-Indian War, also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, was a war between People's Republic of China and India. The initial cause of the conflict was a disputed region of the Himalayan border in Arunachal Pradesh, known in China as South Tibet. Fighting began on 20 October 1962 between the People's Liberation Army and the Military of India. The first heavy engagement of the war was a Chinese attack on an Indian patrol north of the McMahon Line.

The conflict eventually widened to include the region of Aksai China which the PRC regarded as a strategic link, via the China National Highway route G219, between the Chinese-administered territories of Tibet and Xinjiang. The war ended when the Chinese captured both disputed areas and unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962, which went into effect at midnight.

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. It was known as the Second Kashmir War which was fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The war began following the failure of Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar which was designed

to infiltrate and invade Jammu and Kashmir. The five-week war

caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United

Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire.

The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions that

took place in bombay (now Mumbai), India on March 12, 1993. The

coordinated attacks were the most destructive bomb explosions in Indian

history. The single-day attacks resulted in up to 250 civilian fatalities and 700 injuries. The attacks are believed to have been coordinated by Dawood

Ibrahim, don of the organized crime syndicate named D-Company, which

had operated as a terrorist organization.

The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, I) was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir. The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control, which serves as the de facto border between the two states. During and directly after the war, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent

Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces. The Indian Army, supported by the Indian Air Force, attacked the Pakistani positions and, with international diplomatic support, eventually forced a Pakistani withdrawal across the Line of Control s

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea (subduction) earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on December 26, 2004, with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The earthquake triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing more than 225,000 people in eleven countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 meters (100 feet). It was one of the DEADLIEST natural disasters in history. Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand were hardest hit.

This presentation has been made by Keshav Karwa of Class-VIII Section-B