3
3 D TRANSIENT WITH MOTION SIMULATION O F ELECTRIC MOTORS Phillip J . Weicker. Infolytica Corporation Abstract: With recent advances i n computation power a nd finite element meshing a n d solution algorithms, t h e analysis o f 3 D devices i s n ow becoming both realistic a n d worthwhile, especially i n t h e design ofnovel machines where 2 D analysis i s n o t suitable, such a s axial flux machines like th e disk induction investigated here. I n particular, n e w methods f o r formulating motion meshes a n d efficient solvers allow f o r efficient multi-physics solution o f such machines under transient conditions, considering eddy current, velocity effects, the equations o f motion as well as t h e field solution. T h e computational effort and problem size required f o r 3 D electromagnetic field simulation a r e considerable a n d t h e algorithms developed must be robust, efficient a nd scaleable. A n overview o f t h e design, t h e methodology f o r analysis a n d a review o f t h e results a n d comparison with experiment measurements a r e presented. K e y Words: Finite Element Analysis, Disk Induction Machine, Axial Flux Machine, Simulation I. INTRODUCTION T h e axial flux disk induction machine h a s been conceived f or us e i n specialized applications requiring short axial length. Th e design a nd analysis o f such a machine is necessarily a 3 D problem. D u e t o t h e critical importance o f t h e eddy currents t o t h e operation o f t h e machine, t h e modeling o f t h e startup o f the machine requires a transient solution o f the coupled electromagnetic a n d mechanical effects, (equations o f motion a nd velocity effects considered), traditionally a n expensive a n d difficult problem. problem i s further complicated b y t h e consideration o f potentially complex electric circuits including position-dependent switching a n d secondary mechanical effects such a s viscous friction, spring constants, mass, inertia, gravity a n d arbitrary load forces a s a function o f position a n d time. Tight coupling i s required a s the mechanical a n d electrical time constants a r e o f similar magnitude, especially f o r low-inertia machines such a s t h e disk induction motor. Various techniques have been introduced t o improve t h e solution time b y reducing t h e meshing overhead, a nd allowing f o r arbitrary motion o f components. Computed torques a n d forces a r e comparedto experimental quantities. I I . DEVICE OVERVIEW Figure I shows a cutaway view o f the device-it consists o f a three-phase, 4-pole, 12-tooth stator, a n aluminum rotor disk i n which t h e rotor currents will flow, a n d a rotor back iron region. T h e machine h a s a n overall diameter of 184 mm a n d a n axial length o f 64 m m . Th e windings a r e each 2 9 0 turns, excited with 2.83A. T h e frequency o f operation i s 50Hz. T h e details o f t he machine a r e given i n Table I . Previous work [ I ] h a s provided experimental measurements o f performance f o r this machine. Table 1 : Disk Machine Details This type o f machine i s often specified when rapid changes i n operating speed a r e required o r t h e short axial length o f t e machine i s crucial. 0-7803-91 45-4/05/$20.00©c2005IEEE Disc Machine details All dimensions i n millimeters Stator outer diameter 128 Stator inner diameter 7 1 Stator height 3 9 Number o f teeth 12 Slot opening 3 Slot width 1 4 Slot height 2 1 Number o f phases 3 Number o f poles 4 Number o f turns/coil 290 A i r g a p I rotor disk diameter 1 8 4 rotor disk thickness 6.35 rotor disk conductivity (S/m) 0.3278x108 rotor back iron diameter 1 2 8 rotor back iron thickness 2 5 3 4 8 Authorized licensed use limited to: KING SAUD UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on October 27, 2009 at 16:44 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

3d Transient With Motion Simulation of Electric Motors

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3D TRANSIENT WITH MOTION SIMULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

P h i l l i p J . W e i c k e r .

I n f o l y t i c a C o r p o r a t i o n

A b s t r a c t : W i t h r e c e n t a d v a n c e s i n c o m p u t a t i o n

p o w e r a n d f i n i t e e l e m e n t m e s h i n g a n d s o l u t i o na l g o r i t h m s , t h e a n a l y s i s o f 3D d e v i c e s i s now

b e c o m i n g b o t h r e a l i s t i c a n d w o r t h w h i l e , e s p e c i a l l y i nt h e d e s i g n o f n o v e l m a c h i n e s w h e r e 2D a n a l y s i s i s n o t

s u i t a b l e , s u c h a s a x i a l f l u x m a c h i n e s l i k e t h e d i s k

i n d u c t i o n m o t o r i n v e s t i g a t e d h e r e . I n p a r t i c u l a r , new

m e t h o d s f o r f o r m u l a t i n g m o t i o n m e s h e s a n d e f f i c i e n ts o l v e r s a l l o w f o r e f f i c i e n t m u l t i - p h y s i c s s o l u t i o n o f

s u c h m a c h i n e s u n d e r t r a n s i e n t c o n d i t i o n s ,c o n s i d e r i n g e d d y c u r r e n t , v e l o c i t y e f f e c t s , t h e

e q u a t i o n s o f m o t i o n a s w e l l a s t h e f i e l d s o l u t i o n . T h ec o m p u t a t i o n a l e f f o r t a n d p r o b l e m s i z e r e q u i r e d f o r3D e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s i m u l a t i o n a r e c o n s i d e r a b l e

a n d t h e a l g o r i t h m s d e v e l o p e d m u s t b e r o b u s t ,e f f i c i e n t a n d s c a l e a b l e . An o v e r v i e w o f t h e d e s i g n , t h em e t h o d o l o g y f o r a n a l y s i s a n d a r e v i e w o f t h e r e s u l t sa n d c o m p a r i s o n w i t h e x p e r i m e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e

p r e s e n t e d .

K e y W o r d s : F i n i t e E l e m e n t A n a l y s i s , D i s k I n d u c t i o nM a c h i n e , A x i a l F l u x M a c h i n e , S i m u l a t i o n

I . INTRODUCTION

T h e a x i a l f l u x d i s k i n d u c t i o n m a c h i n e h a s b e e n

c o n c e i v e d f o r u s e i n s p e c i a l i z e d a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r i n gs h o r t a x i a l l e n g t h . T h e d e s i g n a n d a n a l y s i s o f s u c h a

m a c h i n e i s n e c e s s a r i l y a 3D p r o b l e m . Due t o t h e c r i t i c a li m p o r t a n c e o f t h e e d d y c u r r e n t s t o t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h em a c h i n e , t h e m o d e l i n g o f t h e s t a r t u p o f t h e m a c h i n e

r e q u i r e s a t r a n s i e n t s o l u t i o n o f t h e c o u p l e d

e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a n d m e c h a n i c a l e f f e c t s , ( e q u a t i o n s o f

m o t i o n a n d v e l o c i t y e f f e c t s c o n s i d e r e d ) , t r a d i t i o n a l l y a n

e x p e n s i v e a n d d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m . T h e p r o b l e m i s f u r t h e rc o m p l i c a t e d b y t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l l y c o m p l e xe l e c t r i c c i r c u i t s i n c l u d i n g p o s i t i o n - d e p e n d e n t s w i t c h i n ga n d s e c o n d a r y m e c h a n i c a l e f f e c t s s u c h a s v i s c o u sf r i c t i o n , s p r i n g c o n s t a n t s , m a s s , i n e r t i a , g r a v i t y a n d

a r b i t r a r y l o a d f o r c e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f p o s i t i o n a n d t i m e .T i g h t c o u p l i n g i s r e q u i r e d a s t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n d

e l e c t r i c a l t i m e c o n s t a n t s a r e o f s i m i l a r m a g n i t u d e ,e s p e c i a l l y f o r l o w - i n e r t i a m a c h i n e s s u c h a s t h e d i s ki n d u c t i o n m o t o r . V a r i o u s t e c h n i q u e s h a v e b e e n

i n t r o d u c e d t o i m p r o v e t h e s o l u t i o n t i m e b y r e d u c i n g t h e

m e s h i n g o v e r h e a d , a n d a l l o w i n g f o r a r b i t r a r y m o t i o n o f

c o m p o n e n t s . C o m p u t e d t o r q u e s a n d f o r c e s a r ec o m p a r e d t o e x p e r i m e n t a l q u a n t i t i e s .

I I . DEVICE OVERVIEW

F i g u r e I s h o w s a c u t a w a y v i e w o f t h e d e v i c e - i t c o n s i s t so f a t h r e e - p h a s e , 4 - p o l e , 1 2 - t o o t h s t a t o r , a n a l u m i n u mr o t o r d i s k i n w h i c h t h e r o t o r c u r r e n t s w i l l f l o w , a n d ar o t o r b a c k i r o n r e g i o n . T h e m a c h i n e h a s a n o v e r a l ld i a m e t e r o f 1 8 4 mm a n d a n a x i a l l e n g t h o f 6 4 mm. T h ew i n d i n g s a r e e a c h 2 9 0 t u r n s , e x c i t e d w i t h 2 . 8 3 A . T h e

f r e q u e n c y o f o p e r a t i o n i s 5 0 H z . T h e d e t a i l s o f t h em a c h i n e a r e

g i v e ni n T a b l e I . P r e v i o u s w o r k [ I ] h a s

p r o v i d e d e x p e r i m e n t a l m e a s u r e m e n t s o f p e r f o r m a n c e f o rt h i s m a c h i n e .

T a b l e 1 : D i s k M a c h i n e D e t a i l s

T h i s t y p e o f m a c h i n e i s o f t e n s p e c i f i e d when r a p i dc h a n g e s i n o p e r a t i n g s p e e d a r e r e q u i r e d or t h e s h o r t a x i a l

l e n g t h o f t h e m a c h i n e i s c r u c i a l .

0 - 7 8 0 3 - 9 1 4 5 - 4 / 0 5 / $ 2 0 . 0 0 © c 2 0 0 5 I E E E

D i s c M a c h i n e d e t a i l s

A l l d i m e n s i o n s i n m i l l i m e t e r sS t a t o r o u t e r d i a m e t e r 1 2 8

S t a t o r i n n e r d i a m e t e r 7 1S t a t o r h e i g h t 3 9

N u m b e r o f t e e t h 1 2

S l o t o p e n i n g 3S l o t w i d t h 1 4

S l o t h e i g h t 2 1N u m b e r o f p h a s e s 3N u m b e r o f p o l e s 4

N u m b e r o f t u r n s / c o i l 2 9 0

A i r g a p I

r o t o r d i s k d i a m e t e r 1 8 4

r o t o r d i s k t h i c k n e s s 6 . 3 5r o t o r d i s k c o n d u c t i v i t y ( S / m ) 0 . 3 2 7 8 x 1 0 8r o t o r b a c k i r o n d i a m e t e r 1 2 8

r o t o r b a c k i r o n t h i c k n e s s 2 5

3 4 8

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F i g u r e 1 : D i s k M a c h i n e C u t a w a y View

I I I . MESHING AND PRE-PROCESSING

T h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t m e t h o d i n v o l v e s t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h es o l u t i o n space i n t o g e o m e t r i c a l l y s i m p l i f i e d e l e m e n t s

( t e t r a h e d r a ar e u s e d i n 3D p r o b l e m s ) a n d r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

f i e l d i n e a c h e l e m e n t w i t h a l i n e a r c o m b i n a t i o n o fp o l y n o m i a l b a s i s f u n c t i o n s .

Tw o a p p r o a c h e s e x i s t f o r t h e s o l u t i o n o f t r a n s i e n t FE A

p r o b l e m s w i t h m o t i o n - t h o s e t h a t i n v o l v e t h e c r e a t i o n o fa t o p o l o g i c a l l y w e l l - c o n n e c t e d m e s h a t e a c h t i m e s t e p , or

t h o s e t h a t d o n o t , a n d e m p l o y some f o r m o f s m o o t h i n g or

L a g r a n g e m u l t i p l i e r t e c h n i q u e t o e n f o r c e f i e l d c o n t i n u i t yacross t h e m o t i o n i n t e r f a c e .

T h e m e s h s l i d e s a l o n g t h e m o t i o n i n t e r f a c e , a n d i s n o t

w e l l - c o n n e c t e d a t a l l t i m e s .

T h e f o r m e r t e c h n i q u e i s e m p l o y e d h e r e . T h e s e c o n d

t e c h n i q u e , a l t h o u g h i t e l i m i n a t e s t h e n e e d f o r an y m e s hr e g e n e r a t i o n i n s u b s e q u e n t t i m e s t e p s , i s prove n t o

n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e c o n j u g a t eg r a d i e n t s o l v e r u s e d t o s o l v e t h e FEA m a t r i x . To r e d u c e

t h e o v e r h e a d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m e s h g e n e r a t i o n , t h e i n i t i a lf i n i t e e l e m e n t m e s h i s c r e a t e d a n d d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e ed i s t i n c t r e g i o n s :

* STATIC -s t a t i o n a r y p a r t s o f t h e d e v i c e . T h i s

m e s h i s i n v a r i a n t f r o m o n e t i m e s t e p t o t h e n e x t .

* MOTION - h e components o f t h e d e v i c e t h a tar e m o v i n g ( t h e r o t o r ) . T h i s m e s h i s a l s oi n v a r i a n t .

* REMESH -t h e a i r ga p b e t w e e n t h e s t a t o r a n dr o t o r w h i c h m u s t b e r e m e s h e d a t every t i m e s t e p

t o ensure a c o n t i n u o u s m e s h .

F i g u r e 2 a . A i r ga p i s r e m e s h e d t o c r e a t e a w e l l -c o n n e c t e d m e s h a t e a c h t i m e s t e p .

F i g u r e 2 b . A i r ga p m e s h i s a t t a c h e d t o s t a t i o n a r yc o m p o n e n t , a n d r e m a i n s i n v a r i a n t d u r i n g m o t i o n .

F i g u r e 3 : F i n i t e E l e m e n t Mesh o f D i s k M a c h i n e

F i g u r e 3 s h o w s t h e m e s h r e g i o n s i n t h e d e v i c e , w i t h a

c l o s e - u p o f t h e a i r gap, s h o w i n g how t h e r e m e s h r e g i o n

c o m p l e t e l y e n c l o s e s t h e m o v i n g r o t o r . E f f o r t s a r e m a d et o k e e p t h e r e m e s h r e g i o n as s m a l l a s p o s s i b l e t o

m i n i m i z e r e m e s h i n g t i m e .

S e l e c t i v e m e s h r e f i n e m e n t w as u s e d a n d a l l o w s t h e m e s h

d e n s i t y t o b e s p e c i f i e d f o r i n d i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t s , f a c e sor v e r t i c e s . S p e c i a l r e f i n e m e n t w a s a d d e d t o t h ea l u m i n u m r o t o r d i s k a s a c c u r a t e m o d e l i n g o f t h e e d d yc u r r e n t s i s n e e d e d t o o b t a i n an a c c u r a t e s o l u t i o n .

349

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T h e f i n a l s o l u t i o n r e s u l t s i n a m e s h t h a t c o n s i s t s o f

1 , 0 8 3 , 1 6 8 t e t r a h e d r a a n d 5 0 7 , 9 5 5 d e g r e e o f f r e e d o m . Of

t h e s e m e s h t e t r a h e d r a , o n l y 2 0 . 5 % a r e i n t h e r e m e s h

r e g i o n . 7 1 5 , 0 2 4 t e t r a h e d r a l i e i n n o n - c o n d u c t i n g r e g i o n s .T h e m o t o r w a s s i m u l a t e d f r o m z e r o s p e e d u p t o 1 5 0 0

RPM i n 2 6 0 m i l l i s e c o n d s . T h e t i m e s t e p u s e d w a s I m s .

F i g u r e 5 s h o w s a c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e so f t o r q u e a n d s p e e d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e d b y t h eFE A m e t h o d . E x c e l l e n t a g r e e m e n t i s o b t a i n e d n e a r

s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d . T h e r e s u l t s a t l o w e r s p e e d s c o u l d

p o t e n t i a l l y b e i m p r o v e d w i t h a f i n e r m e s h .

0 . 5I V . SOLUTION AND POST-PROCESSING

T h e s o l v e r e m p l o y s t h e T - Q 2 m e t h o d f o r a r b i t r a r y m o t i o n

d e s c r i b e d [ 2 ] , b a s e d o n t h e i n i t i a l T-2 m e t h o d w i t hh i e r a r c h i c a l e d g e e l e m e n t s [ 3 ] . T h i s r e s u l t s i n a m o r e

e c o n o m i c a l s o l u t i o n t h a n t h e c l a s s i c A-V m e t h o d . H e r e

t h e s o l v e r c o m p u t e s t h e v e c t o r p o t e n t i a l i n c o n d u c t i n gr e g i o n s o n l y ( a n d t h e s c a l a r p o t e n t i a l e l s e w h e r e ) , w h e r e a s

w i t h t h e A- V m e t h o d , t h e v e c t o r p o t e n t i a l i s s o l v e d i n a l l

r e g i o n s . Some o f t h e m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l s u s e d a r e n o n -

l i n e a r ( w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e B-H c u r v e ) . T h e t r a n s i e n ts o l v e r i s a b l e t o m o d e l t h e b e h a v i o u r o f n o n - l i n e a rm a t e r i a l s w i t h o u t a n y a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f t h e B H c u r v e ,

e f f e c t s d u e t o s a t u r a t i o n c a n b e f u l l y m o d e l e d .

F o r e a c h t i m e s t e p , a p o s t - p r o c e s s i n g s o l u t i o n p r o v i d e st h e m a g n e t i c f o r c e s a n d t o r q u e s . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s t h e nu s e d t o s o l v e t h e e q u a t i o n s o f m o t i o n o v e r t h e d i s c r e t et i m e s t e p a n d d e t e r m i n e n e w v e l o c i t i e s , p o s i t i o n s a n d

a c c e l e r a t i o n s o f c o m p o n e n t s . F o r t h e n e x t m a g n e t i cs o l u t i o n , t h e v e l o c i t i e s a r e u s e d i n t h e c o m p u t a t i o n o f t h ef i e l d s o l u t i o n . A r b i t r a r y m o t i o n i s a l l o w e d w i t h a n y

n u m b e r a n d c o m b i n a t i o n o f t r a n s l a t i o n a l o r r o t a t i o n a ld e g r e e s o f f r e e d o m . M o t i o n c a n b e a u g m e n t e d w i t hv i s c o u s d a m p i n g , s p r i n g c o n s t a n t s o r v e l o c i t y A o a dp r o f i l e s . C a r e m u s t b e t a k e n t o a v o i d c o l l i s i o n o f m o t i o n

c o m p o n e n t s d u r i n g t h e s o l u t i o n .

T h e o v e r a l l s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e s 1 4 m i n u t e s , 4 0 s e c o n d s p e rt i m e s t e p . T h e f u l l s o l u t i o n o f 6 0 t i m e s t e p s r e q u i r e d 1 4

h o u r s , 4 1 m i n u t e s o n a 2 . 4 0 GHz AMD O p t e r o n C P U ,w i t h a p e a k RAM u s a g e o f 6 0 4 MB .

F i g u r e 4 : S h a d e d / c o n t o u r p l o t o f r o t o r c u r r e n t d e n s i t y

0 . 4

0 . 3

I 0 . 2

o 0 . 1

0

- 0 . 1

- 0 . 2

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 6 0 0

S p e e d ( r p m )

F i g u r e 5 : C o m p a r i s o n o f e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d FEA r e s u l t s -

t o r q u e v s . s p e e d

F i g u r e 6 : C o m p a r i s o n o f e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d FE A

r e s u l t s - n o r m a l f o r c e v s . s p e e d

V . CONCLUSIONS

T h e m o d e l i n g o f 3D d e v i c e s a n d s o l u t i o n o f t r a n s i e n t

e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s w i t h m o t i o n i s a r e l i a b l e m e t h o d o fs i m u l a t i n g e ve n c o m p l e x f i e l d d i s t r i b u t i o n s a n d o b t a i n i n ga c c u r a t e s o l u t i o n s f o r d i f f i c u l t q u a n t i t i e s s u c h a s f o r c e

a n d t o r q u e . A p p l i c a t i o n s a b o u n d m a n y areas i n c l u d i n g

e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e s w i t h s k e w e d r o t o r s or s t a t o r s , e n d

e f f e c t m o d e l i n g , l i n e a r m o t o r s , c l a w - p o l e a l t e r n a t o r s .

W i t h c u r r e n t c o m p u t i n g t e c h n o l o g y t h e s o l u t i o n o f 3D

t r a n s i e n t w i t h m o t i o n p r o b l e m s i s a r e a l i s t i c t o o l f o r

d e s i g n e r s o f e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e s .

350

1 0

2 1

9m 0

I

2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 0

S p e e d ( r p m )

8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

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