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CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
JURUSAN BIOLOGI - FMIPA
2009
3TH MEETING
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LEARNING OUTCOMESYou should be able to:
1. describe and interpret drawings and photographs of
typical animal and plant cells as seen using the light
microscope and make microscopical measurement;
2. explain the meanings of, and distinguish between, the
terms resolution and magnification and calculate the linier
magnification of drawings;
3. describe and interpret drawings and photographs of
typical animal and plant cells as seen using the electronmicroscope, recognizing rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi aparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes,
lysosomes, chloroplast, plasma membrane, centrioles,
cilia and the nucleus.
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CELL BIOLOGY & MICROSCOPY
There are two fundamentally different types ofmicroscope now in use: the light microscope
and the electron microscope.
Both use a form of radiation in order to create
an image of the specimen being examined.
The light microscope uses light as a source of
radiation, while the electron microscope uses
electrons.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
First
compoundlight
microscope
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Robert Hooke
Coined the
term cell
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Matthias Schlieden
All plants
are made of
cells
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Theodor Schwann
All animals
are made of
cells
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Rudolf Virchow Cells can
only arise
from pre-
existing cells
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Cell Theory1. The cell is the basic unit of
structure.2. The cell is the basic unit of
function.
3.All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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ANIMAL & PLANT CELLS HAVE
FEATURES IN COMMON
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Two Basic Cell Types
1) ProkaryoteLacks internalcompartments.
No true nucleus.
Most are single-celled
(unicellular)organisms.
Examples: bacteria
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Two Basic Cell Types
2)Eukaryote
Has several internalstructures (organelles).
True nucleus.Either unicellular ormulticellular.
unicellular example: yeast
multicellular examples:
plants and animals
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Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cellsBacterial cells also contain flagellum, plasmid and capsule.
Feature Prokaryote Eukaryote
Size Small about 0.5 micrometers Up to 40 micrometers
Genetic
materialCircular DNA (in cytoplasm) DNA in form of linear chromosomes (
in nucleus)
OrganellesFew present, none membrane
bound
Many organelles:
Double membranes e.g.: nucleus,
mitochondria & chloroplasts
Single membrane e.g.: GA, ER &
lysosomes
Cell wallsRigid formed from
glycoproteins (mainly murein)
Fungi: rigid, formed frompolysaccharide, chitin.
Plant: rigid, formed from
polysaccharides. E.g.: cellulose.
Animals no cell wall
Ribosomes 70s 80s
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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell
1) Boundaries
A) Plasma Membrane
-- Serves as a boundary
between the cell and itsexternal environment.
-- Allows materials topass in and out of thecell.
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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
2) ControlsA) NucleusRegulates cell function.
Surrounded by a double-layered membrane (nuclearenveloped) with large poresthat allow materials to passin and out of the nucleus.
Contains chromatin long
tangles of DNA.
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2) Controls
B) NucleolusFound in the nucleus
and responsible forribosome production.Ribosomes are the
sites of proteinproduction.
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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
3) AssemblyCytoplasm
The jelly-like materialthat surrounds the
organelles.
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Cytosol
Cytoplasm refers to the jelly-likematerial with organelles in it.
If the organelles were removed, thesoluble part that would be left iscalled the cytosol. It consists
mainly of water with dissolvedsubstances such as amino acids init.
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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
4) Transport
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
Folded membrane that actsas the cells delivery system.
Smooth E.R. contains
enzymes for lipid synthesis.Rough E.R. is studded withribosomes for protein
synthesis.
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4) Transport
B) Golgi apparatus (or Golgibody)
A
series of flattened sacswhere newly made lipids andproteins from the E.R. are
repackaged and shipped tothe plasma membrane.
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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
5) StorageA) Vacuoles
A sac of fluidsurrounded by amembrane used to
store food, fluid, orwaste products.
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Vacuoles and vesicles are storage organelles in
cells. Vacuoles are larger than vesicles. Either structure
may store water, waste products, food, and other cellularmaterials. In plant cells, the vacuole may take up most of
the cell's volume. The membrane surrounding the plant cell
vacuole is called the tonoplast.
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5) Storage
B) LysosomesContain a digestive enzyme.
Can fuse with vacuoles todigest food, or can digestworn cell parts.
Also known as suicide sacsbecause they can also destroythe whole cell.
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Steps in lysomal formation
The ER and Golgi apparatus make a lysosome
(2) The lysosome fuses with a digestive vacuole
(3) Activated acid
hydrolases digest the contents
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Mitochondria
Produce the energy for
the cell.Also known as the
powerhouse of the cell.Has a highly folded innermembrane (cristae).
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
6)Energy Transformers
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MITOCHONDRIA
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6)Energy TransformersB) Chloroplasts
-- Found in plant cells andsome protists.
-- Transforms light energyinto chemical energy which isstored in food molecules.
-- Contain chlorophyll agreen pigment that traps lightenergy and gives plants their
green color.
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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
7) SupportCytoskeleton
A network of thin, fibrous
materials that act as a scaffoldand support the organelles.
Microtubules hollow filaments
of protein.Microfilaments solid filamentsof protein.
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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
8) Locomotion1) Cilia
Short, numerous, hair-like
projections from theplasma membrane.
Move with a coordinatedbeating action.
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8) Locomotion
B) FlagellaLonger, less numerous
projections from theplasma membrane.
Move with a whiplikeaction.
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Flagella may extend to the rear of a cell and
push it forward by snakelike wriggling, orstick out in front and draw it along. We
humans possess both flagella and cilia.
Each sperm cell is propelled by a trailingflagellum that accelerates the little torpedo
forward in its quest to fertilize an egg.
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The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
9) Cell DivisionCentrioles
made of protein.
play a role in the splitting ofthe cell into two cells.
found in animal and fungicells.
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The centrosome, also called the "microtubule organizing
center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are
produced.
Within an animal cell centrosome there is a pair of smallorganelles, the centrioles, each made up of a ring of nine
groups of microtubules. There are three fused microtubules
in each group.
The two centrioles are arranged such that one is
perpendicular to the other.
During animal cell division, the centrosome divides and the
centrioles replicate (make new copies). The result is two
centrosomes, each with its own pair of centrioles. The two
centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus, and from
each centrosome, microtubules grow into a "spindle" which
is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into
the two daughter cells.
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Cell wall & Plasmodesmata- In addition to
cell membranes, plants have cell walls. Cell
walls provide protection and support forplants.
Unlike cell membranes materials cannot get
through cell walls. This would be a problem
for plant cells if not for special openingscalled plasmodesmata.
These openings are used to communicate and
transport materials between plant cellsbecause the cell membranes are able touch
and therefore exchange needed materials.
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ANIMAL CELL
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