3a Renaissance Architecture

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Created and Presented by:

AR. DIANE A. JOSE


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STORY

HISHistory is a record or account, often chronological in

approach, of past events, people, developments, etc.


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It l


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Rome, Italy


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Venice, Italy


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Florence, Italy


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Italian Culture

Italy is described as colorful, rich, bold, and romantic.

Italians have a passion for everything they do.

Italians love to laugh, talk loudly, and speak with hand

gestures. Italians love their food, music and heritage. There are many carnivals and festivals with colorful costumes

and parades. Italians enjoy watching motor races like the Grand Prix in

Milan. There are also bicycle races. Much of Italy is farmland where they grow fruits, vegetables,

grapes and olives. The cities are very crowded and many families live in

apartments.

Italy has open air markets as well as fancy designer shops.


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Italian Culture

When arriving and leaving, shake hands with everyone

Women may kiss good friend on either cheek (more like

pressing the sides of each others face)

Italians are comfortable with standing very close. Dont backaway! This is interpreted as unfriendly.

Dont use first names unless invited

Use the title Man: Dottore/Signor; Woman: Dottoressa/Signora


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ITALIAN FLAG: Symbolizes

Hope Faith Bloodshed


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RENAISSANCEARCHITECTURE

Architectural Characteristics


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RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Is style of architecture, reflecting therebirthof

Classical culture, that originated in Florence in

the early 15th century and spread throughout

Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic style.


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As in the Classical period, proportion was the

most important factor of beauty; Renaissance

architects found a harmony between human

proportions and buildings.


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Developed first inFlorence(Italy), withFILIPPO

BRUNELLESCHI as one of its innovators, the

Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian

cities and then to France, Germany, England,

Russia and elsewhere.

Filippo Brunelleschi


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HISTORIOGRAPHY

The word "Renaissance" derived from the term

"la rinascita" (meaning re-birth) which firstappeared in Giorgio Vasari'sVite de' pi eccellentiarchitetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani(The Lives ofthe Artists, 155068).

The Renaissance style was recognized bycontemporaries in the term "all'antica", or "inthe ancient manner"(of the Romans).


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PRINCIPAL PHASES

Historians often use the following designations:

Renaissance (ca. 14001500); also known as the

QUATTROCENTO and sometimes EARLYRENAISSANCE

HIGH RENAISSANCE(ca.1500

1525)

MANNERISM(ca. 15201600)


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QUATTROCENTO

In the Quattrocento, concepts of architectural order were explored and rules

were formulated. The study of classical antiquity led in particular to the

adoption of Classical detail and ornamentation.

Space, as an element of architecture, was utilized differently to the way it had

been in the Middle Ages.

Space was organized by proportional logic, its form and rhythm subject togeometry, rather than being created by intuition as in Medieval buildings.

The prime example of this is the Basilica di San Lorenzo in Florence by Filippo

Brunelleschi (13771446).


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Basilica di San Lorenzo


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Basilica di San Lorenzo Plan


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HIGH RENAISSANCE

During the High Renaissance, concepts derived fromclassical antiquity were

developed and used with greater surety.

The most representative architect is Donato Bramante (14441514) who

expanded the applicability of classical architecture to contemporary buildings.

His San Pietro in Montorio (1503) was directly inspired by circular Roman

temples. He was, however, hardly a slave to the classical forms and it was his

style that was to dominate Italian architecture in the 16th century.

Temple of Vesta, Rome, 205 AD. As the most

important temple of Ancient Rome, it

became the model for Bramante's

Tempietto.

Tempietto


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San Pietro in Montorio / Tempietto


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MANNERISM

During the Mannerist period, architects experimented with using

architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships.

The Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to freer and more imaginativerhythms.

The best known architect associated with the Mannerist style was

Michelangelo(14751564), who is credited with inventing the giant order, a

large pilaster that stretches from the bottom to the top of a facade. He used

this in his design for the Campidoglio in Rome.

Prior to the 20th century, the term Mannerismhad negative connotations,

but it is now used to describe the historical period in more general non-

judgemental terms.


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Campidoglio in Rome


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Characteristics of Renaissance Architecture

PLAN

The plans of Renaissance buildings have asquare, symmetrical appearance in which

proportions are usually based on a module.

Within a church the module is often the

width of an aisle. The need to integrate the

design of the plan with the faade wasintroduced as an issue in the work of Filippo

Brunelleschi, but he was never able to carry

this aspect of his work into fruition.

The first building to demonstrate this was

St. Andrea in Mantua by Alberti. The

development of the plan in secular

architecture was to take place in the 16th

century and culminated with the work of

Palladio.

Raphael's plan for St.

Peter's Basilica.

St. Andrea in Mantua by

Alberti


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San Andrea in Mantua by Alberti

FACADE


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FACADE

Faades are symmetrical around their

vertical axis.

Church facades are generally surmounted

by a pediment and organized by a system

of pilasters, arches and entablatures.

The columns and windows show a

progression towards the center.

Domestic buildings are often surmounted

by acornice.

There is a regular repetition of openings

on each floor, and the centrally placed door

is marked by a feature such as a balcony, or

rusticated surround. An early and much

copied prototype was the faade for the

Palazzo Rucellai (1446 and 1451) inFlorence with its three registers of pilasters

Sant'Agostino, Rome, Giacomo di

Pietrasanta, 1483

Palazzo Rucellai


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Pallazo Rucellai


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Pallazo Rucellai


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COLUMNS AND PILASTERS

The Roman orders of columns are used:-

Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian andComposite.

The orders can either be structural,

supporting an arcade or architrave, or

purely decorative, set against a wall in theform of pilasters.

During the Renaissance, architects aimed

to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures

as an integrated system. One of the first

buildings to use pilasters as an integrated

system was in the Old Sacristy (14211440)

by Brunelleschi.

Old Sacristy , Sagrestia Vecchia


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OLD SACRISTY


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ARCHES

Arches are semi-circularor (in the Mannerist style) segmental.

Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns withcapitals.

There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the

springing of the arch.

Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental scale at the St.

Andrea in Mantua.


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San Andrea, Mantua

(Monumental Arch)


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Barrel vault in St.

Andrea

VAULTS

Vaults do not have ribs (Barrel Vault).

They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothicvault which is frequently rectangular.

The barrel vault, is returned to architectural vocabulary as at the St. Andrea

in Mantua.


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San Andrea, Mantua (Barrel Vault)


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DOMES

The dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is

visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where

they are only visible internally.

Domes had been used only rarely in the Middle Ages, but after the success of

the dome in Brunelleschisdesign for the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore and its

use in Bramantesplan for St. Peter's Basilica (1506) in Rome, the dome became

an indispensable element in church architecture and later even for seculararchitecture, such as Palladio's Villa Rotonda.

The Dome of St Peter's Basilica,

Rome.

Villa Rotonda


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St. Peters Basilica (Dome)


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CEILINGS

Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are not left open as in

Medieval architecture. They are frequently painted or decorated.

DOORS

Door usually have square lintels. They may be set within an arch or

surmounted by a triangular or segmental pediment. Openings that do not

have doors are usually arched and frequently have a large or decorative

keystone.

Palazzo Campildolgio


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Coffered Ceilings


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WINDOWS

Windows may bepaired and set within

a semi-circular arch. They may have

square lintels and triangular or

segmental pediments, which are often

used alternately. Emblematic in this

respect is the Palazzo Farnese in Rome,

begun in 1517.

In the Mannerist period the Palladian

arch was employed, using a motif of a

high semi-circular topped opening

flanked with two lower square-topped

openings. Windows are used to bringlight into the building and in domestic

architecture, to give views. Stained glass,

although sometimes present, is not a

feature.

Palazzo Stozzi

Palazzo Farnese


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PALLADIAN MOTIF


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Palazzo Farnese


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WALLS

External walls are generally of highly-

finished ashlar masonry, laid in straightcourses.

The corners of buildings are often

emphasized by rusticated quoins.

Basements and ground floors were oftenrusticated, as modeled on the Palazzo

Medici Riccardi(14441460) in Florence.

Internal walls are smoothly plastered and

surfaced with white-chalk paint. For more

formal spaces, internal surfaces aredecorated with frescoes.


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Palazzo Medici Riccardi


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SUMMARY: Renaissance Character

Rusticated masonry, (rough masonry)

Quoins, Cornices, Balusters

Domes

Pediments, Arches, Barrel Vaults

Symmetrical in vertical axis


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References

Palmer, Allison Lee. Historical Dictionary of Architecture. TheScarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland Toronto Plymouth, UK.2008

Harris, Cyril M. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction.McGraw-Hill. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London

Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul SingaporeSydney Toronto. 2006

Chitham, Robert.The Classical Orders of Architecture, 2nd Ed.Architectural Press An imprint of Elsevier. Oxford Burlington.2005

Mansbridge, John.Graphic History of Architecture.Hennessey &Ingalls, 1999

http://www.wikipedia.com

http://www.arkitektura.ph

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3a Renaissance Architecture