351 Spath

Turn of the Century (20th) and the

First World War

Brief Review

What we covered re Ottomans last Thursday…

- Expansion

- Systems and Strategies of Ottoman rule

- Disintegration and decline (18th c.)

- Reform and consolidation period (19th c.)

Abdulhamid II – leader from 1876-1909

- Committee of Union and Progress

- Young Turk Revolt (1908)

- Triple Entente and Ottoman Response

- Ottoman Arabs

Leading up to WWI

Young Turk Era (1908-1918)

-Issues of Political IdentityWhat would be the trajectory of the Ottoman state under the Young Turks?

-Ottomanism and Turkism lacked resonance and ability to incorporate the people inside the empire

- Arabs sought greater autonomy (more decentralized form of Ottoman rule)

- Antagonism between Ottoman and Arab leaders compounded Arab’s search for new political identity and opposition to Ottoman rule

World War I- Triple Entente (GB, France, Russia)

- Ottoman Response - focus on militarization- developing relationship with Germany (entente powers were the threat)

- British imperial interests in the war- Ottoman neutrality- Key Tradeoff – costs and benefits of occupying territory- SUEZ CANAL

- Ottomans enter the war (1914)

Arab Revolt

- Hussein-McMahon Correspondence (1915-1916)

- Initial victories, then decline in momentum and strength

- Reinvigoration- T.E. Lawrence and Emir Feisel

- Allenby’s forces with Arab help overwhelm Ottomans

Sharif Hussein ibn

Ali

Hussein-McMahon

Correspondence

(1915-16)

A diplomatic mess…- Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)

- Initial victories, then decline in momentum and strength

- Reinvigoration- T.E. Lawrence and Emir Feisel- Allenby’s forces with Arab help overwhelm Ottomans

- Balfour Declaration

- Paris Peace Conference (1919), San Remo Conference (1920), Council of League of Nations (1922)

- Cairo Conference (1921)

Sykes-Picot agreement

Balfour Declaration

(1917)