Chapter 18, Section 3 359

Chapter 18, Section 3

The Enlightenment(Pages 680–689)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• What was the Enlightenment? • How did Enlightenment ideas affect government?

As you read pages 681–689 in your textbook, complete this table to show the

major ideas of Enlightenment thinkers.

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Thinkers Ideas

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360 Chapter 18, Section 3

As you read, complete the Venn diagram below to compareand contrast the views of Hobbes and Locke on government.

New Ideas About Politics (pages 681–682)

Views of Thomas Hobbes

Views of Both John Locke

Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Explain why this person is important.

natural law

social contract

separation of powers

Montesquieu

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Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

According to Montesquieu, how should government be organized?

Select one of the philosophers from your reading and eval-uate his or her ideas. Do you agree with the ideas? Do youdisagree? Write a brief paragraph summarizing your viewof the philosopher’s ideas.

Define or describe the following term from this lesson.

Chapter 18, Section 3 361

reveal

contract

The French Philosophes (pages 684–686)

deism

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Explain why this person is important.

Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

Who were the philosophes?

Quickly look over the entire selection to get a general ideaabout the reading. Then briefly describe what the selectionis about on the lines below.

362 Chapter 18, Section 3

Voltaire

maintain

range

The Age of Absolutism (pages 686–689)

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Define or describe the following term from this lesson.

Briefly describe the following places.

Use this term that you studied earlier in a sentence thatreflects the term’s meaning.

How did the ideas of absolute monarchs conflict with theideas of Enlightenment thinkers?

Chapter 18, Section 3 363

absolutism

Prussia

Austria

St. Petersburg

serf(Chapter 15, Section 2)

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Now that you have read the section, write the answers tothe questions that were included in Setting a Purpose forReading at the beginning of the lesson.

What was the Enlightenment?

How did Enlightenment ideas affect government?

364 Chapter 18, Section 3

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90

Name Date Class

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Directions: The alphabetical list below contains the letters for spellingthe terms that complete the sentences that follow. Write the term thatcompletes each sentence, and then cross out the letters used to spell theword. After you complete the sentences, you will have used all but fiveletters. Rearrange the letters to spell the remaining vocabulary word.Write the word and its definition in the blanks for question 5.

1. Locke believed that all governments were based on a, or an agreement between rulers and

the people.

2. In the system of , monarchs held total powerand claimed to rule by divine right.

3. During the Enlightenment, political thinkers claimed that there wasa that applied to everyone and that could beunderstood by reason.

4. Montesquieu thought that England’s government was the bestbecause it had a that divided power among the branches of government.

5. :

VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 18-3

The Enlightenment: Words to Know

SECTION 18-3

Building Academic VocabularyDirections: Study the definition and example of the academic vocabu-lary word below. Then answer the question that follows. You may useyour textbook.

role, noun, position, function, or responsibilityExample: The Enlightenment raised questions about the role of women in society.

6. What role did the philosophes play in the Enlightenment?

absolutism natural law

separation of powers social contract

A A A A A A A A B C C C D E E E F I I I I L L L L M M N N N O O O O O O P P

R R R R S S S S S S T T T T T U U W W

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SECT

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18-3

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Directions: Outlining Reading the section and completing the outlinebelow will help you learn more about the Enlightenment period. Refer toyour textbook to fill in the blanks.

I. The Age of was a period of time when people believed that

was a better guide than faith or tradition.

A. They believed in a that applied to everyone and could be

understood by reason.

1. wrote a book that argued that monarchy was the best

form of government under natural law.

2. believed that natural law should be used to assert the

rights of citizens.

B. In England, governmental power was divided among three branches in a system

called .

II. In the 1700s, became a center of the Enlightenment.

A. The writer and scholar, , believed that people should choose

their own religious beliefs instead of the government.

B. The French philosophe published a 28-volume encyclopedia.

III. Even though most Europeans wanted to limit the power of government, most of

Europe was ruled by kings and queens in a system known as .

A. Under the rule of , France was one of Europe’s strongest

nations, but he eventually weakened France by his spending.

B. Prussia’s king, , allowed more freedom such as speech and

religion.

C. Russia’s rulers were called .

1. founded the city of .

2. Under , Russia gained more land and increased in power.

GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 18-3

The Enlightenment

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A Book for Boys and Girlsby John Bunyan

Upon the Disobedient Child

Children become, while little, our delights,When they grow bigger, they begin to fright’s.Their sinful Nature prompts them to rebel,And to delight in Paths that lead to Hell.Their Parents Love, and Care, they overlook,As if Relation had them quite forsook.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

They reckon Parents ought to do for them,Tho they the Fifth Commandement con[d]emn.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

They reckon they are Masters, and that we,Who Parents are, should to them Subject be! If Parents fain would have a hand in chusing,The Children have a heart will in refusing.They’l by wrong doings, under Parents, gather And say, it is no Sin to rob a Father,They’l jostle Parents out of place and Pow’r,They’l make themselves the Head, and them devour.

Name Date Class

About the SelectionJohn Bunyan was born in England

in 1628. He was a Puritan preacher who was jailed between 1660 and 1672because of his religious beliefs. Much ofhis writing reflects those beliefs. A Bookfor Boys and Girls, first published in 1686,contains many poems meant to teachchildren lessons about right and wrong.

Guided ReadingAs you read the poem, think about

how the author feels about teenagers.Note the unusual use of capital letters.Then answer the questions that follow.

WORLD LITERATURE READING 18

Puritan Beliefs

Reader’s Dictionaryforsook: gave up completely

wretched: miserable

indulgent: easy-going

reckon: to think or suppose

fain: are willing to

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Name Date Class

WORLD LITERATURE READING 18 (continued)

Puritan Beliefs

Analyzing the ReadingDirections: Answer the questions below in the spaces provided.

1. How do parents feel about their children when they are verysmall?

2. Why does Bunyan think children rebel as they get older?

3. How do children rebel? Give two examples from the poem.

4. Critical Thinking How do you think this poet feels aboutteenagers? Support your answer with examples from thepoem.

How many Children, by becoming Head,Have brought their Parents to a p[ie]ce of Bread.Thus they who at the first were Parents Joy,Turn that to Bitterness, themselves destroy.

From John Bunyan: The Poems, vol. VI. Edited by Graham Midgley. Oxford University Press, 1980.

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