33.pdf

Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 21 (8): 1401-1409, 2014ISSN 1990-9233 IDOSI Publications, 2014DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.21.08.84223

Corresponding Author: Ashade Olufemi Olukayode, Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Biological Science,Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos -Nigeria.

1401

Anti-Pesticidal Effects of Ginger Oil Extract on theBody Mechanism of Male Albino Rats (Wistar Strain)

Ashade Olufemi Olukayode and Joseph Alphonsus Mamza1 2

Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Biological Science,1

Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos - Nigeria Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Science,2

Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos - Nigeria

Abstract: The unrelenting drive to providing organic solution to inorganically created problem promptedthis research. Chlopyrifos, classic broad based spectrum pesticide and suppressant, ginger oil were usedfor the study with Wistar albino rats as experimental animals. Research was carried out to analyze the efficacyof ginger oil to reduce the effects of pesticides in the system of an organism. One hundred and eight (108)Wistar albino rats weighing (140g -165g) were used. Rats were acclimatized for two weeks and grouped into 4rats in triplicates for each concentration. Group A served as the control, B in subgroups B , B and B1 2 3containing rats administered with 1.0ml/75mg/kg, 1.0ml/110mg/kg and 1.0/147mg/kg respectively.While C , C1 2and C represents 1.0ml/75mg/kg with 0.5/ginger oil, 1.0ml/110mg/kg with 0.5ml ginger oil and 1.0ml/147mg/kg3with 0.5ml/ginger oil respectively. Administration of Chlorpyrifos lasted 14 days and treatment with ginger oillasted for 14 days post Chlorpyrifos administration at 3 days interval. Average weights were recorded. Ratswere sacrificed and blood samples collected for liver function, lipid profile and renal function tests.Histopathology studies of the liver and kidney was conducted as well. Results revealed some decrease in ALT,ALP and ASP in B , B and B groups. Mild improvement in C , C and C groups were however recorded. There1 2 3 1 2 3was graded reduction in albumin level despite increased creatinine and urea levels in treatment groups C , C1 2and C compared with the control group (A). Decreased total cholesterol level with corresponding HDL was3observed. There was a significant difference (p

Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 21 (8): 1401-1409, 2014

1402

bread. Ginger might be useful as a potential anti-tumor Group B -- Contains subgroups B , B and Bagent [1]. Oil from the rhizome (Zingiber officinale) could -- B was administered with 1.0ml of 75mg/kgbe useful in preventing chemical hazards to health and chlorpyrifos orally for 4 weekseconomy their toxicology must be adequately and -- B was administered with 1.0ml of 110mg/kgcontinuously studied. chlorpyrifos orally for 4weeks.

Aim: To investigate the effects of ginger oil extract in orally for 4weeks.pesticide laden tissues of albino rats. Group C -- Contains subgroups C , C and C

MATERIALS AND METHODS 75mg/kg chlorpyrifos for 14 days after

Fresh ginger rhizomes were purchased from administered every 3days for subsequentOyingbo market, Lagos, Nigeria. The rhizomes were other 14 days.transported to Environmental Biology Laboratory, -- C was given 1.0ml of 110mg/kgYaba College of Technology. The rhizomes were washed chlorpyrifos for 14 days after which 0.5ml ofwith distilled water, cut into pieces and sun dried for ginger oil was administered every 3days for5 days. subsequent other 14 days.

The powdered material (ginger) was extracted with -- C was given 1.0ml of 147mg/kg chlorpyrifosdouble-distilled water by the hot continuous percolation for 14 days after which 0.5ml of ginger oilmethod in a Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was administered every 3days for subsequentevaporated to dryness under vacuum and over dried in a other 14 days.vacuum desiccator to obtain a residue (Adopted byYogesh et al 2013)[2] Sample Collection: Anesthetic and surgical

Experimental Animals: One hundred and eight males of blood was collected from rats in each sub-group forWistar strain albino rats weighing average weight of liver function using method as adopted by140g 165g were used for this experiment. They were Imafidon and Okunrobo (2012) [3]. Renal functionprocured from the laboratory animal house of Lagos test using method adopted by Taofeeq et al., (2010)University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi araba, Lagos, [4] while lipid profile using method adopted byNigeria. Maruthappan and Shree (2010) [5]. Liver and kidney were

The experiment was largely carried out in the animal collected also in each subgroup for histopathologyhouse, Biological Science Department, Yaba College of examination.Technology. All the animals were acclimatized for twoweeks. Weekly weights were taken covering two weeks of Histophathological Protocol:acclimatization and four weeks of experimentation. Preparation of tissue for microtomy involved

Experimental Process: After two weeks of done by Haematoxylin ad Eosin technique as adopted byacclimatization, the rats were divided into three groups A, (Momoh et al., 2012)[6]B and C representing the control, pesticide administeredand pesticide + ginger oil administer groups respectively. RESULTSGroups B and C were divided into three subgroupsdepending on concentrations with each in triplicates of Chemistry Analysis4 rats. Urea and Glutamate: There was significant (P


1403

Plate 1: Kidney control: Normal appearing glomeruli and tubules

Plate 2: Kidney of albino rat infected with 1ml of 147mg/kg chlorpyrifos pesticideThere is acute tubular necrosis with sloughing of tubules epithelial lining. Glomeruli still intactModerate eodema within the glomeruli. The tubules are intact

Plate 3: Kidney of albino rat infected with 1.0ml of 75mg/kg and 0.5ml of ginger oilThere are some congestion, tubules and glomeruli is intact

Plate 4: Kidney of albino rat infected with 1.0ml of 110mg/kg and 0.5ml of ginger oilTubules and glomerulii still intact. Some eodema


1404

Plate 5: Kidney of albino rat infected with 1ml of 147mg/kg and 0.5ml of ginger oilLIVER

Plate 6: Liver controlModerate lymphocytes in the portal tract. Hepatocytes appear normal.

Plate 7: Liver of albino rat infected with 1.0ml of 75mg/kg and 0.5ml ginger oilModerate lymphocytes with minimal congestion in the portal tract. Hepatocytes appear normal

Plate 8: Liver of albino rat infected with 1.0ml of 110mg/kg and 0.5ml ginger oilNormal appearing hepatocyte with minimally expanded portal tract. There are few lymphocytes in the portal tract


1405

Plate 9: Liver of albino rat infected with 1ml of 147mg/kg and 0.5ml of ginger oilReduced lymphocytes

Table 1: Liver function tests of albino rat exposed to only chlorpyrifos pesticide

Control B1 B2 B3

AST (U/L) 208.55.61 108.24.99 * 97.94.12 * # 86.44.09 *#ALT (U/L) 65.82.10 14.63.06 * 12.81.95 * 10.32.06 *ALP (U/L) 111.64.97 103.35.13 * 101.53.88 * 92.83.32 *#

*=p


1406

Table 5: Renal function tests of albino rat exposed to both chlorpyrifos pesticide & ginger oilControl C1 C2 C3

Creatinine (mmol/L) 49.861.56 40.892.00* 40.132.11 * 30.581.85 *# Urea (mmol/L) 8.71.01 6.31.20 9.21.06 12.80.98 *#Glut (mmol/L) 4.60.73 4.20.51 3.10.13 * # 4.20.26ALB (g/L) 44.12.89 39.71.09 * 38.91.02 * 40.31.04

Table 6: Lipid profile tests of albino rat exposed to both chlorpyrifos pesticide & ginger oilControl C1 C2 C3

HDL (mmol/L) 1.00.05 1.20.03 * 1.50.02 * # 1.30.01 * LDL (mmol/L) 0.60.03 0.120.02 * 0.140.01 * # 0.270.01 *# CHOL (mmol/L) 1.860.07 1.210.03 * 1.640.02 *# 1.70.02 * # TG (mmol/L) 0.580.01 0.280.01 * 0.430.01 * # 0.290.01 * *=p


1407

acetylcholinesterase activity and the levels of total decrease of fatty acids synthesis [21], enhancedprotein, albumin as well as globulin in plasma was catabolism of LDL, activation of Lecithin cholesterolsignificantly reduced showing that exposure acyltransferase LCAT and tissue lipases and/or inhibitionorganophosphates changes some haematological and of acetyl-CoA carboxylase [22] and production ofbiochemical parameters of R. frisii male brood stocks [15]. triglycerides precursors such acetyl-CoA and glycerol

There was also a combined decrease in the levels of phosphate.creatinine and urea in the treated group when compared The reduced levels of the liver enzymes andwith the control group; this could either be as a result of metabolites could be due to the following factorsan enhanced efficiency in the clearance function of thekidney or a reduced output of these metabolites by the Short duration of the study.liver due to a suppressed metabolic rate. Dose administered to the animals.

Treatment with ginger oil resulted in a mild Neural compromise as a result of the exposure to theimprovement in the liver enzymes status as previously pesticide (organophosphate).demonstrated by Medhat et al. [16].

Serum Lipid Profile: The combined decrease in the levels was moderate lymphocytes in the portal tract despite theof total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein is an Hepatocytes appearing normal in the C group whenindication of a cardio-protective properties of the compared with the control group, the C group showedtreatment employed in this study, these lipids have been moderate lymphocytes with minimal congestion in theshown by various studies to promote/induce the portal tract. The hepatocytes also appear normal whenpathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as compared with the control group, but there were expandedarteriosclerosis, hypertension and heart failure, while portal tract with lymphocytes and congestion within Cthere was a corresponding increase in the levels of high group hepatocytes when compared with the controldensity lipoproteins, which is a strong indication of a group. While in the kidney there was Moderate eodemabeneficial consequence. This coupled effect points to the within the glomeruli in group C despite the fact that theact that the treatment has no negative effect on tubules are intact when compared with the control group,cardiovascular functions. Increased concentration of low in the C group there was some congestion though thedensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or decreased level tubules and glomeruli were still intact, while in group Cof high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are there were some eodema even with tubules and glomeruliimportant risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. still been intact. This is supported with previous studyHowever, an independent association of triglycerides reported by Rekha et al [23] that there was degeneration(TG) with atherosclerosis is uncertain [17], on the other in the epithelial cells of renal tubules and dilation ofhand the treatment could have induced systemic glomerular capillaries with hypertrophied cells.hypotension/ bradycardia in the animals, which is another Hamid et al. [19] showed that organophosphateindex of lowered lipid profile[18]. The following treatment intoxication can lead to a damaging effect on thewith ginger oil resulted in a moderate improvement in the intracellular structure of the liver. Another finding of thislipid profile, this findings is similar to previous report by study was that exposure to organophosphate in rats ledHamid et al.[19] that the underlying mechanism by which to an acute renal failure. The kidney, the majorcholesterol is lowered may be due to a decrease in detoxification organ for many xenobiotics, is frequentlycholesterol absorption from the intestine, through binding susceptible to their nephrotoxic effects. Acute renalwith bile acids within the intestine and increasing bile failure was reported following exposure toacids excretion[20] or via decreasing the cholesterol organophosphate. The transient renal injury wasbiosynthesis especially by decreasing the 3-hydroxy-3- attributed in these studies to both a direct action ofmethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoA the organophosphate, causing tubular cell necrosisreductase) activity, a key enzyme of cholesterol and to a secondary mechanism that followed thebiosynthesis and/or by reducing the NADPH required for cholinergic crisis, causing hypovolemic shock andfatty acids and cholesterol synthesis. rhabdomyolysis [24,-26]. Many steps along the

The decrease of serum TG level is another important metabolic/detoxification pathways of organophosphatefinding; recent studies have also shown that TG are can be different in the rat. The pesticides in this mixtureindependently related to coronary heart disease[19]. The are metabolized via liver hydrolysis to active (andobserved hypo-triglyceridemic effect may be due to a more potent) metabolites [27]. The cytochrome P450 and

Liver and Kidney Histopathological Discussion: There

1

2

3

1

2

3


1408

flavin- containing monooxygenase (FMO) enzymes are 7. Karalliedde, L., P. Edwards and T.C. Mars, 2003.the major oxidative enzymes in phase I metabolism. Many Variables influencing the toxicity ofOP and carbamate thioether compounds are excellent organophosphates in humans. Food Chem. Toxicol.,substrates for these enzymes. P450 enzymes are involved 41: 1-13. in both oxidative desulfuration of the phosphorothioate 8. Akyildiz, B.N., M. Kondolot and S. Kurtoglu, 2009.to form the oxon and oxidation of the thioether group to Organophosphate intoxication presenting as diabeticthe corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone of various OPs keto-acidosis. Ann. Trop. Paediat., 29: 155-158.[28]. The FMOs are generally limited to the formation of 9. Buckley, N.A, L. Karalliedde and A. Dawson, 2004.sulfoxides [29]. A recent comprehensive study on Where is the evidence for treatments used inoxidative OP metabolism by P450 and FMO isoforms pesticide poisoning? Is clinical toxicology fiddlingfound sulfoxidation of several thioether pesticides in while the developing world burns? J. Toxicol.human liver microsomes to be mainly P450-driven Clin.Toxicol., 42(1): 113-116. (8590%), with the remainder accounted for by FMO [30]. 10. Pourgholam, R., M. Soltani, D.M. Hassan, A.

CONCLUSION Determination of diazinon LC50 in Grass carp and the

Ginger oil extract can moderately help in reducing the hematological and biochemical indices. Iranian J.effect of chlorpyrifos insecticide (organophosphate) when Fish. Sci., 5(2): 67-82.use in controlling pest on farm produce which might 11. Luskova, V., M. Svoboda and J. Kolarova, 2002.accidentally be consumed as food in both man and animal. The effect of diazinon on blood plasma

REFERENCES Brno, 71: 117-123.

1. Duke, J.A. and E.S. Ayensu, 1985. Medicinal Plants F.A. Asmaa, 2011. Effects of Zingiber officinale onof China. Medicinal Plants of the World. Vol. 1. certain biochemical parameters in normal rats. Nutr.Algonac, MI: Reference Publications, Inc, pp: 362. Metab. (Lond), 8: 40.

2. Yogesh, A.K., P. Ritesh, P. Vishvas, T. Aditi and 13. Machova, J., M. Prokes, M. Pen az, B., V. LastmilG. Alok, 2013. Effect of G. melina arboreal Roxbx in and H., Kroupova, 2010. Toxicity of Diazinon 60 ECexperimentally induced inflammation and nociception. for embryos and larvae of tench, Tincatinca. Rev.J. Ayurveba Integr. Med., 4(3): 152-157. Fish Biol. Fisheries, 20: 409-415.

3. Imafidon, K.E. and Okunrobo, 2012. Study on the 14. Banaee, M., A. Sureda, A.R. Mirvagefei andBiochemical indices of liver function tests of albino K. Ahmadi, 2011. Effects of diazinon on biochemicalrats supplemental with three sources of vegetable parameters of blood in rainbow troutoils. Nig. J.Basic Appl. Sci. 20(2):105-110. (Oncorhynchusmykiss). Pest. Biochem. Physiol.,

4. Taofeeq, O., B. Ibrahim, A. Ganiu, A. Abdul-Waheed, 99: 1-6.R. Gassau and A. Godwin, 2010. Hepatoxicity and 15. Mohammad, N., M. Shamoushaki, M. Soltani, A.nephrotoxicity evaluation in Wistar albino rat Kamali, M.R. Imanpoor, I. Sharifpour and H. Khara,exposed to Morinda lucida leaf extract. N. Am. J. 2011. Effects of organophosphate, diazinon on someMed. Sci., 2(5): 230-233. haematological and Biochemical changes in Rutilus

5. Maruthappan, V. and K.S. Shree, 2010. Effects of frisiikutum (Kamensky, 1901) male brood stocks.P. reticulates on lipid profile and oxidative stress in Iranian J. Fish Sci., 11(1): 105-117.hypercholesteroleci albino rat. Indian J. Pharmacol., 16. Medhat, M.A. and S.M. El-Sayed, 2013. Antioxidant42(6): 388-391. and protective effect of clove extract and clove

6. Momoh, A.O., M.K. Oladunmoye and T.T. Adebolu, essential oil on hydrogen peroxide treated rats.2012. Haematology and Histopathology effects of oil Internat. Chem. Tech. Res., 5(4): 1477-1485.castor seeds (Ricinus communis LNN) on Albino 17. Janusz, T., G. Przemyslaw and W. Henryk 2003.rats. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Correlation between the extent of coronary4(4): 40-43. Atherosclerosis and Lipid Profile, 41: 25-30.

Ghoroghi, R. Nahavandi and H. Pourgholam, 2006.

effect of sublethal concentration of toxin on some

Biochemistry in carp (Cyprinuscarpio). Acta Vet.

12. Tarek, K.M., A.H. Manal, H.S. Manal, M.H. Reem and


1409

18. Nermeen, A.M., M.D. Hassan, G. Abdelmonem and 25. Bardin, P.G., S.F. Van Eden and J.R. Joubert, 1987.M.D. Madboly, 2013. Correlation between serum Intensive care management of acutecreatine phosphokinase and severity of acute organophosphate poisoning a 7year experience inorganophosphorus poisoning: a prospective clinical the Western Cape. South Africa Med. J., 72: 593-597.study. Environ. Sci., Toxicol Food Tech., 4(5): 18-29. 26. Pond, A.L., H.W. Chamber and J.E. Chamber, 1995.

19. Hamid, K., M.O. Ullah, M.S. Kabir, A.K. Paul, Organo-phosphate detoxication potential of variousM.Z. Alam and M.S.K. Choudhuri, 2011. Changes in rat tissue via A esterase and aliensterase activitieslipid profile of rat plasma after chronic administration Toxicol. Lett., 78: 245-252.of Astavarga Kvathacurma (AST) an Ayurvedic 27. Hajjar, N.P. and E. Hodson, 1980. Flavin adenineformulation. Biology and Medicine, 3(3): 26-31. dinucleotide dependent monoxygenase: its role in

20. Kritchevsky, D., 1978. Fiber, lipid and atherosclerosis. the sulfoxidation of pesticide in mammals. Science,Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 315: 67-74. 209: 1134-1136.

21. Bopanna, K.N., J. Kannan, S. Gadgil, E.R. Balaraman 28. Furnes, B. and D. Schlenk, 2005. Extrahepaticand S.P. Rathore, 1997. Antidiabetic and anti- metabolism of carbamate and organophosphatehyperglycemic effects of neem kernel powder on thioether compound by the flavin-containing monoalloxan diabetic rabbits. Indian Journal of oxygenase and cytochrome P system. Drug Metab.Pharmacology, 29: 162-167. Dipos., 33: 214-218.

22. McCarty, M.F., 2001. Inhibition of acetyl CoA 29. Usmani, K.A., E.D. Karoly, E. Hodgson andcarboxylase by crystamine may mediate the R.L. Rose, 2004. In vitro sulfoxidation of thioetherhypotriglyceridemic activity of pantetheine. Med. compounds by human cytochrome P and flavinHypoth., 56: 314-317. containing mono oxygenase isoforms with particular

23. Rekha, J., R. Sunanda and H. Sajad, 2013. reference to the CYP2C subfamily. Drug Metab.Histopathological effects of pesticide-chlorpyrifos Dispos., 32: 333-339.on kidney in albino rats. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci.,1(4): 465-475.

24. Smegal, D.C., 2000. Human Health Risk AssessmentChlorpyrifos; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Prevention, Pesticides and ToxicSubstances, Office of Pesticide Programs, HealthEffects Division, U.S. Government Printing Office:Washington, DC, pp: 1-131.

450

450

Documents

33.pdf