Upload
amol-ubale
View
3.330
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
MEANING OF GROWTH
An increase in the size of an organism or part of an organism,
usually as a result of an increase in the number of cells.
Growth of an organism may stop at maturity, as in the case of
humans and other mammals, or it may continue throughout
life, as in many plants. In humans, certain body parts, like hair
and nails, continue to grow throughout life.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH
Physical Development Heredity Physical and Normal Process Limited Span Visual Process Starting from Pre-natal Stage Measurable Maturity Stage During last Stage
GROWTH
o Refers generally to the physical growth, i.e. Growth from the fertilized egg at the
time of conception to the fully grown body of the adult.
o It means increase in the size of the various parts of the body
ACCORDING TO HURLOCK
GROWTH is change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old features and
acquisition of new ones. e.g.: Height, Weight, Disappearance of temporary teeth
and Acquisition of Permanent teeth
ACCORDING TO CROW AND CROW(1962)
Growth refers to structural and physiological changes
DEVELOPMENT
Definition: Skinner: Development is a continuous and gradual
Process Crow And Crow:(1965) Development is concerned with growth as well as those changes in behavior which results from environmental situations. J.E. Anderson(1950):
Development does not consist merely of adding inches to one’s height or improving one’s ability. Instead development is a complex process of integrating many structures and functions.
ACCORDING TO LIEBERT, POULOS AND MARMOR (1979)
Development refers to a process of change in growth and capability over time, as function of both maturation and interaction with the environment. Thus, development includes
Growth Capability Maturation Interaction with the environment
DEVELOPMENT
It refers to the progressive changes that take place with time in the behavior of the organism.
ACCORDING TO HURLOCK(1959)Development means a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience.
Development is cumulative- Each change is the culmination of prior growth and experience.
Development is a result of interaction of Maturation and Learning- Maturation refers to changes in a developmental organism due to the unfolding and ripening of abilities, characteristics, traits and potentialities present at birth.
Learning denotes the changes in behavior due to training or experience.
Development is predictable- The rate of development of each child at an early stage helps in predicting the developments at a later stage.
Development is spiral and non-linear- It is in the form of a cork-screw.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH
The term is used in purely physical sense. It generally refers to increase in size, length.
Changes in the quantitative aspects come into the domain of Growth.
DEVELOPMENT
Development implies overall change in shape, form or structure resulting in improved working or functioning.
Changes in the quality or character rather than the quantitative aspects comes in this domain.
It is a part of developmental process. Development in its quantitative aspect is termed as growth.
Growth does not continue throughout life. It stops when maturity has been attained.
Growth involves body changes.
It is a comprehensive and wider term and refers to overall changes in the individual.
Development is a wider and comprehensive term and refers to overall changes in the individual. It continues throughout life and is progressive.
Development involves changes of an orderly, coherent type tending towards the goal of maturity.
GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
The changes produced by growth are the subject of measurement. They may be quantified.
Growth is cellular . It takes place due to the multiplication of cells.
Development implies improvement in functioning and behavior and hence bring qualitative changes which are difficult to be measured directly. They are assessed through keen observation in behavioral situations.
Development is organizational. It is organization of all the parts which growth and differentiation have produced.
GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
GROWTHGrowth may or may not bring development. E.g.: A child may grow fat but by becoming fat no functional improvement may take place.
DEVELOPMENT
Development is also possible without growth.
E.g.: A child may not gain height, weight or size but can have functional improvement in other aspects .
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Development is a continuous process (from birth to death)
DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS A DIRECTION AND UNIFORM PATTERN (ORDERLY MANNER)
Cephalo-caudal -from head to tail
Proximo-distal- from nearer to far apart
Locomotion- Sequence of development
is followed.
DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDS FROM GENERAL TO SPECIFIC RESPONSES- REACTS TO THE STIMULI WITH THE WHOLE BODY AND GRADUALLY LEARNS TO GIVE SPECIFIC RESPONSES.
4 Months old 12 Months Old
DEVELOPMENT IS A PRODUCT OF CONTRIBUTION OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT- IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO INDICATE EXACTLY IN WHAT PROPORTION HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL.
DEVELOPMENT IS BOTH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE- WHILE GROWTH TAKES PLACE, THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL ALSO IMPROVES.
THERE ARE WIDE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH PATTERN I.E. DEVELOPMENT IS UNIQUE- INDIVIDUALS DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER IN THEIR PATTERN AND RATE OF GROWTH.
FACTOR AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Heridity Environment:1.Pre-Birth 2.After Birth Education:
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
Need of paying attention to individual differences of the learners.
Avoid comparing the child with others. Undue pressure should not be put on the
students. Adapting learning programmes, procedures
and practices according to the level of students.
Need of motivating the child to learn as development is a continuous process.
Need for correlating different subjects and examples to daily life.
Need for a pragmatic outlook so as to not place undue demands on the child.
Practice maxims of teaching like proceed from known to unknown, concrete to abstract, simple to complex
Use psychological methods of teaching.
The learning experiences should be arranged suitably according to the maturity of the child.
The learning processes, experiences and environment should be arranged according to the level and needs of the students.
A good environment should be provided to the students, as it plays an important role in the development of the child.