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ALEXANDRIAEXCAVATIONS AND PRESERVATION WORK

PRELIMINARY REPORT 2006/2007

Grzegorz Majcherek

1 The Kom el-Dikka Project is funded jointly by the Supreme Council of Antiquities (restoration work) and the PolishCentre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw (archaeological research). The team headed by Dr.Grzegorz Majcherek included: Renata Kucharczyk, Deputy Director, archeologist-ancient glass specialist; EmanuelaKulicka, Kinga Bigoraj, Ewa Czyżewska, Iwona Zych, Szymon Maślak, archaeologists; Robert Mahler, anthropologist;Dorota Malarczyk, islamologist; Marta Momot, documentalist; Dr. Wojciech Kołątaj, Alexandra Brzozowska, DariaTarara and Aureliusz Pisarzewski, architects; and Monika Więch, Piotr Maliński and Szymon Zdziebłowski, students ofarchaeology. The Supreme Council of Antiquities was represented throughout the season by Iman Mohsen Shahawy, SaidMohammed Atallah, Anhar Abdel Hady, and Mohsen Shahawy, all of whom actively participated in our work. TheMission also offered field training to two junior SCA archaeologists.The Mission would like to express its sincere gratitude to all SCA authorities and officials, especially to Dr. Zahi Hawass,Secretary General of the SCA, as well as Dr. Mohammed Abdel Maqsud and Dr. Atiya Radwan for their all-encompassingassistance and support. Last but not least, we would like to thank Mr. Ahmed Musa, Director of the Kom el-Dikka site,for his invaluable help in facilitating our work and solving everyday problems.

The work covered in this report was carried out between September 2006 and the endof August 2007.1 This season’s busy schedule was filled with multiple tasks coveringboth conservation and archaeological work. With pending completion of the first stageof the Kom el-Dikka Preservation Project (southern zone of the site), our activitieswere conditioned to a large extent by the requirements of this project. Top priority wasgiven to the work in the bath complex where most of the preservation operations wereconcentrated.

A vast collection of Islamic-age finds originating from both former and presentexcavations continued to be documented and studied, the work being carried out byMałgorzata Redlak, assisted by Szymon Maślak. The finds were catalogued, dulyphotographed and drawn. Likewise, a collection of some 80 inscribed funerary stelaewas studied by Dorota Malarczyk. Both groups of finds are to due be published soon.

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32Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 19, Reports 2007

Fig. 1. Plan of the cistern installations from different phases (Drawing W. Kołątaj, updated by A. Brzozowska)

The year saw continued archaeologicalwork focusing on the cisterns (Area L) andthe central part of the site (Area F).2

AREA LLast year’s clearing of an extant fragment ofthe medieval Moslem cemetery overlyingthe southwestern part of the cistern (thehighest point on the site) opened the way tothe exploration of vestiges of the cisterninstallations below [Fig. 1].

Two large wells were cleared directlybelow (marked c and d in the plan in Fig. 1).

Both structures are rectangular in plan,measuring approximately 1.25 x 3.25 m.The shafts were built of surprisingly massivemasonry, some of the blocks measuring even1.10 x 0.60 x 0.55 m [Fig. 2]. The blockswere additionally joined with metal clamps,as evidenced by large openings of dove-tailed shape on their surfaces. The heads ofthe wells are not preserved; they weredamaged most probably even before themedieval burials encroached upon the area.The walls inside turned out to be heavilyincrusted with calcium–lime deposits,

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Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 19, Reports 2007

ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK

2 The excavations in the cisterns, as well as in area E were supervised by Emanuela Kulicka.

Fig. 2. Masonry wells in the southwestern part of the cisterns, view from the north (Photo G. Majcherek)

Fig. 3. Channel from the drawing well to the tanks, view from the east (Photo G. Majcherek)

Fig. 4. Water outflow from the last-phase cistern, view from the south (Photo G. Majcherek)

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indicating prolonged use. The wells musthave been operated by a saqiyah devicedespite no traces of the lifting gearremaining. This assumption is based notonly on the large number of saqiyah potsfound in associated layers, but also on theunexpected discovery of a path trampleddown in a circle around the northern well.The path, of which only a fourth of theoriginal circumference has been preserved,was made of brick rubble, consolidated withclay and lime, and beaten hard by oxendriving the installation.

Last season, a stretch of water-channelfeeding the cistern was cleared next to thewells. It appears to have supplied water fromthe nearby drawing well to the cistern tankslocated further along. The channel, which istrapezoidal in section, was built of red bricks(28 x 28 x 4.5 cm) lined with waterproofplaster and covered with horizontallimestone slabs [Fig. 3]. It was laid onmassive foundations (1.40 m wide and0.85 m deep), made of several layers of bricksinterlaced with small limestone blocks. Thisyear an additional bifurcation of the channelwas cleared next to the southern well. It wasbuilt as a double-level channel, to controlwater distribution to particular tanks. Bothwells were in operation during the secondphase of the cisterns and went out of usesometime in the 6th century. By the time thelast set of tanks was constructed, they werealready abandoned and covered withlimestone flagging (for previous excavationsin the cisterns area, see Kubiak 1967: 47–81;Rodziewicz 1984).

Quite unexpectedly, explorations of thepreviously unexcavated southwestern tankof the last-phase cistern revealed anadditional water outflow [Fig. 4]. Theoutflow pipe (not preserved) had beenplaced at the bottom of the tank, within avaulted opening some 0.85 m wide and1.55 m high. There can be no doubt as to its

contemporaneity with the originalconstruction. A likely interpretation is thatit was supposed to supply water to yetanother public building (possibly baths aswell) located further to the south, beyondthe limits of the excavation area.

AREA FSubstantial progress in the evacuation ofmodern dumps from the central part of thesite advanced the archaeological work inthis area. The area of excavations wasexpanded further south, removing about2 m of the upper layers including modernintrusions from an area of almost 2000 m2

during the autumn months. Previous fieldwork in the central part of

the site included trial pit H dug in 1960 inthe western part (Lipińska, Riad 1966), andtrench H-II dug in 1994, further to thenorth and in line with the previous one(Majcherek 1998: 23–26, Fig. 6). Burialsbelonging to the medieval Islamic cemeterylying at approximately 14.00–15.00 m a.s.l.were uncovered in both the trenches.Underlying the burials were thick depositsof ashes and urban refuse burying an N-Swall. The function of this massive wall,which is 0.50 m thick and is built of a singlecourse of masonry, was obscure at the time.Last season, after clearing the old trench H,yet another large section of the said wall(11 m long) was excavated. It turned outthat the western face of the wall wassupported with several fairly small piers inan apparent attempt to counteract thepressure exerted by the rising mound ofrubble and refuse accumulating behind it.This impression was further corroboratedby the fact that its eastern face was nevershaped, apparently backing up against thedump behind it. Thus, it should be viewedas a large retaining wall sealing the moundfrom the west. Repairs were made on thisstructure at some time in the 7th century,

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adding to its height in its southern run,close to where it joins a wall of similarmasonry bordering the theatre on the north[Fig. 5]. The added courses consisted oflarge blocks cut from brick walls, quitelikely from the abandoned water tanks inthe cisterns or baths.

Exploration of this archaeologicallycomplicated terrain started with a stra-tigraphical trench, approximately 21 by20 m big, dug in the easternmost part, rightnext to the cisterns and bath complex.3 Onthe eastern side, the trench adjoined area Fwhich had been excavated already in the1990s (for the latter work, cf. Majcherek1999b).

The pits dotting the area should beassociated in part with medieval robbingactivity, as indicated by finds found in theirfill. One such pit was identified next to theextant section of the massive southern wallof the bath. Mamluk pottery recoveredfrom the pit dated this activity to the13th–14th century.

An analysis of the stratigraphy in thistrench verified the view that the central area

of the site was most probably never built overand apparently served as a dumping groundfor ashes evacuated from the bath over thelong period of its operation. Starting fromthe 4th century, the dump accumulated veryquickly, rising eventually to a height of 4–5 mabove the floor level of the baths. Havingexplored the upper, 6th–7th century layerslast season, the team now focused on theexcavation of lower deposits from the4th–5th century. A thick stratum of ashesturned out to be especially rich in finds:notably pottery, glass fragments and lamps(on the glass finds, see contribution by R.Kucharczyk in this volume). The materialproved to be of great value for a reassessmentof the chronological development of the bathcomplex and the entire Late Roman civiczone discovered on the site.

Amphorae formed an overwhelmingmajority of the recorded fragments, withGazan products (LRA4) making up morethan 70% of the total. Other amphoraetypes include Cilician–Cypriot LRA 1, AsiaMinor LRA 3, and Egyptian E 172 and LRA7. Of particular interest was a large group ofsmall flagons of Egyptian manufacture, mostprobably serving as oil containers, used bybathers and discarded in large quantities(more than 300 examples have beenrecorded so far).

Immediately below the deposits ofashes intermixed with rubble resultingfrom subsequent rebuildings of the bath,excavators cleared a partly preserved limekiln. The structure, located in thesoutheastern corner of the trench, featureda circular (c. 1.00–1.10 m in diameter)updraft kiln built of red bricks set in claymortar [Fig. 6]. The vaulted entrance tothe furnace chamber had been discoveredalready in 1999, next to an almost identical

Fig. 5. Dump-retaining wall in central part of thesite, view from the north (Photo G. Majcherek)

3 Trench supervised successively by Emanuela Kulicka and Szymon Maślak.

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kiln located further east (Majcherek1999a). The structure was surroundedwith a large semicircular wall, built ofseveral courses of assorted limestoneblocks, most probably originating fromearlier dismantled buildings.

A similar but fragmentary structure wascleared further to the west, giving rise to theassumption that another lime kiln had beenlocated there. Associated layers in the vicinityof the kilns, found to slope insignificantly inthe direction of the bath, consisted almostentirely of lime refuse, ashes and slag withheavy concentrations of marble detritus,partially fired or half melted.

It seems obvious that the kilns formedpart of a building construction site, assuringa regular supply of lime for the constructionof the nearby bath complex. It is therefore

quite probable that more kilns will bediscovered in the area once the excavationarea has been extended.

Structures of earlier date appearedimmediately below the lime deposits. Theybelonged to Early Roman house FB, partlyuncovered already in 1998. The northernpart of the house has been seriouslydamaged by later building activity, wherethe baths’ huge outer wall was constructedacross all existing structures. Current workin an area to the west of the previouslyexplored section revealed a series ofcontiguous rooms, forming a purelydomestic section of the building underexploration [Fig. 7]. The extent of house FBwas not determined, but there is a strongpossibility that the building extendedanother 10–12 m to the west.

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Fig. 6. Kiln discovered below the layers of ash in Area F, view from the west(Photo G. Majcherek)

Fig. 7. Early Roman House FB in Area F, view from the west (Photo G. Majcherek)

An opening (0.90 m wide), almost inline with the stylobate of room 1, providedeasy access from this part of the house[Fig. 9]. No traces of any kind of doormounting were discovered and the mosaicfloor discovered in hall 2 ran over thethreshold into room 4, which served mostprobably as a passage giving access to the asyet unexplored western wing of the house.The small room next to the entrance (5),measuring 3.00 by 1.65 m, was accessiblealso from this side. A much larger roomnext to it (12), approx. 3.25 x 3.50 m,appears to have adjoined a latitudinal sidestreet. So far, no doors leading to it havebeen identified and the room seems to

have been isolated from the rest of thehouse. The southern part of the room hasyet to be explored, it being sealed by a limekiln constructed over it at a later time.Should a door be found in this part, theroom could then be interpreted as a shop,accessible from the street. Similarly locatedshops were identified in nearby house FA.Rooms 10 and 11 both have entrances inline, opening onto passage 4. Both wereclosed from the west with a narrow screenwall built of vertically set limestone slabs(not exceeding 0.13–0.15 m in thickness),separating it from the next room 9. At adistance of some 1.55 m from room 11, apit left by a wide wall was excavated down

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to about 1 m below the floor layer. Thechronology of this wall is still unclear, butit may have been part of the earlier LatePtolemaic layout and was dismantled at anunknown date.

Judging by the evidence of a row ofrectangular socket holes that have beenpreserved in the north wall of room 6, thehouse would have had a second storey or atleast a terraced roof. The stairs appear to havebeen supported additionally on a stone-madevault, of which only the springing hassurvived [Fig. 8]. The adjacent narrow room7 (0.85 m wide) must have been intended foran upper flight of the staircase. The empty

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Fig. 9. Plan of House FB, rooms excavated in the 2006/2007 season (Drawing A. Brzozowska)

Fig. 8. Springing of stone vault under staircasein House FB, view from the south(Photo G. Majcherek)

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Fig. 10. Amphorae and other pottery from a deposit in House FB (Drawing S. Zdziebłowski)

space under the stairs was used most likely asa handy storeroom, later filled to the top witha large deposit of discarded pottery. Most ofthe recorded fragments belong to amphorae[Fig. 10]. The Egyptian bitronconique Nilesilt amphorae formed a substantial grouphere, although imported vessels predo-minated [Fig. 10:1–2]. The majority of therecorded vessels belonged to the LRA 4aclass originating from Gaza [Fig. 10:3].Other imported products included Cretan(AC 1) [Fig. 10:4], Asia Minor (LRA 3a)[Fig. 10:5] and Cilician “pinched handles”amphorae [Fig. 10:6]. Among the un-expected forms one should mention severalexamples of exotic Schörgendorfer 558amphorae (most probably of North Italianmanufacture), not reported yet from Egypt.Large quantities of Egyptian-made kitchenwares were also recorded in the deposit[Fig. 10:7]. Tablewares were represented byseveral examples of late Eastern Sigillata Aforms [Fig. 10:8].

The entire deposit could be dated tothe 2nd–3rd century and coincides mostprobably with the final abandonment ofthe house. The finds from other roomswere rather scarce, consisting mostly ofbroken amphorae and a few cooking pots.Among the better preserved pieces, therewas a fine example of an importedFirmalampen class lamp [Fig. 11].

The monumental façade of the oikos ortriclinium (room 1), uncovered already in1998, contrasts vividly with the modestfinishing of the interiors in the newlyexplored rooms. The floors were mostly oflime pugging, mosaic pavements were scantand the walls were more than modest asregards the decoration — plain whiteplaster with painted decoration ever so rare.Nevertheless, some fragments of paintedpolychrome plaster (yellow, green and blue)were also found in the fill. None of thepotential stonework decoration survivedwith the exception of a single fragment of

Fig. 11. Early Roman lamp (Photo G. Majcherek)

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In keeping with the general program of theRestoration Project approved by the SupremeCouncil of Antiquities, conservation workwas carried out concurrently on variousmonuments of the site.

LATE ROMAN BATH COMPLEXOne of the most demanding tasks thisseason, supervised by Dr. Wojciech Kołątaj,was the restoration of the eastern elevationof the bath. The facade is preserved over adistance of some 30 m (i.e., approximatelyhalf of the original length, the rest havingbeen destroyed during an explosion in the

late 19th century). Where standing, thewall rises to a height of 3.50–4.00 m inplaces, being articulated with a number ofpools, niches, pilasters and door openings(Kołątaj 1992: 56–62).

The deterioration of most of the wallfacing was substantial with serious loss ofmortar from the joints. The most acuteproblem faced during the restorationoperation was a lack of new bricks of properspecification and adequate quality. The useof original bricks retrieved from theexcavations effectively alleviated thisproblem. The entire facing, up to 2.50 m

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doorframe or niche frame, found next toroom 5. Most of the preserved walls werebuilt in regular isodomic technique. Theirthickness does not exceed 0.40–0.42 m.

The Alexandrian houses of EarlyRoman date have regular plans thatfrequently feature standard designingunits. A central rectangular courtyard isinvariably the key element ordering thelayout. No such courtyard has beenuncovered so far in house FB. Instead themain room of the house (1: oikos ortriclinium) opened onto a large hall(2: approx. 6 x 5 m) with an entranceflanked by two monolithic columns ofAswan granite. The question whether itserved as a courtyard remains unclear, andwe must wait till the entire house is exploredin order to study its functional layout.

MOSLEM CEMETERIESA remaining section of the medievalgraveyard overlying the Portico (Area E)situated close to auditorium G was

explored.4 Altogether ten graves belongingto the so-called Middle and UpperNecropolis phase of the cemetery,E140–E150, were cleared and exlored. Findsfrom corresponding layers represented theusual range of artefacts: fragments ofFayyumi-type pottery and the Early LeadGlazed ware predominated. Among themost valuable finds one should list threefunerary stelae found in situ [cf. below, Fig. 6on page 53] and dated on palaeographicalgrounds to the 9th–10th century AD(Reg. nos 5154–5156).

Excavations were also continued in areaH, on a narrow stretch of ground west of thesouthern wing of the auditoria (G throughM), where a group of graves from the UpperNecropolis was mapped and investi-gated.

Trench G, partly explored in 1987, wasnow expanded eastwards and yet anotherportion of the cemetery was identified andcleared of topsoil, to be explored in thecoming season (for this fragment of thenecropolis, cf. Kiss et alii 2000).

4 For a detailed description of archaeological research in the Moslem cemetery, see contribution by E. Kulicka, below.

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high in places, was restored with re-laidbricks. Deteriorated mortar joints werecleaned and re-pointed, and the brickworkstabilized as a whole. The principle ofpreserving original wall bonding, as well asminimal intervention, was strictly observed.In some extant areas belonging to theoriginal phase of the building and structuredin flat Roman bricks, new bricks cut toappropriate dimensions and matchingoriginal ones were used in order to preservethe historical substance [Fig. 12]. As a rule,only lime–sand mortar was used in thebonding.

Conservation included also therestoration of outlets of vaulted hot-airchannels heating this part of the building.Special attention was paid to the conser-

vation of the adjacent inner staircase leadingup to the second storey. The slightlywinding staircase was duly restoredincluding steps and surrounding walls.A marble console was placed on one of therestored pilasters to give some idea of theoriginal decoration.

A rectangular pool projecting from theelevation into the frigidarium (next to thesoutheastern corner of the building) alsounderwent thorough structural conser-vation. Large fragments of walls introducedin the late 1960s were replaced with newones as required. Some cement patchesintroduced then as a temporary protectivemeasure were removed and replaced withlime mortar. Green marble (cippolino) blocksoriginally constituting the impressive side

Fig. 12. East façade of the Late Roman Bath after conservation, view from the southeast (Photo G. Majcherek)

5 Aureliusz Pisarzewski supervised the restoration of the pool as well as the conservation of the southern bath façade.

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Fig. 13. Oval frigidarium pool, after conservation, view from the north (Photo G. Majcherek)

walls (plutei) of the pool were consolidatedand supported with brick-made structures.The semicircular niche shaped within thethickness of the wall and closing the poolfrom the west was also treated.

Yet another frigidarium pool, of ovalshape, was also restored5 with originalbricks found nearby (Rodziewicz 1979)[Fig. 13]. The same procedure was appliedto a nearby manhole which leads to theunderground drainage system. Its walls wererepaired with bricks and a new head,slightly elevated with regard to thesurrounding ground, was built. Themanhole was secured with a wooden grate.

The temporary display of all thedecorative elements (marble columns,capitals, cornices, revetment tiles, cf. Kołątaj

1992: 93–95) found in the frigidarium wasalso re-arranged. All these elements are nowstored near the entrance to the bathcomplex, allowing for an unimpeded viewof the restored façade.

A similar conservation operation wasconducted on a 12-m long stretch of thesouthern elevation. The wall facing here,including much deteriorated and detachedbrickwork, was thoroughly restored[cf. Fig. 12]. The operation also includedthe restoration of an almost totallydestroyed semicircular pool in thedestrictarium. Additional repairs were madeon the hypocaust system in both thetepidarium and the destrictarium. Someseriously deteriorated square pilae oncesupporting the hypocaust, initially secured

Fig. 14. South façade of the bath and adjoining passage, after conservation, view from the east (Photo G. Majcherek)

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in the 1960s, were now consolidated andprotected with additional layers of bricks.

Restoration work was also carried out inthe western wing of the undergroundservice area, next to the large pool of thecaldarium. A large missing fragment of theside stone wall (3 m long) once supportingthe vault was restored. A particularlychallenging operation was undertaken inthe exit tepidarium, where an overhangingsegment of the massive brick wall was indanger of collapse. The wall, which hadbeen secured provisionally with an ironbeam was now supported with proper stonefoundations and made stable structurally.

The conservation of an extant pavementin the southern passage of the bath provedto be a major operation. The pavement,

made of irregular nummulithic limestoneslabs, had survived in several separatesections located mostly next to the channelrunning along the façade. The flagging hassubsided considerably in places, mostprobably due to seismic activity. Wholesections of flagging were now set in a newmortar bedding and consolidated [Fig. 14].The edges of the flagging were additionallyreinforced with a supporting band oflime–sand mortar. The gaps in the flaggingwill be filled eventually with gravel.

AREA FIn area F, the operation of restoring a largesection of the outer wall of the bath wascontinued. The wall was originallystructured in the pillar technique with piers

Fig. 16. Apse of Hall S, after conservation, view from the west (Photo G. Majcherek)

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Fig. 15. Outer wall of the bath, after conservation, view from the south (Photo G. Majcherek)

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of large masonry blocks at regular intervals,the intervening sections built in opuscaementicium with limestone facingenclosing a rubble core. The pillars werealmost totally gone, while extant screeningwalls were in very poor condition.

The latter were treated first. The core ofthe wall was consolidated and the masonryfacing restored wherever necessary. In 2006,this huge wall (c. 1.55 m wide) was rebuilt toa height of some 1.60 m above ground level(Majcherek 2009: 38 and Fig. 9). Thisrestoration was completed this season. Therebuilt section of the wall now reaches aheight of some 4 m [Fig. 15].

This operation should be seen asprerequisite for the planned display ofadjacent remnants of Early Roman houses,located some 3.50 m below the floor level ofthe baths. The houses can now be seen safelyfrom a platform set up next to the wall andsecured with metal railings.

The rebuilding operation entailed alsolimited restoration of the western wallbordering the nearby apodyterium. A section3.50 m long of this wall was restored. Theextant pavement in the apodyterium was alsotreated. The edges were protected with newlyconstructed bedding set in lime–sand mortar.

AREA CW (LATE ROMAN AUDITORIA)

The previous season had resulted in thediscovery of three more auditoria of LateRoman date located to the north of thesouthern passage leading to the bath. Theirwalls, constructed mostly in the pillartechnique, had suffered damage as a result ofmedieval burials in this area.

Conservation of the damaged wallswas the main objective of this season’swork in the area. The entire length ofthe east wall of Hall T was treated. Gaps,losses, as well as completely dismantledsections of the wall were restored withblocks found during the excavations andbelieved to originate from the structure.The projecting apse of Hall S, whichwas uncovered further to the north, wasreconstructed from the extant foundationsaccording to established procedures[Fig. 16]. First the foundations werecompleted and consolidated, after which theapse was restored using original limestoneblocks found nearby. The apse wall wasrestored with only three courses of stoneblocks (rising approximately 0.90 m) inorder to adapt it visually to the surroundingstructures.

REFERENCES

Kiss, Z., Majcherek, G., Meyza, H., Rysiewski, H., and Tkaczow, B.2000 Alexandrie VII: Fouilles polonaises à Kôm el-Dikka (1986–1987), Warsaw: ZAŚ PAN

Kołątaj, W.1992 Alexandrie VI: Imperial Baths at Kom el-Dikka, Warsaw: ZAŚ PAN

Kubiak, W.1967 Les fouilles polonaises à Kom el-Dikka en 1963 et 1964, BSAA 42, 47–81

Lipińska, J., Riad, H. 1966 Trial pits at Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria, ASAE XLIX, 99–108

Majcherek, G.1998 Kom el-Dikka excavations 1997, PAM IX [=Reports 1997], 23–36

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1999a Excavations at Kom el-Dikka 1997-98. A preliminary report, ASAE LXIV, 39–551999b Kom el-Dikka excavations 1998, PAM X [=Reports 1998], 29–412009 Kom el-Dikka. Excavation and preservation work, 2005/2006, PAM XVIII [=Reports

2006], 29–40Rodziewicz, M.

1979 Chronique des fouilles 1975, EtTrav XI, 195–2061984 Alexandrie III: Les habitations romaines tardives d’Alexandrie à la lumière des fouilles

polonaises à Kôm el-Dikka, Warsaw: ZAŚ PAN

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