Chemistry

1. Does irradiating food add radiation to food? Explain

your answer.

2. Describe the “octet rule.”

3. What are three types of bonds? Which one involves

sharing of electrons?

4. List at least 3 important properties of water.

Chemistry1. Draw a representation of a carbon atom illustrating the

location of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in the nucleus

and/or various orbitals.

2. How many more electrons does carbon require to complete

its outer orbital?

3. Carbon completes its outer orbital by sharing electrons with

other atoms – What is the name for this kind of bond?

(a) ionic bond

(b) covalent bond

(c) hydrogen bond

4. How many bonds does carbon form to other atoms?

5. What are the four types of biological molecules?

You are what you eat!the four classes of biomolecules

Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)

Protein (amino acid)

Lipids (fat)

Carbohydrates (sugars)

Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

1. What are the structural differences between various types of carbohydrates?

2. What are the functional differences between the various types of carbohydrates?

Function is related to structure

Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

1. Describe the difference between a monomer and a polymer; give a few examples of carbohydrate monomers and a few examples of carbohydrate polymers.

2. Which polysaccharide (s) use(s) glucose as their building block?

a. Cellulose

b. Glycogen

c. Starch

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

3. Why are human enzymes that digest starch unable to digest cellulose?

A few examples of hexose sugars

(6 carbon atoms)

more examples of sugar monomers

(3, 5, or 6 carbon atoms)

Carbohydrate

subunit

+

O O

H O H O

dehydration synthesis reaction

monomer monomermonomer

polymer

OH OH

2H2O

Starch vs glycogen

Starch vs glycogen

Starch vs cellulose

Chitin vs cellulose

Chitin

N

*

N

*

N

*

N

*

N

*

N

*

Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

1. Describe the difference between a monomer and a polymer; give a few examples of carbohydrate monomers and a few examples of carbohydrate polymers.

2. Which polysaccharide (s) use(s) glucose as their building block?

a. Cellulose

b. Glycogen

c. Starch

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

3. Why are human enzymes that digest starch unable to digest cellulose?

Biomolecules - Carbohydrates

Function:

Short-term energy

Long-term energy storage in plants

Long-term energy storage in animals

Structural support

Structure:

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide

4. Match each of the following terms with its correct structure and function:

Glycogen

Glucose

Starch

Cellulose

Chitin

Lactose

Why are mushrooms squooshy but cockroaches crunchy?

Chitin is a modified polysaccharide that contains nitrogen.

Chitin may be described as cellulose with one hydroxyl group on each monomer

replaced with an acetyl amine group. This allows for increased hydrogen bonding

between adjacent polymers, giving the chitin-polymer matrix increased strength.

In its unmodified form, chitin is translucent, pliable, resilient, and quite tough. In

arthropods, however, it is often modified, becoming embedded in sclerotin, a

tanned proteinaceous matrix, which forms much of the exoskeleton. In its pure

form, chitin is leathery, but in most invertebrates it occurs largely as a component of

composite materials.

Combined with calcium carbonate, as in the shells of Crustacea and molluscs, chitin

produces a much stronger composite. On the one hand the composite is harder and

stiffer than pure chitin, while on the other hand it is tougher and less brittle than

the mineral substance alone.