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Using Superconductivity in SpaceUsing Superconductivity in Space
F. CervelliF. Cervelli LNF, Februry 16, 2005LNF, Februry 16, 2005
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100 Years of Super Conductivity100 Years of Super Conductivity
Super-Conduction at -270°C(Kammerlingh-Onnes 1911)
Nobel Prizes in:
y01K530_05.ppt
current 1913
J. Barden, L.Cooper, J.SchriefferTheory of Superconductivity
1972
G.Bednorz, A.MüllerHigh temperature Superconductivity
1987
2003 A.A. Abrikosov, V.L. Ginzburg, A.J. LeggettTheory of superconductors and superfluids
H. Kammerlingh-OnnesDiscovery of Superconductivity
I
Normal conduction Wire
Metal atoms oscillate cause friction HEAT
Metals: Pb, Nb, Ti Atoms rest, Cooper pairs ofelectrons move frictionless (Quantum Mech.)
Icurrent
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A magnetic
detector is needed to
measure
the charge of
matter/antimatter.
HeHe
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It has taken a hundred years to develop the technology of superconductivity for
practical applications:• It is now commonly used in medicine - for example NMR - and cyclotron
for therapy.• It is widely used in recent years for physics research.
• It is used in Tokamak.• Superconducting magnet technology should be developed for Physics
research in Space and for Manned Space Flight.
lb04k026a
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Permanent Magnet
B = 0.5 Gauss
Superconducting Magnet
STEP ONE: Develop a Permanent Magnet in Space
1- Stable: no influence from earth magnetic field
2- Safety for the astronauts: No field leak out of the magnet
3- Low weight: no iron
STEP TWO: Develop a Superconducting Magnet in Space
With the same field arrangement as the permanent magnet:
Except it has 10,000 Gauss field = 1 T
There has never been a superconducting magnet in Space,due to the extremely difficult technical challenges
264_2f/6y04K409a02K216 Harrison.ppt
It is not possible to quench the coils except by outside heating
Technical achievement Technical achievement to eliminate quench for AMS-02to eliminate quench for AMS-02
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For a magnet with long duration For a magnet with long duration without refill and light weightwithout refill and light weight, , use superfluid Heliumuse superfluid Helium
Normal liquid Helium:-268.85°C
Superfluid Helium:-271.35°C
has no surface tension
Indirect cooling with cold heat exchanger
In Space: Cold Heat exchanger cannot be uniformly cooled
In Space: Cold Heat exchanger is uniformly cooled
He
He He
He
He
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264_2f/8Y04K615 Harrison
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The AMS detector has been under construction for 10 years.The AMS detector has been under construction for 10 years.Final ESA thermal vacuum test of the entire detector in 2006.Final ESA thermal vacuum test of the entire detector in 2006.
ECAL
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Superconducting Magnets for Power Generation, NASA
Prof. Samim Anghaie, Director, Innovative Nuclear Space Power and Propulsion Institute, INSPI; University of Florida, Gainesville.
Vapor Core Reactor with MHD power conversion
VASIMR configuration with Vapor Core Reactor System
The vapor core reactor for space applications uses a superconducting magnet for MHD power conversion
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Toroidal MagnetPair
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Superconducting Magnets for Electric Propulsion (JSC)
VASIMR Isp ~ 10-30 Ksec
High power electric propulsion such as VASIMR and other applied field plasma rockets relies on the technology of superconducting magnets operating in space.
y04K117a
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Artificial Gravity for Mars Mission
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SC for Manned Space FlightSC for Manned Space Flight
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B=0 inside
B 1/R
B=0 inside
B 1/R
a) b)- the solenoidal configuration is not adequate and must be adopted a toroidal configuration where the field diminishes at the increasing of the radius;
- the outer part of the system must be deployed or assembled in space.
electric current
retu
rn o
f th
e el
ectr
ic c
urr
ent
retu
rn o
f th
e el
ectr
ic c
urr
ent
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Traditional NASA Design 130 rem
ISS limit: 50 rem/year
Superconducting Technology45 rem30 tons Magnet
or1000 tons of Aluminum
Traditional NASA Mars Reference DesignTraditional NASA Mars Reference Design(using absorbing material for shielding cosmic radiation)(using absorbing material for shielding cosmic radiation)
Used by NASA (JSC) for design studies of costs, technologies and scienceUsed by NASA (JSC) for design studies of costs, technologies and science compared withcompared with
Superconducting Magnet Technology for shielding cosmic radiationSuperconducting Magnet Technology for shielding cosmic radiation
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y04K409
No magnetic field
Fe
Magnetic shielding of radiationMagnetic shielding of radiation
No fieldStrong magnetic field
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Looking for Technical Solutions (1)
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Crewcompartment
7.00 m
6T
Propulsion,Energy and
Live support,
Mars Magnet System - Version (102)
4.5T
2.1T
Superfluid helium vesselThermal radiation shields
Barrel toroid
supports
EndCap
toroid
supports
y05K003bV2
1.00 m
Ø 1
5.0
0 m
Ø 4
.50
m
Propulsion,Energy and
Live support,
with existing AMS-02 technology
Looking for Technical Solutions (2)
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'Habitat' (=4m, length 5m): H2O & Toroid shield masses
1
10
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000
K.E. cut [MeV]
mas
s [t
]
H2O shieldToroid R2=4m cold massToroid R2=4m envisaged total mass
8m4mhabitat
Looking for Technical Solutions (3)
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Toroidal shield for the 'habitat' (R1=2m): MaxSEP & GCR/year @ solar min
0,01
0,1
1
10
0 1 2 3 4 5magnetic field at R1 [tesla]
rele
ased
en
erg
y [
Gy] R2=3m MaxSEP
R2=4m MaxSEPR2=6m MaxSEPR2=3m Gal.p/year @ SolminR2=4m Gal.p/year @ SolminR2=6m Gal.p/year @ SolminGCR/year @ solar minimum
Toroids of different external radii shielding a ‘Habitat’ volume: energy released by proton in the human body for the MaxSEP and for the galactic protons at solar minimum as a function of the magnetic field intensity at R=R 1
The indication of the level of the unshielded GCR total ‘dose’ is reported for comparison
6m8m12m
4mhabitat
Looking for Technical Solutions (4)
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recommendations
cryocooler development
deployable current elements
superconducting magnetic system model
validation by prototypes (expecially for shielding)
study of hybrid solutions
………….. and many other studies
Road Map to the FutureRoad Map to the Future
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Shelter: Gal.p vs. MaxSEP dose
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,01 0,1 1 10MaxSEP [Gy]
Gal
.p @
So
l.min
. [G
y/y]
H2O
Toroid
Dose [Gy/year] due to GCR proton component at solar minimum inside the shelter as a function of the residual dose due to the MaxSEP inside the ‘shelter’.
Looking for Technical Solutions (5)
264_2f/27V= 111.3 m3 = 3932 cuft