24692478 Education Mine Planning and Automation Docs48

8/3/2019 24692478 Education Mine Planning and Automation Docs48

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Mine

Planning

Unit 12


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In this unit, you will learn about minelayout and mine planning.


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After completing this unit, you should be able to:

Explain the role of mine planning

Explain mine planning process

List some of the concerns of U/G planning

Explain the factors of layout design

Explain some of the strategies for U/G layout

Explain the parts of a typical mine


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Mine Planning

The classic procedure fordesigning a mine starts bydetermining the mining method(s)and probable optimum mining

rate .

This unit is principally devoted tothe next step determining initialmine layout or"conceptual minedesign." The procedure is alsoconsidered initial mine planning.


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Mine Layout - Surface

If the mining method is open pit,the layoutstarts with the basicdesignof the open pit itself. Thisincludes pit layouts in intervals

up to the final design (ultimatepit). With the pit established, theinfrastructure is planned,including surface haul roads,stockpiles, dumps, tailings

impoundment, utility corridors,and surface plant layout.

The mine layout for an open

pit mine might have to bemodified if undergroundmining is contemplated

when the pit is exhausted.


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Mine Layout - Underground

If the plan includes undergroundmining, planningstarts with locatingand sizing pre-production and on-going development requirements. Theinitial planning includes determining

level intervals, haulage ways, primaryaccess (shaft, ramp or adit), and othermajor entries. The design of majorentries requires considering therequirements for ore handling, wasterock handling, primary ventilation

circuit, backfill, transfer, materialshandling, access for personnel, refuge

stations, and escape route(s).

Once the underground mineconcept is established, thesurface infrastructure isdesigned, including access

roads, dumps, tailingsimpoundment, utility corridors,maintenance facilities,explosives storage, and surfaceplant layout.


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Underground Mine Planning

The planning process will, ingeneral move through four steps,irrespective of the design phase:

baseline assessment,

reserve determination,

premine planning and

subsystem design.


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Phase I - BASELINE ASSESSMENT

Baseline assessment of allavailable data precedes anyplanning efforts. It is acomprehensive initial review of allavailable information on thepotential reserve or mine fromgeographic, geologic,environmental, technical, andeconomic standpoints.


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1) Baseline Assessment Geologic Factors

Thegeologic modelis only an interpretation of the actualconditions based on the skill of geologists and the economic

backing available to do thorough testing . Constant testing anddrilling is done as the project moves through the design phases.The data collected dictates the changes that effect the geologicmodel.


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2) Baseline Assessment -Environmental Factors

Today designing a mine

requires planning forenvironmental protection andreclamationfrom the verybeginning.


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RESERVE DETERMINATION

The characteristics of a reserve are as crucial as the reservemagnitude or grade: the depth, inclination, geometry, type andproperties of host and deposit rocks, quality, and etc.play a keyrolein the design.

Criteria

A mineral deposit or resource can only be classified as an orebody only when it can bemined at a profit.The planning anddesign attempts to identify the method to make this possible.

Demand of the ore body and mining technology can affect thefuture of a project.


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PREMISE PLANNING

The mine plan constantlyevolvesas the mine process changesphysical characteristics. Engineering science and technology are

constantly evolving while the mine is locked into the physicalframework.

An interesting fact is that equipment changes with time but the basicdesign of the mine remains the same. This is most obvious incomparing existing and newer mines.


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Following is a list of concerns for underground mining:

1) Regulatory and Legal Factors

Permits and approvalsmay be at the federal, state, local, or regional. Theseare subject to continual revision or reinterpretation requiring ongoingreview of the mine plan.

Compliance plans include:

1) mine layout with projections 5) dust control plan

2) strata/roof control plan 6) medical / emergency evacuation plan

3) ventilation plan 7) fire control/mine evacuation plan

4) fan stoppage plan 8) escapee map/plan.


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2) Geologic/ Geotechnical Factors

Depending on the mining methods under consideration, manygeologic and geotechnical factors must be considered. Theeconomics usually favor extraction of the best grade materials orthe lowest mining cost areas tomaximizethe return on investmentsand shorten payback period.

While the immediate extraction of the best grade materialsenhances immediate finances it can compromise designs.


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3) Environmental Factors

Theimpact on the environmentmust be considered fromthe beginning of the plan design. The impacts to theenvironments can include; noise, aesthetics, air quality,water discharge and run off. The environment must remainwithin regulation during the initial data gathering to the

reclamation process.

Reclamation plansinclude; drainage control, segregationof waste material, erosion and sediment control, solidwaste disposal, regrading and restoration of waste andmine areas. The plan must include theeffectsof the minesubsidence, vibration ( induced by transportation, mining,processing or subsidence) and impact on surface water.The environmental items often dictatethe economics andviabilityof the mine.


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4) Technical Factors

Thetechnical areas of the planis the most extensive. It takes inconsideration the regulations, geologic, and and environmentalfactors to develop each part of the plan.

The layout of the mineis determined bythe size and shape of thereserve. After the ore deposit is mapped, access development for thereserve area is figured into the plan. The size of the reserves

determines the kinds of access and the number of access portalsneeded. Access can be vertical shafts, inclined slopes, and drifts orhorizontal entries.

The larger the reserve, themore complicatedthe plan becomes.


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Surface FacilitiesTheproductivity and the reserve

sizedetermine the size andplacement of facilities.Consideration must be made for

access, extraction, removal, andstorage of the ore, the physicalneeds of the work force, and theoperational needs of the facility.

Land acquisition for disposal areas,

dust, noise, safety, and layout areother design considerations.


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Introduction to Mine Engineering

Physical FactorsGeological mapping is used to determine the reserve depth and

develop the best mine layout. The plan lays out the number ofbenches and designates the portion of the reserve that will bestmeet the needs of the market.Economicsdrive the design to gain

the most profit from the mine while still maintaining plans forreclamation.

The sequence of the extractioncan be important to maximize thereserve recovery. The mine may have multiple seams beingextracted at once or only a single vein. The plan will take this into

consideration and plan for the most efficient method of recovery.Poor mining conditions must be factored into the analysis toaccount for changes in productivity rates and mine costs.


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Equipment

The equipment needed is determined bythe dimensions and the hardness of the

mineral deposit. Other factors that needto be considered are production rates,seam or working height, and property

extent. Ventilation, size constraints,regulations, and floor pressures mayimpact the choice of diesel-or electric-powered equipment.

Schedules for equipment overhaul

should be developed to assureproductivity rates. New equipmentpurchase should consider theincorporation of new technology as itbecomes available.


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Support Systems/ Infrastructure

As the development of the mineprogresses the mine entries, drifts,and levels become part of theinfrastructure. All parts of the systemmust be evaluated for capacity andavailability . The systems are built in a

series so that if one of the systemsfails the whole system is halted untilsystems are corrected. A seriessystem design is usually used to keepcosts low as many systems are

parallel or redundant. They aredesigned to be as maintenance freeas possible.


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Transportation

Transportation encompassesprovisions for the movement ofmaterials, personnel andequipment into and out of themine. Supplies, workers,equipment must betransportedin a timely mannerto maintainthe planned production. One ofthe main transportation plansinclude moving the minedmaterial from the face to the

processing facility. A successfulmine design will havea smoothtransportation flow.


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Manpower

Staffing of the system is afunction of the required productionlevel. Typically the manpower level is inversely related to therelative level of capital spending but related to the reserve size.Adequate personnel must be provided to allow the system tofunction properly. Personnel includes the supervisory work

force as well.

Consideration must be made forsupport stafflevels such asadministration, engineering, financial staff. The centralization ofthe the support personnel may be more effective if centrallylocated depending on particular circumstances. The physical

location of the mine must be considered also.


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Ventilation

After most of the other factors are

laid out the ventilation is designedtoprovide the mine's life supportsystem. The first consideration isproviding clean respirable air tothe workers. The dilution ofcontaminants is next. In othercases air can used to cool also.

Mine layout is dramaticallyimpacted by the ventilationsystem. Proper airflow requires

proper sizing , location andnumbers of airways. Minimum andmaximum velocities, andquantities are often specified byregulations and mine condition.


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5) Mine Closing and Reclamation

After the deposit has been completely mined, the mine area must becleaned up andreturned to approximately it original condition.

Permits require bonds to be set for protection against notcompleting this reclamation. Funds are allocated to cover thisprocess from the onset of the mine. Many of the reclamationprocess begin with the first breaking of the ground. Openings aresealed, pits filled and revegetated, and the structures removed.


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Mine Plant Layout

Mine planning is a general term for describing theprocess ofconfiguringa complex and often expensive portion of anunderground mine.

This encompasses the placement of all development facilities suchas buildings and structures, machinery, pipelines, power lines,equipment, cables ponds, roads, rails and other auxiliary worksneeded to support any underground mine activities.

Mine layout is the design for integrating all structures, systems or

activities,required to support the mine for economic gain.


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Mine plant layout is divided into three major

subcategories:

surface,

shaft and

underground plant.

The surface plant commenced at the entrance tothe property to the mine opening site.This isgenerally seen in the form of roads, fencing,drainage, and runoff ditches, lighting / power lines,and other items needed to provide the site with

materials and services.


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The shaft plant subcategory begins at theshaft of the collar and consists of the

airways and pumps, piping, watercollection structures, communication andpower lines, transportation systems andthe components between the surface andthe underground workings.

This is generally seen in the form ofroads, fencing, drainage, and runoffditches, lighting/power lines, and otheritems needed to provide the site withmaterials and services. The shaft plant

layout encompasses all of the equipment,buildings, yards and controlsneeded toservice the mine.


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The underground mineplant would include , butnot be limited to,ventilation, drainage,transportation, supply

and materials handling,mine power andcommunications.


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There is a difference between designing theplants for large and small mines. The three basic

parameters are :durationof the underground facility,

the profit expectedfrom the mine,and

the needsof the mine for auxiliaryservices.

As a rule of thumb, the mines with a life longerthan ten years need a more detailed plan andthorough mine plant engineering. Smaller mines

that have a life of 3-5 years need a portablesurface plant, little or no shaft plant, and a verybasic underground plant layout.


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Strategy for Underground Mines

Ramp Haulage

For small ore bodies, ramp haulage is thedefault selectionbecause itnormally provides the most flexible and economical choice.

A ramp (or adit) drive can typically be oriented to provide an underground

diamond-drilling base and provide shorter crosscuts to the ore zone. Thecrosscuts are provided rapidly and economically because they provide asecond heading for the main drive. It is possible to sink and develop from ashaft at the same time; however, this is a difficult and expensive procedure.

Another advantage to the ramp or adit entry isdirect accessby mobileequipment when trackless mining is to be employed. For a typical shaft, theequipment must be dismantled and reassembled underground. The set-uptime required to initiate ramp driving is usually shorter than for a shaft.


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One to three monthsmay be

required to provide access andcollar a ramp portal, while the collar,

hoist, and headframe required for ashaft may takesix monthsof sitework.

For medium sized ore bodies, ramphaulage may still be the best choicewhere the ore body is relatively flatlying. In this case, the ramp mayhave to be enlarged to

accommodate larger trucks. Insome cases, it may be practical toprovide twin ramp entries to handletwo-way traffic.


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Belt Conveyor

Forlarge flat-lying ore bodies, a beltconveyor is typically the most economicalmethod of hoisting ore. The legs of theconveyor are put into a ramp that has beendriven straight (i.e. a "decline") for each legof the proposed conveyor way.

Shaft System

Forlarge steeply dipping ore bodies, a shaftsystem is usually best. In this scenario, itmay be advisable to have a ramp entry aswell to accelerate the pre-production

schedule and later to provide service accessto the mine.


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Main Entry

The foregoing strategy determines a main entry to the

underground on thebasis of ore transport. In manycases, this entry also serves for personnel andmaterials transfer, particularly at small operations.

Consideration should be given to a separate entry forman and materials handling when it can be afforded.

For example, some mines use the production shaft forore/waste hoisting, main exhaust, and alternate escapewhile a second shaft provides cage service in the mainfresh air entry. If a shaft system is employed at anoperation of substantial capacity, it is not uncommonto find a ramp access from surface as a third entry.

This is a logical progression when an internal rampsystem is required by the mining method to beemployed.


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Parts of a Mine


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Headframe

The headframe isthe top of themine. A hoistmotor is used toconvey men andmaterials into themine.


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Introduction to Mine Engineering

Ventilation Shaft

Vertical tunnels/shafts connectthe ends of each level and

carry fresh air into mine fromsurface. Fumes, gases, andheat are replaced by cool cleanair. In winter, the fresh air isheated to maintain an even

year-around temperature.


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SkipSkips are used to hoist brokenrock/ore to surface. Many metalmines use the overturning typeof skip. Curved guides in the

headframe turn the skips overuntil the ore runs out into a binon surface. Skips are loaded at aloading pocket at the bottom ofthe main orepass.


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CageThe Cage is a compartmentwhich is used to hoist menand material into the mine.

The cage is built into the

main shaft.

A Cage can hold up to 30men and handle very heavy

equipment.


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Pumps

Most mines require a de-watering system for theremoval of underground water.The water comes from naturalsources and the types of

mining methods employed, ie.cut and fill. Usually a series ofpumping stations are requiredto lift the water out of the minein stages.


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Sump

Sumps are commonly installedin mines to settle out anysuspended particles in the minewater. A Sump is an

underground pond where thesuspended material can settleout. Sumps are often used inconnection with a pumping plantso that the larger solid particles

will not enter the pump.


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Drift

Levels and drifts arehorizontal tunnelsdriven the length oforebody. They arespaced at equal

intervals down theshaft usually every 70to 100 meters. Driftsare used to tram oreand move materials

within the mine.


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Stope

Stopes are the workingareas of a mine. Here theore is drilled and blasted

by the miners. Ore isremoved from thestopes thru chutes tothe level below.


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Chute

An opening in theground, through whichore can pass from one

level to another. It isalso the structure builtto load cars from astope or ore-pass.


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Raise

A raise is a verticalconnection between levels orinto stopes. A raise can madeof timber or steel culverts.

Often a ladder system isinstalled to permit passage ofminers or a slide system isused to move heavyequipment into a stope.


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Parts of a Mine


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Shaft

This is the mainentrance to the minefor men and supplies.

the shaft is dividedinto two parts, a cage(for men) and a skipfor ore. Shafts can bevertical or inclined.


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Charging Station

An area on the levelwhere all battery-powered equipment

is re-charged forcontinuous use.Most trains that haulore on the level usebatteries.


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Lunchroom

A small isolated driftwhich has a stove,

tables, andwashbasins.

Also called a refugestation.


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Warehouse

An underground area where spare equipmentand parts are stored for the stopes. Stored

materials include oil, drills, screen, bolts andvarious equipment items.


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Washroom

An underground washroom is commonly calleda GESTER. A typical gester consists of a

modified rail car that uses chemicals, air, andwater to breakdown waste materials.


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Ore Pass

The ore is moved alongthe level by trains to acentral ore pass system.

The ore falls downward toa crusher below. Here it isloaded in a skip andhoisted to surface.


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Fuse Magazine

Fuses and detonator capsare stored separately fromexplosives for safety

purposes. The detonator capis ignited either by electricalmeans or by a slow burningtape fuse. The cap in turncauses the explosive to

detonate.


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Powder Magazine

The powder magazine is astorage area where theexplosive agent is stored

separate from fuses anddetonators for safetypurposes. Amex, Cilgel, andother hi-explosive are usedto break and shatter rock/ore

in the extraction process.


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You have reached the end of Unit 12.

Documents

24692478 Education Mine Planning and Automation Docs48