2/4/08

Fig. 17-10

2/4/08

White Blood Cell ProductionCSFs you need to know (most important ones):GM-CSF = distinguishes myeloblast from monoblastG-CSF = makes granular leukocytesM-CSF = triggers monocyte formation

For some blood cell production hormones…♦EPO, G-CSF, GM-CSF

…similar chemicals can by used as drug treatments to increase the levels of those cell types

2/4/08

Blood – day 3

Chapter 17

2/4/08

Fig. 17-10

2/4/08

Platelet Production = ThrombocytopoiesisHemocytoblast (in bone marrow)Megakaryocyte

♦Large cells♦Make proteins, enzymes, membrane for the platelet, then…♦Platelets bud off of them ♦Each one produces approx. 5,000-10,000 platelets

Shredded cytoplasm = plateletsHormones

♦Thrombopoietin (TPO)♦Interleucin-6 (IC-6)♦Multi-CSF

Circulate for approx. one week, then are destroyed by the spleen & specialized cells in the liver

2/4/08

Back to Red Blood CellsAnother important feature of RBCs Identification “tag”

♦Ensures that only siimilar/same type of RBCs remain in one blood stream

♦= a defense feature

ID tags = blood typeBlood type = different carbohydrates on the surface

called antigensAntigens are recognition factors Fig. 17-6

2/4/08

Blood TypeAntigens are recognition factorsBlood plasma also contains anti-bodies

Antibodies match the blood-type NOT in the individualAntibodies are there to detect if foreign blood cells are

presentIf B is given to A, anti-B reacts with B antigen

♦Agglutination – destroys cells♦In the bargain it also interferes with normal blood flow

2/4/08

Fig. 17-6

2/4/08

AgglutinationBlood plasma also carries antibodies

2/4/08

Blood typesABO system of blood

typingO

♦Universal donor but dilution factor is important b/c it has both antibodies in plasma

Example of what happens when combining blood types and antibodies

Fig. 17-7

2/4/08

Rh systemAnother form of antigen found in the blood

♦+ or –

Separate from ABO, but functions similarlyRh+ = presence of D antigenRH- = NO D antigenRH- will produce anti-D antibodies (anti Rh) if exposed

to Rh+ blood1st transfusion can go alright, 2nd transfusion will have

a serious effectSituation of concern = erythroblastosis fetalis

2/4/08

Rh system - problemsSituation of concern = erythroblastosis fetalisHemolytic disease of the newbornMother has RH- bloodFetus has Rh+ blood

♦The fetus produces it’s own blood during development♦Fetus is protected from mother by the placenta♦There is an exchange of nutrients with the mothers blood,

but no mixing of blood

Not a problem, no anti-D (anti-Rh) antibodies produced in mothers blood

2/4/08

Rh system - problemsAT DELIVERY

♦Uterus lining tears♦At this point, fetal blood may enter mother’s blood stream♦This produces anti-D in the mother

For the second pregnancy there could be a serious problem….

♦…the mother now has anti-D ♦Though “blood” doesn’t cross the placenta, antibodies can,

and this one does – attacks the RBCs of the fetus♦Problems range from mild to very severe (including

miscarriage)Treatment

♦Replace fetal blood with Rh- – OK, not really possible, but…♦Treat mother with Rh-gamma globulin before delivery

•Prevents anti-D (anti-Rh) production

2/4/08

Fig. 17-8

2/4/08

Important Function of Platelets

Fig. 17-

Blood clotting Wounding

♦Starts with breaking of skin = blood vessels are torn

3 steps take place

1. Vascular spasm♦Smooth muscle contracts, constricting the blood vessel♦Slows flow of blood out of the vessel (out of the body)

2. Platelet formation♦During this phase, different chemicals are produced

•Clotting factors•PROSTAGLANDINS•Fibrin stabilizing factor

Culminating in clot formation Happens in 2-6 minutes

2/4/08

Blood clotting steps cont… 3 steps take place

3. Clot formation♦Fibrinogen converted to FIBRIN (fiber like protein)

•Triggered by thrombin

♦Further blocks up cut♦Prevents loss of blood cells

This all happens in

approx. 2-6 minutes

2/4/08

Fig. 17-11

2/4/08

Fig. 17-12

2/4/08

Well known blood disorders

Fig. 17-

Anemia

Leukemia

Mononucleosis

2/4/08

Blood Disorders - ANEMIALoss of efficiency in O2 transport in RBCs

Could be due to:♦Hb deficiency, low RBC count, hemorraghing, etc.

There are several types of anemia – a few examples♦Hemorrhagic

•Low RBC count due to bleeding

♦Aplastic•Abnormal/destroyed bone marrow = low RBC production =

needs bone marrow transplant

♦Iron-deficiency•Not enough Fe2+ for Hb in diet

♦Sickle-cell•Abnormal β-globulin protein – changes the shape of RBC

2/4/08

Blood Disorders - LEUKEMIACancer of blood cells

♦= uncontrollable growth

Makes up 6% of all cancersLeading cause of death in childrenAcute

♦↑ immature WBCs, very rapid onset♦Typically in children and young adults♦Interferes with RBC production due to crowding in the bone

marrow

Chronic♦Later onset, may take months/years to progress♦↑ mature WBCs, but still abnormal blood cells

2/4/08

Blood Disorders - MONONUCLEOSIS

Caused by a virus♦Epstein-Barr virus

Enlarged lymphocytes♦Thus see ↑ in WBC count

Look like monocytes♦↑ monocyte count

Symptoms♦Enlarged glands and those items above

Treatment♦Rest

2/4/08

Fig. 17-12

2/4/08

Fig. 17-9

2/4/08

Fig. 17-7

2/4/08

ro

Fig. 17-2

2/4/08

Fig. 17-2

2/4/08

Fig. 17-