23 oct. 06 - WS on limits of global modelsMeta-model for retrieving knowledge: The Arkeotek project1 Ontology or meta-model for retrieving reasoning in

23 oct. 06 - WS on limits of global models Meta-model for retrieving knowledge: The Arkeotek project 1

Ontology or meta-model for retrieving reasoning in documents:

The Arkeotek project

The logicist program Requirements for an “ontology” used for document annotation Possible reuse of CRM and contributions to CRM

The Arkeotek project : http://www.arketotek.org/The Arkeotek Journal : http://www.thearkeotekjournal.org/

N. Aussenac-Gilles (IRIT – Toulouse, France)

Valentine Roux and Blanche de Saizieu (Préhistoire et technique, MAE, Nanterre)

Jean-Claude Gardin (CNRS)

Philippe Blasco (Editions Epistèmes)


Context: The “logicist program” (by J.C.Gardin)

Goal: improve the scientific written production Higher reading efficiency Improve communication Reduce the time and cost of diffusion

Proposed solution: apply “logicism” to archaeology (Grize : mathematical logic)

Final Propositions(findings, conclusions)

Intermediate Propositions(assertions)

Initial propositions(data descriptions)

Inference rule

Inference rule


Turns natural language writings into a set of short assertions in NL (propositions) and a diagram that makes explicit the rules connecting propositions Data may be obtained from observations, comparison or reference documents

From natural language to logicist diagrams

Data

Data

Data

P0/1

P0/2

P0/3

P0/4

P0/5

P1/1

P1/2

P3/1

P2/1

Initial propositions

Interpretative propositions

Data

Antecedent

Antecedent

Has-AntecedentAssertion (block)

findings


P0/ - A la Motte-aux-Magnins ABC, seules 8 pièces ayant fonctionné par raclage et rainurage ou sciage ont été identifiées

La fonction des outillages en matières dures animales et en silex au Néolithique final, V. Beugnier et Y. Maigrot, 2005, BSPF, n°2, 335-344

« Le silex joue par contre un rôle réduit dans le travail du bois. A la Motte-aux-Magnins ABC, seules 8 pièces ayant fonctionné par raclage et rainurage ou sciage ont été identifiées. Une fois de plus, il s’agit d’éclats présentant des bords plutôt fins, uniquement destinés aux opérations délicates d’aménagement de décors et de finition d’objets tels que les peignes en buis qu’on retrouve dans les sites. »

SOURCE TEXT

LOGICIST RE-WRITING

P0/ - Il s’agit d’éclats présentant des bords plutôt fins, uniquement destinés aux opérations délicates d’aménagement de décors et de finition d’objets tels que les peignes en buis qu’on retrouve dans les sites.

P1/ - Le silex joue un rôle réduit dans le travail du bois


A system to retrieve information in the Arkeotek collection

Is knapping stone used for wooden object manufacturing ?

Localize answers in different pieces of documents over the collection

Take into account the role of each paragraph in argumentation to show first either interpretative or initial propositions

-> add Semantic annotations


How indexing may benefit from the ontology and the SCD text structure ?

corpus

Ontology + Term occurrences

Semanticindexing

Heuristic propagationthrough SCD links

New Indexing

ValidationManual annotation

Tagged

documents


Annotating propositions with concepts

P0/ - A la Motte-aux-Magnins ABC, seules 8 pièces ayant fonctionné par raclage et rainurage ou sciage ont été identifiées.

P0/ - Il s’agit d’éclats présentant des bords plutôt fins, uniquement destinés aux opérations délicates d’aménagement de décors et de finition d’objets tels que les peignes en buis qu’on retrouve dans les sites.

P1/ - Le silex joue un rôle réduit dans le travail du bois.

Location

Archaeological object

Knapping stone or slim shape stone

Archaeological object

Manufacturing operations using knapping stone

Manufacturing wooden objectsKnapping stone (as type-of Archaeological object)

wooden objects

wooden objectsManufacturing operations using knapping stone


Examples of requests to be answered

Questions about scientific data and results in the field What are the steps of the processing chain for beads? Which techniques have been used in India for manufacturing

beads? How have pottery production techniques been transmitted

over the Senegal Valley?

Questions about scientific methods or techniques Which [investigation] technique can be used to identify the

manufacturing period of potteries? Which are the possible [investigation] methods to study

human skills?


What should the meta-model / ontology contain for such annotations?

Concepts for describing archeological objects, locations, periods, manufacturing processes

Concepts for describing investigation techniques, methods, scope, goal and results in the archeology of techniques

Terms to reflect lexical variability and diversityHarappan hard stone beads can be classified according to three size

categories: Small length less than 3 cm, medium between 3 and 2,76 in, large between 7 and 12 cm. The three dimension categories distinguished correspond to other significant categories, ranging from techno-economic aspects (process and duration of fabrication) to relative skill levels).

The course of action is structured by a method. A method is defined as an ordered set of knapping gestures. At Cambay, the knapping method allowing to create a pre-form from a rough-out includes 6 stages. result


Not in CRM

Organized according to the ROLES in an investigation, TO BE IMPROVED with CRM

Not in CRMNot very well

organized either

Current meta-model

Method and technique

Investigation parameters

ResultsGoals Scope

BeadsPearlsCornalinesConical…

Processing chain for containers

Processing chain for beads

BeadsMaterial Morphometry

Processing

chainChrono-cultural period

Qualitative Caract.

Nature of the corpus objects

Data corpus characteristics

Quantitative caracteristics

hard stone glass

Is not an ontology !!


Issues with annotating investigation methods

An interpretative proposition Analysis of the course of action The course of knapping sequences was noted in terms of the succession

of operations and their temporal distribution. It was described and coded with video films and then treated with the program Kronos. This program, developed by A. Kergelen, permits a temporal analysis of the succession of actions which are retranscribed into sequences in the form of a diagram.

Titles of the antecedent propositions: The course of action is structured by a method. The course of action is analyzed according to knapping strategies. The course of action is analyzed according to the knapping sequences. The course of action is analyzed according to the temporal structures.

Manufacturing chain properties

Investigation techniques (to study a processing chain)

Investigation technique (to study a processing chain)


Issues with annotating periods and chronological results

An interpretative proposition P1_1 – Chronology: The time when building 14 has been

used in state 1 at the end of the 7th century is estimated to one or two generations.

Antecedent propositions: P0_1 – Chronology: Building 14 has been built soon after

668. P0_2 – Chronology: Building 14, that has had three

successive states, has been used for a short time extent: less than a century.

Sepulture S589 is contemporary to the destruction and not of the use of building 14 (motivated by the stratigraphic analysis). This tomb dated by radiocarbon, is prior to 776 (661-776, Ly-9326). From the results of the ceramic study, the two first states of the building have not been occupied after the end of the 7th century.

Investigation techniques (for dating an object)

Date or time extent

Use and building of an archaeological object


Status of chrono-cultural periods Issues

Confusion between period identification (dating) as one of the sub-goals of an investigation, and the period itself as a characterization of the corpus of objects, and period chronology as a result of an investigation about a particular culture.

What should the model say about chrono-cultural periods ? A period contributes to characterize the archaeological context of an

investigation. Periods are defined by a set cultural and temporal data, not only by dates or

events. But date and events may help establish its frontiers. Periods are connected to locations, peoples and archaeological or historical

hypotheses such peoples’ skills and know-how for some techniques. Periods are identified thanks to a dating process, either absolute or relative. Periods may provide information in order to establish a chronology in a

culture. The main result of an investigation can be to characterize a material culture or

a large period through its chronological evolution (and more precise periods that it includes).


L’aspect temporelCRM Entity

Lasting entityLocation

Label

Time Label

Temporal Entity Chronologicalperiod

Conservation state Period

Event

Date

Last all along

is identified by(identifies)

Is a moment in

s'insère dans(inclut)

Inludes(is part of)

Is included in(includes)

Is identifed byr(identifies)

takes place at

Temporal primitive

1,1 1,n

0,n

0,n

1,n 0,n

1,n 0,n0,n

0,n

0,n

0,n

0,n

1,n

0,n0,n

0,n

0,1

has chronological period-Is a chrono. Period of

Reusing CIDOC-CRM (CRM 3.4)

representation of Time and Period


Reshaping period definition with CRM:temporal-entity and CRM:Chronological-period

Distinguish period from temporal extent

Defining criteria for period types of phenomena or interrelated phenomena that determine the unity

and identify the cultural continuity of a period. Define relations between period and

Location, people, cultural features (social and political organization, religion, skills and technical know about some materials, economical organization, …), temporal extents, events (all these features together define it)

Period than may be part of a larger period, occur before or after another pariod

Results of a dating process Period characterization may be the goal of an investigation


Conclusion

CRM and ontological guidelines will help us make our a model look more like an ontology Define concepts like archaeological object and period Import results from other ontologies about detailed descriptions of object

types, materials, forms, periods …

Arkeotek underlines two limitations (lacks) of CRM for the archaeology of techniques Concepts to explain how objects were manufactured (processing chains,

materials, gestures, skills, …) Concepts to describe investigation methods and techniques used in

archaeology (liking C14 dating, craft-man observation to identify the gestures, their duration, and required skills, …)

Concepts to describe what an investigation is (its scope, goals, methods …)

Documents

23 oct. 06 - WS on limits of global modelsMeta-model for retrieving knowledge: The Arkeotek project1 Ontology or meta-model for retrieving reasoning in