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Biodiversity

The variety among living

organisms

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Viruses

It is difficult to place viruses

into the five-kingdom scheme of

classification

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Viruses

Contain nucleic acids, DNA and

RNA

Reproduce in the living hostcells

Do not have cellular

organisation. No nucleusenclosed by nuclear membrane,

no cytoplasm and no organelles

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Viruses

No processes such as nutrition,

respiration, excretion, growth,

irritability and movement Show no signs of life outside

the cells of the living host

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Five Kingdom Systems

Organisms are grouped into

Prokaryotae

Protoctista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

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Prokaryotae

Prokaryotes

E.g. bacteria, cyanobacteria

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Protoctista

Eukaryotic

Unicellular or multicellular

Autotroph or heterotroph

Reproduce asexually and sexually

*heterotrophicorganisms

requiring a supply of organicmaterial (food) from its

environment

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Algae

Photosynthetic thallusThallusa relatively

undifferentiated vegetative

body with no true roots,stems, leaves, or vascular

system

Great range of size and form Habitat: aquatic or moist area

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Chlorophyta (green algae)

Chlorophyceae

photosynthetic pigment;

Chlorophyll a & b (dominant)

food reserve is insoluble starch

eg. Chlamydomonas

(unicellular, motile), spirogyra

(filamentous)

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Chlamydomonas sp.

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Chlamydomonas sp.

Contractile vacuolea

membrane-surrounded cavity in a

cell that periodically expands,filling with water, and then

suddenly contracts, expelling its

contents to the cells exterior Pyrenoidsite of starch formation

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Spirogyra sp.

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Spirogyra sp.

Chloroplastribbon-shaped

Pyrenoids are found on the

chloroplasts

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Protozoa

Unicellular

High degree of cellular

differentiations with manyorganelles

Locomotion using pseudopodia,

cilia or flagella

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Zoomastigina

(Flagellates) Greenautotrophic

Colourless - heterotrophic

Flagella are used for locomotion

One nucleus

Definit shape

Eg. Euglena

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Euglena gracilis

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Euglena gracilis

Reservoirplace where water is

stored

Paramylum granulesstored food

Canaltube of pipe for food or air

Myonemelong contractile fibrils

Accessory vacuolea number of

radial canals which are filled with

fluid before emptying into the

main vacuole

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Fungi

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Heterotrophicsaprotrophs, parasites

or mutualistic In saprophytic fungi, they digest their

food extracellularly by secretingenzymes. The then absorb the

digested food through their cell wallsinto their hyphae

Cell walls made of chitin

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Fungi

Body of the fungi is called myceliumwhich is a network of fine thread-likestructures called hyphae

Food reserve are glycogen granulesor lipid droplets

Non-motile

Reproduction

Sexually - conjugation Asexuallyspores

Eg. Mucor

Muc

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Muc

or

sp.

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The life cycle ofMucor

sp.

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Mucor sp.

Multicell

Saprophyte the hyphae relaease

enzymes into the substance digestingthe substrate into simple moleculesand absorb the digested products

Sporangiophore the part that bears

sporangia

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Mucor sp.

Sporangium a capsule in

which meiosis occurs and

haploid spores develop. Asexual & sexual reproduction

heterothallus

Haploid life cycle

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Plantae

Eukaryotic

Have cellulose cell wall

Cells have a large vacuole

Multicellular

Autotroph

Non-motile

Reproduce sexually

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Biodiversity

Gametophytehaploid individual

producing gametes by mitosis

Sporophytediploid individual whichproduces spores by meiosis

Alternation of generationplants

that show distinct alternation of

generations between the diploidindividuals (sporophytes) and the

haploid individuals (gametophytes)

in their life cycle.

Biodiversity

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Biodiversity Sexual reproductionprogeny will not

be identical to the parents. This is due

to variations that occur during the

formation of gametes. This advantage

plays an important role in maintaining

the survival of a species.

Three different types of life cycles:(a) Haploid life cyclegametophyte

generation is dominant.

(b) Diploid life cyclesporophyte

generation is dominant.

(c) Haploidiplon life cyclethe haploid

and diploid stages where both stages

alternate.

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Biodiversity Three different types of life

cycles:

(a) Haploid life cycle

gametophyte generation is

dominant.(b) Diploid life cyclesporophyte

generation is dominant.

(c) Haploidiplon life cyclethehaploid and diploid stages where

both stages alternate.

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Biodiversity

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Bryophyta

Hepaticae The simplest group of land plants

There is alternation of generations. Haploidgametophyte is dominant generation.

Gametophyte is a thallus with unicellularrhizoids

Rhizoids are long tubular single cells thatlack specialised conducting cells

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Bryophyta

Hepaticae Water & mineral salts can be absorbed by

the surface of the plant as well as root-likerhizoids

The main function of rhizoids is anchorage The diploid sporophyte is attached to the

gametophyte and is dependent on it forsupport and nutrition

Found in damp, shady places, highland

Eg. Marchantia

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Gemmae cup ofMarchantia

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Marchantia polymorpha

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Marchanti

a sp.

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Life cycle ofMarchantia

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Marchantia

Gemmae cup containing

gemmae which is a group of

cells that can detach from the

thallus when hit with irrigationor rain drops and produce new

plant.

Archegonium (female) &antheridium (male) a moist

chamber in which gamates

develop

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Filicinophyta

Filicinae (Ferns)

There is alternation of generations.Diploid sporophyte is dominantgeneration.

homosporous (having one kind ofspore that gives rise to gametophytegeneration bearing both male andfemale reproductive organs.)

Gametophyte is a free-living,photosynthetic prothallus.

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Filicinophyta

Filicinae (Ferns)

Sporophyte has true stems, leaves

and roots.

Vascular tissue consists only oftracheids and sieve tubes. (No xylem

vessels and companion cells)

Stem is an underground rhizome.

Eg. Dryopteris

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D

r

y

o

pt

eri

s

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Life cycle of the fern,

Dryopteris

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Coniferophyta

There is alternation of generations. Diploid

sporophyte is dominant generation

Produces sporangium inside the cone

Heterosporousmegaspores (inside femalecones) & microspores (inside male cones)

One of the megaspore which survives and

proceeds to grow and form the female

gametopyte

The germinated pollen grain is the male

gametophyte

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Coniferophyta

Ovules are not enclosed by ovarywall

Naked seeds - Seeds are notenclosed by fruit wall (pericarp)

No fruits & flowers

Only tracheids present. Albuminous

cells instead of companion cells. The leaves are needle-like

Eg. Pinus

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Pinus

e

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ecycle

of

Pinus

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Angiospermophyta

Diploid flowering plant is thedominant sporophyte generation

Flowers are produced

Heterosporypollen grains &embryo sacs

Ovules are enclosed in ovary

Ovules develop into seeds & ovary

develops into fruit Seeds are enclosed by fruit wall

Xylem vessels, tracheids, companioncells and sieve tubes are present.

Monocotyledonae

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Monocotyledonae Seeds

- Embryo has one cotyledon Flowers

floral parts mainly in

threes or multiples ofthree

perianth consists of two

similar whorls, sepals andpetals are not distinct

often wind-pollinated

Monocotyledonae

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Monocotyledonae

Leaves

Lanceolate (leaveselongated, narrow andpointed)

parallel venation

stomata are found on

both surfaces of theleaf

Monocotyledonae

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Monocotyledonae

Stem

vascular bundles arescattered in the groundtissue

there is no distinct cortexand pith

vascular cambium absent

from vascular bundlesno secondary thickening

Monocotyledonae

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Monocotyledonae

RootsFibrous root system

Example

- Zea mays

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Dicotyledonae

Seeds - Embryo has two cotyledons

Flowers

floral parts mainly in foursand fives or multiples ofthese

perianth consists of twodistinct whorls, the outersepals (calyx) and the innerwhorl of petals (corolla)

often insect-pollinated

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Dicotyledonae

Leavesleaves have broad lamina(broad blade)

Netlike / reticulatevenation

more stomata on lower

surface of the leaf

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Dicotyledonae

Stemvascular bundles arearranged in a ring

cortex and pith aredistinct

vascular cambium

present in vascularbundles

secondary thickening may

occur

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Dicotyledonae

Rootstap root system withlateral roots

Example

- Helianthus

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Angiospermophyta

Angiospermophyta

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Angiospermophyta