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Part B2: Hydro power

B2.1 Fundamentals of Hydro power

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B1.2 ReservoirsSeminars Monday A206a

Group 1 (16:00 Group 2 (16:!0

Gun"an #$in%ra

Mi&e Farrow

Hanna$ 'ones

Matt ni%$t

)aul nowles

)eter Adams

*li+a,et$ Aldrid%e

'onat$an Bailey

$esraw Bas$ir

-$ristop$er Bater

/i$ard Bu&land

#afydd -affery

Samuel -arter

edim #+ananoi

)$ilip Hall%art$

eil Hardin%

Martin Hill

aren Ho&ey

-$in% Hon%

Adam 3t$ier

)eter 'ordan

'an 'o+efows&i

/o, Morford

-$ris Swin,urn

ate 4aylor

-elia 5ay

Marie 5ells

Matt 5$itley

*ral a$ei

3mra arimn

Martin endri&

S$ua ii

Bet$ Mdowall

Adil Munir

/o%er )almer

Ant$ony )earson

Garet$ )ilmoor

Ann /ut$en

Matt$ew Sott

Ben S$eterline

Melanie Sim

i$olas 4$ompson

#aniel 4&ots$

-$ristop$er 4omp&ins

3an 7eun%

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B2.1 Hydro power4opis: Fundamentals

8 )ower aaila,le9 4$e ener%y euation; ui& and dirty power

estimation

8 Hydro systems9 )arts of a $ydro system; types of $ydro

system

8 power needs9 oad ures; load fators; met$ods of

smoot$in% system demand8 yields and eonomis

9

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B2.1.1 Fundamentals ofHydro power4$e ener%y euation

2 2

2 2 1 12 1

2 2 q s f

p v p vz z h h h

g g g g

+ + = + +

Heat ener%yFritionlosses

S$aft wor&

p > )ressure ()a

g > Graity (m s92

> fluid density (&% m=!

v > eloity (m s=1

zt > *leation (m

h> ener%y (meters

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B2.1.1 Fundamentals ofHydro power4$e ener%y euation: 3mpliations:

Flow in pipes: o frition; no s$aft wor&

v1

v2

p1

p2

hz1

z2

p gh =

*ner%y line

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( )fp g h h =


Flow in pipes: Frition; no s$aft wor&

v1

v2

p1

p2

hz1

z2

*ner%y line

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Flow in pipes: Frition: *uations

8 #ary?s formula

2

2f

L vH f

D g

=

Hf > Frition $ead loss (m

f > Frition fator

L > )ipe len%t$ (m

D > )ipe diameter (m

v > eloity (m s=1

g > Graity (m s92

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Flow in pipes: Frition: Moody dia%ram

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Flow in pipes: Frition: omo%ram

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Flow in pipes: Frition: *uations

8 Blasius euation

9 For $ydraulially smoot$pipe(/e @;000 9 100;000

0.25

0.3164

Ref=

Swamee-Jaineuation

9 10=6 k/D 0.01(/e ;000 9 !10C

2

10 0.9

0.25

5.74log

3.7 Re

fk

D

= +

f > Frition fator

k > Surfae rou%$ness

D > )ipe diameter (m

Re > /eynolds num,er

g > Graity (m s92

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1 2 3v v v= =


Flow in pipes: Frition and s$aft wor&

v1

v!

p1

p!

hz1

z2

*ner%y line

v2

p2

s fh h h=

1 3p p=

so

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Flow in pipes: Frition and s$aft wor&

v1

v!

p1

p!

hz1

z2

*tratin% pressure ener%y

v2

p2

s fh h h H = =

( )fp g h h gH = =

*ner%y line

So

P Fv A Pv vA gH

Q gH

= = ==

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B2.1.2 Fundamentals ofHydro power4ypes of $ydro system

ow $ead (run of t$e rier only Medium $ead (stored only

Hi%$ $ead (run of t$e rier orstored

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B2.1.2 Fundamentals ofHydro power4ypes of $ydro system

Large scale Small scale (

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B2.1.2 Fundamentals ofHydro power)arts of a $ydro system

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B2.1.2 Hydro power)arts of a $ydro system: 3deals

8 3nta&e and power anal

9 See setion 1.!

8 Fore,ay

9 Must ,e a,le to ope wit$ lar%est flow reuired,y tur,ine

8 )ensto&

9 eep as s$ort as possi,le

8 )ower$ouse

9 S$ould ,e lose to settlement (reduestransmission osts or easily aessi,le (formaintenane

8 4ailrae

9 S$ould empty into natural water ourse

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B2.1.2 Fundamentals ofHydro power)arts of a $ydro system: 4$e power$ouse

4ur,ine-ouplin%%enerator-ontrol

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B2.1.2 Fundamentals ofHydro power)arts of a $ydro system: 4$e power$ouse

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B2.1.! Fundamentals ofHydro power)ower needs: oad ures

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B2.1.! Fundamentals ofHydro power)ower needs : oad ures

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B2.1.! Fundamentals ofHydro power)ower needs : oad ures

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B2.1.! Fundamentals ofHydro power)ower needs : oad and plant fators

8 oad fator

8 )lant fator

averagedemand

load

peak demand

Pf

P

=

total demand

plantinstalled

E

f E=

Aim for more t$an 0.6

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B2.1.! Fundamentals ofHydro power)ower needs : -alulatin% load and plant

fators

community 100 households

bulbs/house 2wattage/bulb 13 W

Total light load 2.6 W

Total installed ca!acity 3 W

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fators4ime Fration of li%$ts used 4otal )ower used

00:00 0.0 1!001:00 0.0 1!002:00 0 00!:00 0 00@:00 0 00:00 0 006:00 0 00I:00 0 00C:00 0 00J:00 0 010:00 0 011:00 0 012:00 0 01!:00 0 0

1@:00 0 01:00 0 016:00 0 01I:00 0 01C:00 0.2 201J:00 0. 1;!0020:00 1 2;60021:00 1 2;60022:00 0.I 1;C20

2!:00 0.2 20

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fators

0

"00

1#000

1#"00

2#000

2#"00

3#000

00$00 06$00 12$00 1%$00 00$00

Powerused(W)

Se&ies1

'oad (acto 0.1"

)lant (acto 0.13

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B2.1.! Fundamentals ofHydro power)ower needs : 3mproin% load and plant

fatorsindustry li%$tin% 4otal

4ime Fration 4otal Fration 4otal

00:00 0 0 0.0 1!0 1!001:00 0 0 0.0 1!0 1!002:00 0 0 0 0 00!:00 0 0 0 0 0

0@:00 0 0 0 0 00:00 0 0 0 0 006:00 0 0 0 0 00I:00 0.2 00 0 0 00

0C:00 0. 1;000 0 0 1;0000J:00 0.I 1;00 0 0 1;0010:00 1 2;000 0 0 2;00011:00 1 2;000 0 0 2;00012:00 1 2;000 0 0 2;000

1!:00 1 2;000 0 0 2;0001@:00 1 2;000 0 0 2;0001:00 1 2;000 0 0 2;00016:00 1 2;000 0 0 2;0001I:00 1 2;000 0 0 2;0001C:00 0. 1;000 0.2 20 1;201J:00 0.2 00 0. 1;!00 1;C0020:00 0.1 200 1 2;600 2;C0021:00 0.1 200 1 2;600 2;C00

22:00 0 0 0.I 1;C20 1;C202!:00 0 0 0.2 20 20

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fators

0

"00

1#000

1#"00

2#000

2#"00

3#000

00$00 06$00 12$00 1%$00 00$00

Powerused(W)

'ights only 'ights and indust&y

'oad (acto 0.*"

)lant (acto 0.*2

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fatorsBattery $ar%in% industry li%$tin% 4otal

4ime Fration 4otal Fration 4otal Fration 4otal

00:00 0.01! 62 0 0 0.02 6 6J001:00 0.01! 62 0 0 0.02 6 6J002:00 0.01! 62 0 0 0 0 620!:00 0.01! 62 0 0 0 0 62

0@:00 0.01! 62 0 0 0 0 620:00 0.01! 62 0 0 0 0 6206:00 0.01! 62 0 0 0 0 620I:00 0.01! 62 0.2 00 0 0 1;12

0C:00 0 0. 1;000 0 0 1;0000J:00 0 0.I 1;00 0 0 1;0010:00 0 1 2;000 0 0 2;00011:00 0 1 2;000 0 0 2;00012:00 0 1 2;000 0 0 2;000

1!:00 0 1 2;000 0 0 2;0001@:00 0 1 2;000 0 0 2;0001:00 0 1 2;000 0 0 2;00016:00 0 1 2;000 0 0 2;0001I:00 0 1 2;000 0 0 2;0001C:00 0 0. 1;000 0.1 260 1;2601J:00 0 0.2 00 0.2 60 1;1020:00 0 0.1 200 0. 1;!00 1;0021:00 0 0.1 200 0. 1;!00 1;00

22:00 0 0 0 0.! J10 J102!:00 0 0 0 0.1 260 260

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fators

0

"00

1#000

1#"00

2#000

2#"00

3#000

00$00 06$00 12$00 1%$00 00$00

Powerused(W)

'ights only 'ights and indust&y With batte&y cha&ging

'oad (acto 0.6*

)lant (acto 0.6*

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fators

8 Battery stora%e

8 Slow oo&ers

8 5ater $eatin%

8 5ater pumpin%

8 #iert water to ot$er uses

8 S$ort term (2@ $our water stora%eat weir

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fators: How to enoura%e off=pea& use

8 Su,sidy

8 4ariffs

4$is must ,e disussed and a%reed

,efore wor& ommenes

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis

So losses oerall are a,out 0K

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: Dui& and dirty

yield

( )0.5 0.5

0.6 1 1,000,0000.5 1000 10 1

60 60 24 36595.13

P Q gH kPA gH = =

= =

8 )ower deliered

9 per suare &ilometre of at$ment

9 per meter of annual rainfall

9 per meter of $ead

5$i$ is pretty lose to 1005E&m2EmrainEm$ead

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: Flow=duration

ure

$ttp:EEwww.%eoities.omE"onpeltierE*elE-$artsE)ro,a,ility-$art.$tml

0.0

1

0.0

"

0.1

0.2

0."

1 2 "10

30

"0

+0

,0

,"

,%

,,

,,

.%

,,

.,

,,

.,"

,,

.,,

0.0

2

,,

.,%

0.1

1

10

Percentage of discharge exceeding

Discharge(m3/s

)
http://www.geocities.com/jonpeltier/Excel/Charts/ProbabilityChart.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/jonpeltier/Excel/Charts/ProbabilityChart.html

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ure

0.0

1

0.0

"

0.1

0.2

0.

" 1 2 "10

30

"0

+0

,0

,"

,%

,,

,,

.%

,,

.,

,,

.,"

,,

.,,

0.0

2

,,

.,%

0.1

1

10


Discharge(m3/s

)

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ure

0.0

1

0.0

"

0.1

0.2

0."

1 2 "10

30

"0

+0

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,"

,%

,,

,,

.%

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0.0

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1

10


Discharge(m3/s) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

head

head

0.5 24 365

0.33 1000 10 1 0.5 0.95 24 365

13,731kWh/m

14,000kWh/m

P Q gH e=

=

=

5ort$ a,out L@=00 in t$e

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ure

0.0

1

0.0

"

0.1

0.2

0.

" 1 2 "10

30

"0

+0

,0

,"

,%

,,

,,

.%

,,

.,

,,

.,"

,,

.,,

0.0

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,,

.,%

0.1

1

10


Discharge(m3/s

)

1@;000 &5$Em$ead

1C;000 &5$Em$ead

12;000 &5$Em$ead

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C;00 &5$Em$ead

@;000 &5$Em$ead


ure

0.0

1

0.0

"

0.1

0.2

0.

" 1 2 "10

30

"0

+0

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.%

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.,

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0.0

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Discharge(m3/s

)

1I;000 &5$Em$ead

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fplant > )lant fator

Etotal demand > Surfae

rou%$ness

Einstalled > )ipe diameter

(m

Edaily demand > /eynolds num,er

fexeedene > fration of time

t$at demand iseeeded

B2.1.! Fundamentals ofHydro power)ower needs : )lant fators

total demandplant

installed

EfE

=

total demand daily demand exeedaneE E f=

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!"nit energy >

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!ann"al > Annualised ost

!apital > -apital ost

i > 3nterest rate

n > num,er of years

B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: 3nterest

( )

( )

1

1 1

n

ann"al apital n

i i! !

i

+=

+

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: *onomies of sale

tar%et ost 9 L1000E&5

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: -ost ,rea&down

*letrome$anial2IK

*n%ineerin%12K

#istri,ution1@K

)ensto&12K

-iil wor&s1JK

*letrome$anial@CK

#istri,ution6K

*n%ineerin%12K

)ensto&21K

-iil wor&s1!K

$epal Sri Lan%a

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: -ost ,rea&down

(60&5 s$eme&tem ' ost

)lannin% ! L @;000

Mana%ementEfinane 1 L 2;000

)ensto& 2I L !I;000

t$er iil wor&s 2 L !;000

*letro=me$anial 26 L !6;000

#istri,ution J L 12;000

-ontin%eny 10 L 1!;000

)otal capital * +,-...

Annualised ost (,ased on 10K interest oer 10 years L 22;600peration and maintenane L @;000

Annual ost L26;000

)lant fator 0.6

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: *nironmental

impat: )otential ,enefits8 )reention of deforestation

8 /edued pollution

8 /edued erosion of roadsEpat$s from arryin%8 *nironmental protetionEFlood ontrol

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: *nironmental

impat: )otential osts8 Stream diersion

9 -$an%es to auati eosystem (impat onFis$in%

9 -$an%es to ,an& eosystem

9 -$an%es to drin&in% animals

9 )ossi,le erosion at tailrae

8 5ater stora%e

9 Mosuito ,reedin%

9 #rin&in% animals

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: Soial impat:

)otential ,enefits8 Better eduationE$ealt$

8 3nreased earnin% potential from powered industry

8 Self reliane 9 loal apaity ,uildin%

8 /edution of limited owners$ipEontrol of powersoures

8 More omfort

8 /ereation

8 /edution of ur,anisation as rural life improes

8 -ommunity ,uildin%

5$o ,enefits

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)otential osts8 *istin% ener%yEfuel suppliers

8 *istin% stream users

8 )otential for unrest if ,enefits are distri,uted

uneually (or unepetedly

8

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Assessment: 4$in%s to $e&

8 4ypes of people

8 3nstitutions

8 *ner%y soures

8 Nilla%e or%anisations

8 House$old and indiiduals

8 *ntrepreneurs and offiials

8 t$er illa%es and model s$emes

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B2.1.@ Hydro power7ields and eonomis: Soial impat:

Sustaina,le lieli$oods

" A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets

(including both material and social resources)and activities required for a means of living. Alivelihood is sustainable when it can cope withand recover from stresses and shocks andmaintains or enhances its capabilities and assets

both now and in the future, while notundermining the natural resource base."

Hydro is not t$e end 9 it is t$e means

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: 5$en is $ydro

ia,le8 5$en t$ere is a needfor power

9 s$ools; $ospitals; unrealised potential for loalindustry

8 5$en alternaties are unaaila,le or diffiult9 #iesel %enerators 9 fuel ost (inludin%

transport; indiidual owners$ip

9 Grid etension 9 epense(; unertainty offuture tariffs

8 5$en t$ere is t$e a,ility in t$e ommunity tomanaget$e system

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B2.1.@ Fundamentals ofHydro power7ields and eonomis: 5$en is $ydro

ia,le

Documents

2.1._hydro_1