2016 Biology Written examination - vcaa.vic.edu.au · Choose the response that is correct for the question. A correct answer scores 1; an incorrect answer scores 0. Marks will not

BIOLOGYWritten examination

Friday 28 October 2016 Reading time: 9.00 am to 9.15 am (15 minutes) Writing time: 9.15 am to 11.45 am (2 hours 30 minutes)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of bookSection Number of

questionsNumber of questions

to be answeredNumber of

marks

A 40 40 40B 11 11 70

Total 110

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof34 pages.• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice

questionsarecorrect, andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2016

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2016

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 2

SECTION A – continued

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Use the following information to answer Questions 1–5.Thediagramsbelowrepresentthreeofthemajormacromoleculegroupsinlivingthings.

GroupA GroupB GroupC

Question 1SynthesisofmacromoleculesfromthesegroupsinvolvesA. energy-generatingcondensationreactionsrequiringaninputofwatermolecules.B. energy-generatingreactionsrequiringaninputofcarbondioxidemolecules.C. energy-requiringcondensationreactionswithanoutputofwatermolecules.D. energy-requiringreactionswithanoutputofoxygenmolecules.

Question 2Starch,glycogenandcellulosearesomeexamplesofmacromoleculesfromGroupA.WhichoneofthefollowingwouldbetruefortheseGroupAmacromolecules?A. Allthreemacromoleculesarecomplexlipidsandthemonomerislactose.B. Allthreemacromoleculesarecomplexpolymersandthemonomerisribose.C. Allthreemacromoleculesarecomplextriglyceridesandthemonomerisfructose.D. Allthreemacromoleculesarecomplexcarbohydratesandthemonomerisglucose.

SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions

Instructions for Section AAnswerall questionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrect forthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.

3 2016BIOLOGYEXAM

SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

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Question 3EachmonomerofamacromoleculefromGroupBismadeupofaA. deoxyribosesugar,aphospholipidgroupandanitrogen-containingbase.B. deoxyribosesugar,aphosphategroupandanitrogen-containingbase.C. ribosesugar,aphospholipidgroupandanitrogen-containingbase.D. ribosesugar,aphosphategroupandaglycerolbackbone.

Question 4AportionofonestrandofamacromoleculefromGroupBhasthesequence-CGATTCGGTTAA-ThecomplementarystrandwouldbeA. -CGATTCGGTTAA-B. -AATTGGCTTAGC-C. -GCTAAGCCAATT-D. -GCUAAGCCAAUU-

Question 5IfasampleofamacromoleculefromGroupCwerechemicallyanalysed,youwouldexpecttofindthatitcontainsA. aminoacidsandphosphate.B. fattyacidsandphosphate.C. aminoacidsonly.D. glucose.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 4


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Question 6Manyeukaryoticcellshaveproteinsaspartoftheirplasmamembranes.Anexperimentwasperformedontwodifferentanimalcells.Thediagramsbelowshowthepositionsandshapesoftwoproteinsontheplasmamembranesofthetwodifferentcells.

Thesecellswerethenfused.Afteronehour,theplasmamembraneoftheresultinglivingcellwasobserved.Thechangedpositionsoftheproteinsareshownbelow.

TheredistributionofproteinsontheplasmamembranecanbeexplainedbyA. thefluidmosaicmodel.B. movementduetoosmosis.C. thepresenceofcholesterolintheplasmamembrane.D. theactivetransportofproteinsacrosstheplasmamembrane.

5 2016BIOLOGYEXAM


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Question 7Inanimalcells,tightjunctionsaremulti-proteincomplexesthatmediatecell-to-celladhesionandregulatetransportthroughtheextracellularmatrix.Proteinsthatformthesecomplexesaremadewithinthecell.OnepathwayfortheproductionofproteinforthesejunctionsisA. nucleus–ribosome–Golgiapparatus–vesicle–endoplasmicreticulum.B. nucleus–ribosome–endoplasmicreticulum–vesicle–Golgiapparatus.C. nucleus–vesicle–endoplasmicreticulum–Golgiapparatus–ribosome.D. nucleus–vesicle–Golgiapparatus–ribosome–endoplasmicreticulum.

Question 8Considerthefollowingdiagramofaplasmamembrane.

X

Source:magnetix/Shutterstock.com

Thestructurelabelled‘X’isaA. proteinchannel.B. cholesterolmolecule.C. glycoproteinmolecule.D. phospholipidmolecule.

Question 9ATPisimportantinlivingcellsasitA. isrequiredforosmosis.B. providesasupplyofusableenergyforthecell.C. providesoneofthebuildingblocksforlipidsynthesis.D. isanimportantstructuralcomponentoftheplasmamembrane.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 6


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Question 10Plantsgrowninlightweresuppliedwithwatercontainingradioactiveoxygenatoms.Afterfourhours,ananalysisofthechemicalsinandaroundtheplantswasundertaken.Whichoneofthefollowingwouldcontaintheradioactiveoxygenatomsafterfourhours?A. proteinB. glucoseC. oxygengasD. carbondioxidegas

Question 11Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutphotosynthesisinchloroplastsiscorrect?A. Thegranaarethesiteofthelight-independentstage.B. Chlorophyllfoundinthestromatrapslightforuseduringthelight-dependentstage.C. Thelight-dependentstageproducesATPforuseduringthelight-independentstage.D. Thelight-independentstagecapturescarbondioxideforuseduringthelight-dependentstagetoproduce

glucose.

Question 12InaprokaryoticcellundergoingbinaryfissionA. acircularmoleculeofDNAisreplicated.B. anuclearmembraneissynthesised.C. spindleproteinsareformed.D. acellplateisformed.

Question 13Acelldividestoproducegametes.ThisprocesswillA. supplycellsforthereplacementofdamagedtissue.B. producecellsthataregeneticallyidentical.C. involveonenucleardivision.D. producehaploidcells.

7 2016BIOLOGYEXAM


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Question 14 Antidiuretichormone(ADH)isahormoneinvolvedintheregulationofbloodplasmasoluteconcentration.Osmoreceptorsdetectchangesinbloodplasmasoluteconcentrationandstimulatemagnocellularneurons.MagnocellularneuronsarespecialneuronsthatsynthesiseADH,storingADHinvesiclesuntilstimulatedto releaseit.ADHdiffusesacrossagapandintoacapillary.Thisprocessisshowninthediagrambelow.

ADH releasedADH-containing

vesicles

magnocellularneuron

osmoreceptorblood vessel

capillary

ThegraphbelowshowstheconcentrationofADHinthebloodatdifferentplasmasoluteconcentrations.

2700 280 290plasma solute concentration

(mOs/kg)

300 310

plasma concentrationof ADH (arbitrary units)

Basedontheinformationgivenandyourownknowledge,whichoneofthefollowingisacorrectstatement?A. Atplasmasoluteconcentrationsbelow285mOs/kg,nerveelectricalimpulsesfromtheosmoreceptoraretoo

smallinmagnitudetotriggerthereleaseofaneurotransmitter.B. Atplasmasoluteconcentrationsabove285mOs/kg,nerveelectricalimpulsesbegintocrossthesynapticgap

betweentheosmoreceptorandthemagnocellularneuron.C. Atplasmasoluteconcentrationsabove285mOs/kg,thefrequencyofnerveelectricalimpulsesinthe

magnocellularneuronwilltriggerincreasedreleaseofADH.D. Atplasmasoluteconcentrationsbetween270and285mOs/kg,theosmoreceptorsdonotdetectchanges.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 8


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Question 15Anexperimentwasconductedtotestthefollowingtwohypothesesabouttheeffectoftheplantgrowthregulatorindoleaceticacid(IAA):• Hypothesis1–LowconcentrationsofIAAstimulaterootgrowthandhavenoeffectonshootgrowth.• Hypothesis2–ConcentrationsofIAAabove0.01partspermillionstimulateshootgrowthbutinhibitrootgrowth.

Intheexperiment,radishseedlingsweregrownindifferentconcentrationsofIAA,asindicatedinthetablebelow.

Concentration of IAA (parts per million)

Stimulation (+)/ inhibition (–) of

shoot growth (%)

Stimulation (+)/ inhibition (–) of root growth (%)

0 0 0

0.00001 +0.10 –30

0.0001 +6 –50

0.001 –20 –70

0.01 –60 –85

1 –70 –90

10 –80 –95

100 –90 –100

Whichoneofthefollowingisareasonableconclusiontodrawfromtheresultsoftheexperiment?A. OnlyHypothesis1issupported.B. OnlyHypothesis2issupported.C. Hypotheses1and2arebothsupported.D. Hypotheses1and2arebothnotsupported.

Question 16 Whichoneofthefollowingisacatabolicprocess?A. theconversionofglycogentoglucoseB. theproductionofcarbohydratesduringphotosynthesisC. thesynthesisofapolypeptidehormonefromaminoacidsD. theformationofatriglyceridefromglycerolandfattyacids

9 2016BIOLOGYEXAM


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Use the following information to answer Questions 17 and 18.Thecellcycleforaeukaryoticcellcanbesubdividedintothephasesshowninthediagrambelow.

M

G1

S

G2

The cell cycle

Question 17DuringtheG1andG2phasesofthecellcycle,mostoftheactivityisdirectedtowardsA. DNAreplication.B. restingforthenextphase.C. synthesisofthenuclearmembrane.D. synthesisoforganellesandgrowthofthecell.

Question 18CytokinesisispartofthecellcycleandA. usuallyfollowsnucleardivision.B. willoccurbetweentheG1andSphasesofthecellcycle.C. inplantcellsitbeginswiththeformationofaveryrigidlipidbilayerwithinthedividedcell.D. inanimalcellsitbeginswiththeplasmamembranebeingpulledinwardstowardsthecellplate.

Question 19Abiologistwasworkingwithacellculture.Heviewedacelljustbeforeitenteredmitosisandhecounted18chromosomes.Later,thenucleusofoneofthedaughtercellswasfoundtocontain19moleculesofDNAandthenucleusoftheotherdaughtercellcontained17moleculesofDNA.ThemostlikelyexplanationforthisobservationisA. themicrotubulesofthespindleapparatusdidnotconnecttothecentromeresoftwoofthechromosomes.B. duringanaphase,sisterchromatidsofonechromosomefailedtoseparate.C. duringprophase,twoofthechromosomesfailedtolineup.D. attheendoftelophase,cytokinesisfailedtooccur.

Question 20Theinflammatoryresponseisadefencemechanismthatevolvedinhigherorganismstoprotectthemfrominfectionandinjury.ThisresponseA. includesphagocytemigrationtothesiteoftheinjury.B. ispartoftheadaptiveimmunesystem.C. isspecifictothetypeofforeignbody.D. involvestheproductionoflymphocytes.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 10


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Use the following information to answer Questions 21 and 22.Inearly2016,therewasanoutbreakoffoodpoisoninginVictorialinkedtotheconsumptionofprepackagedlettuce.IninvestigationscarriedoutbytheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,severalproductstestedpositivefortheprokaryoteSalmonella anatum.

Question 21ItisreasonabletosaythatS. anatumisA. avirus.B. aprion.C. aninsect.D. abacterium.

Question 22S. anatumisnotacommoncauseoffoodpoisoning.DatahasbeencollectedandanalysedfortheoccurrenceofillnesscausedbythisorganisminQueenslandoverafive-yearperiod.Thegraphbelowdisplaystheaveragemonthlynotificationrateper100000ofthepopulationfortheillnesscausedbyS. anatum.

14

12

10

8

6

average monthlynotification rateper 100000 ofthe population

4

2

0

Jan.

00

Mar

. 00

May

00

Jul.

00Se

p. 0

0N

ov. 0

0Ja

n. 0

1M

ar. 0

1M

ay 0

1Ju

l. 01

Sep.

01

Nov

. 01

Jan.

02

Mar

. 02

May

02

Jul.

02Se

p. 0

2N

ov. 0

2Ja

n. 0

3M

ar. 0

3M

ay 0

3Ju

l. 03

Sep.

03

Nov

. 03

Jan.

04

Mar

. 04

May

04

Jul.

04Se

p. 0

4N

ov. 0

4

month and year

Source:TheStateofQueensland(QueenslandHealth)1996–2016

ItcanbeconcludedfromthedatathatA. therearefourperiodsinwhichthenotificationrateisgreaterthansixper100000.B. thenotificationrateisalwayslowestduringSeptemberofeachyear.C. thenotificationrateisfairlysteadyoverthefive-yearperiod.D. thenotificationratein2001washighestinMay.

11 2016BIOLOGYEXAM


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Question 23Aparkrangerwasinjectedwithanantivenomserumtotreatasnakebite.Thetreatingdoctorexplainedthattheinjectionwouldnotprotecthimagainstfuturesnakebites.ThisisbecauseantivenomserumisusedtoachieveA. activeandnaturalimmunity.B. passiveandnaturalimmunity.C. activeandinduced(artificial)immunity.D. passiveandinduced(artificial)immunity.

Question 24Inthesearchforamalariavaccine,scientistshavefocusedonaproteincalledcircumsporozoiteprotein(CSP). CSPissecretedbythemalariaparasiteandispresentonitssurface.Forthevaccinationtowork,thescientistswantCSPtoactasA. anantigen.B. anallergen.C. anantibody.D. acomplementprotein.

Question 25Temporalarteritisisahumandiseaseinwhichthetemporalarteriesbecomeinflamed.Thiscausesheadachesandmayresultinblindnessorstroke.Thesequenceofresponsesinthisdiseaseisasfollows.

Certain cells recognise elastin as an antigen.(Elastin is a normal protein component of the wall of the temporal artery.)

Cytokines are released andmacrophages are attracted tothe artery wall.

These macrophages become highly activated.

This results in the characteristicinflammation of the artery wall.

Consideringtheinformationabove,temporalarteritisisA. animmunodeficiencydisease.B. apathogenicdisease.C. anallergicresponse.D. anautoimmunedisease.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 12


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Question 26AninheritedformoffactorXIIIdeficiencyfollowsanautosomalrecessivepatternofinheritance.AchildhasfactorXIIIdeficiency.Bothoftheparentsofthischilddonothavethedeficiency.Thechildhasabrother.ThechancethatthisbrotherdoesnothaveanycopiesofthealleleforfactorXIIIdeficiencyisA. oneintwo.B. oneinfour.C. oneinthree.D. threeinfour.

Question 27 Familialatrialfibrillationisaconditioninwhichindividualshaveanalteredheartrhythm.Familialatrialfibrillationisaninheritedconditionthatfollowsanautosomaldominantpatternofinheritance.Shadedindividualsinthefollowingpedigreehavethiscondition.

1 2

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

5

I

II

III

Fromthisinformation,itwouldbecorrecttoconcludethatA. individualI-1mustbehomozygous.B. individualII-1mustbeheterozygous.C. individualII-3mustbeheterozygous.D. individualIII-2mustbehomozygous.

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Question 28InwhichoneofthefollowingpedigreesisanX-linkeddominantpatternofinheritanceofatraitportrayed?(Individualsshowingatraitareshaded.)

A.

B.

C.

D.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 14


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Question 29 Considerthefollowingphylogenetictreefordifferentspeciesoflice.Thetreehasbeenconstructedbasedonmolecularandmorphologicaldata.

Pediculus schaeffi

Pediculus humanus

Pthirus pubis

Pthirus gorillae

Pedicinus badii

Fahrenholzia pinnata

time

ThisinformationsuggeststhatA. Pedicinus badiisharesamorerecentcommonancestorwithPthirus gorillaethanwithFahrenholzia pinnata.B. Pediculus humanus ismorecloselyrelatedtoPedicinus badiithanitistoPthirus pubis.C. thesixspeciesoflicewouldhaveevolvedbyconvergentevolution.D. Pediculus schaeffiistheancestorofPediculus humanus.

Question 30 Manyhumantraitsshowcontinuousvariation.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectforatraitthatdisplayscontinuousvariation?A. Thetraitiscontrolledbyasinglegenewithveryfewalleles.B. Thetraitmaybeinfluencedbymanygenesandtheenvironment.C. Therewouldbealimitednumberofphenotypesforindividualstobegroupedinto.D. Therewouldbeequalnumbersofindividualswitheachofthedifferentphenotypesinthepopulation.

15 2016BIOLOGYEXAM


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Question 31Considerthefollowingkaryotype.

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 109 11

13 14

19 20 21 22 x y

15 1716 18

12

Source:MAHill

ThecellfromwhichthesechromosomesweretakenA. hasadiploidnumberof44.B. comesfromahumanfemale.C. hastwocopiesofeachofthegenesfoundonchromosome18.D. hasinheritedonechromosomenumber4fromthemotherandinheritedonechromosomenumber4from

thefather.

Question 32Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutgeneregulationiscorrect?A. RegulatorgenesarecomposedofmRNA.B. Generegulationisexpressedonlyduringtheprocessofmeiosis.C. Regulatorgenesproducefactorsthataltertheexpressionofanothergene.D. Generegulationisnotaffectedbyenvironmentalfactorsexternaltothecell.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 16


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Use the following information to answer Questions 33 and 34.Purpleorwhiteflowerscanbeseeninaparticularplantspecies.Inthisspecies,thecolourofthefloweriscontrolledbyonegene.Inexperimentstoinvestigatetheinheritanceofflowercolourinthisplantspecies,fourcrosseswerecarriedout.Thephenotypesoftheparentsineachcrosswererecorded.Ineachcross,40offspringwereproduced.Thephenotypesoftheoffspringwererecordedandtheresultsaredisplayedinthetablebelow.

Cross Phenotype of Parent 1 Phenotype of Parent 2 Number of offspring and their phenotypes

1 purple white 40purpleoffspring

2 purple purple 31purpleand9whiteoffspring

3 white white 40whiteoffspring

4 purple white 21purpleand19whiteoffspring

Question 33Considertheinheritanceofflowercolourinthisplantspecies.Fromtheinformationgiven,itcanbestatedthatA. bothparentsincross1arehomozygous.B. thetwoparentswithwhiteflowersincross3willhavedifferentgenotypes.C. oneparentincross2willbeheterozygousandtheotherparentwillbehomozygous.D. theparentwithpurpleflowersincross1willhavethesamegenotypeastheparentwithpurpleflowersin

cross4.

Question 34Inafurtherexperimentontheinheritanceofflowercolourinthisplantspecies,atestcrosswasperformed.AtestcrosswouldA. involvecrossingtwoheterozygousindividuals.B. beacrossbetweentwoplantsthatproducewhiteflowers.C. bevalidifalargenumberofoffspringwereproducedinthecross.D. enablethedeterminationofthegenotypeofaplantwithpurpleflowers.

17 2016BIOLOGYEXAM


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Use the following information to answer Questions 35 and 36.SomemicesufferfromadiseasecalledDuchennemusculardystrophy,wherethemuscleswasteawayduetoinadequateproductionofaproteincalleddystrophin.Researchersisolatedthegenefordystrophinproductionandtheninserteditintoaplasmidextractedfromabacterium.Aconcentratedsolutionoftheserecombinantplasmidswastheninjectedintothemusclesofdiseasedmice.Agraphofdystrophinproductioninthesetreatedmiceisshownbelow.

units ofdystrophinproduced

per gram ofmuscle

5

4

3

2

1

4 11

day

18

plasmid injectiongiven on day 4

Question 35ThefunctionoftheplasmidsinthisdiseasetreatmentistoA. stimulateahumoralimmuneresponsetothebacteriainthetreatedmice.B. deliverthedystrophinproteindirectlytothemusclesofthetreatedmice.C. actasavectorforthedeliveryofdystrophingenestothemusclecellsofthetreatedmice.D. createastrainofgeneticallyengineeredbacteriathatwillcureDuchennemusculardystrophy.

Question 36Duringthepreparationoftherecombinantplasmids,researchersusedtheenzymeDNAligase.ThefunctionofDNAligaseforthispurposeistoA. manufactureanantigenthatwillberecognisedbyT-helpercells.B. jointhedystrophingenetotheplasmidDNAatcomplementarystickyends.C. clonetheplasmidinordertoproduceenoughplasmidstoensureeffectivetreatment.D. cuttheDNAoftheplasmidandthedystrophingeneinthesamemannerinordertoproducematching

stickyends.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 18


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Question 37TiburonisanisolatedislandoffthecoastofMexico.Desertbighornsheepbecameextinctonthisislandhundredsofyearsago.In1975,20desertbighornsheepweretakenfromapopulationintheAmericanstateofArizona(shownonthemapbelow)andwerere-introducedtoTiburonIsland.By1999,thepopulationofdesertbighornsheeponTiburonIslandhadrisento650.

Arizona

MEXICOTiburonIsland

Gulf of California

Arizona desert bighorn sheep populations

20 desert bighorn sheep taken

Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthis1999populationofdesertbighornsheeponTiburonIslandiscorrect?A. ThegenepoolofthispopulationwillbeidenticaltothegenepooloftheArizonapopulations.B. ThispopulationhaslessgeneticvariationthantheArizonapopulationsandisanexampleofthefoundereffect.C. ThispopulationwillhavebecomeanewspeciesbecausethemutationrateonTiburonIslandwillbemuch

higherthaninArizona.D. Havingbeenthroughapopulationbottleneck,thecurrentpopulationwillnowshowincreasedgeneticvariation

comparedtotheArizonapopulations.

19 2016BIOLOGYEXAM


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Question 38InIndia,agroupofscientistswasstudyingfossilsfromacoaldepositformedduringthePermianperiod (290–245millionyearsago).Theyfoundthreefossilspeciesfromthesamegenusindifferentlevels(strata)ofthecoal.Whenradiocarbondatingonthesefossilswasperformed,itshowedexactlythesamelevelsofcarbon-14inallthreefossilspecies.Thedataissummarisedinthetablebelow.

Fossil species Depth at which fossil was found in the coal deposit (m)

Proportion of carbon-14

(%)

Gangamopteris major 6.2 0.0001

Gangamopteris obliqua 8.1 0.0001

Gangamopteris clarkeana 4.7 0.0001

Whichoneofthefollowingisthecorrectconclusiontodrawfromthesefindings?A. Thereisnoevolutionaryrelationshipbetweenthesethreefossilspecies.B. G. clarkeanaisthecommonevolutionaryancestorofG. majorandG. obliqua.C. Ascarbondatingisamorereliabledatingtechniquethananalysisofstrataincoaldeposits,thefossilsof

G. major,G. obliquaandG. clarkeanaareallofthesameage.D. AnanalysisofstrataincoaldepositsisamorereliabledatingtechniquethancarbondatingforPermianfossils;

thefossilofG. majorisyoungerthanthefossilofG. obliqua.

2016BIOLOGYEXAM 20

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END OF SECTION A

Use the following information to answer Questions 39 and 40.Cytochromecisaproteinthatconsistsof104aminoacids.Manyofthese104sitesoncytochromeccontainexactlythesameaminoacidacrossalargerangeoforganisms.Thereare,however,somedifferencesatcertainsites.Itishypothesisedthatdifferentorganisms,allcontainingcytochromecproteins,descendedfromaprimitivemicrobethatlivedover2billionyearsago.Thetablebelowusesthethree-lettercodesforvariousaminoacidsfoundatspecificsitesforeachorganism.

Molecular homology of cytochrome c

Organism Site 1 Site 4 Site 11 Site 15 Site 22

human Gly Glu Ile Ser Lys

pig Gly Glu Val Ala Lys

dogfish Gly Glu Val Ala Asn

chicken Gly Glu Val Ser Lys

Drosophila Gly Glu Val Ala Ala

yeast Gly Lys Val Glu Lys

wheat Gly Asp Lys Ala Ala

Question 39Usingonlythedataforthemolecularhomologyofcytochromec,whichoneofthefollowingorganismsismostcloselyrelatedtothedogfish?A. DrosophilaB. chickenC. humanD. yeast

Question 40Usingonlythedataforthemolecularhomologyofcytochromec,whichpairoforganismsismostdistantlyrelatedtowheat?A. dogfishandDrosophilaB. DrosophilaandyeastC. DrosophilaandpigD. humanandyeast

21 2016BIOLOGYEXAM

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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER

Question 1 (5marks)Immunoglobulins,orantibodymolecules,haveanimportantroleintheimmunesystem.Theyaremadeupoftwoheavychainsandtwolightchains.

a. Namethemolecularmonomerofthesechains. 1mark

b. Partofamouseimmunoglobulinmoleculeboundtoanantigenisshowninthediagrambelow. Twoarrowspointtotwodifferenttypesofsecondarystructuresoftheimmunoglobulinmolecule.

Givethenameofeachstructureintheboxesprovided. 2marks

part of one heavy chain

part of one light chain

Keyantigen

Source:ThomasSplettstoesser(www.scistyle.com)

c. Immunoglobulinmoleculesalsodisplayatertiarystructureandaquaternarystructure.

Referringtothediagram,explainwhat‘quaternary’means. 2marks

SECTION B – Short-answer questions

Instructions for Section BAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.

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SECTION B – continued

Question 2 (8marks)Plantmaterialscontainingcelluloseandotherpolysaccharidesarereactedwithacidstobreakthemdowntoproduceglucose.Thisglucoseisthenusedbyyeastcellsforfermentation.

a. Whyisfermentationimportantforyeastcells? 1mark

b. Whataretheproductsoffermentationinyeastcells? 1mark

Aby-productoftheacidtreatmentofplantmaterialsisagroupofchemicalcompoundscalledfurans.Ithasbeenobservedthatastheconcentrationoffuransincreases,therateoffermentationdecreases.Theenzymealcoholdehydrogenaseisrequiredfortheprocessoffermentation.

c. Designanexperimenttotestthehypothesisthatoneofthefurans,calledfurfural,isaninhibitoroftheenzymealcoholdehydrogenase.Assumethattheexperimentwillberepeatedmanytimesandthatenvironmentalfactorsarekeptconstant. 4marks

d. Scientistshaveproposedthatfurfuralisacompetitiveinhibitoroftheenzymealcoholdehydrogenase.

Explainhowfurfuralcouldactasacompetitiveinhibitoroftheenzymealcoholdehydrogenase. 2marks

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Question 3 (6marks)Followingacutoraburntoyourskin,ahighlycoordinatedsetofprocessesbeginstohealthewound.Theprocessesarecoordinatedbymoleculesthatareproducedbycellsinandaroundthewound.Oneofthemoleculesinvolvedinwoundhealingiscalledepidermalgrowthfactor(EGF).Epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR)moleculesarefoundonthemembranesofmanycells,includingspecialcellsintheskincalledfibroblasts.ThebindingofEGFtoEGFRonthefibroblastsresultsinanumberofcellularresponses.Thesecellularresponsesinclude:• celldivisionoffibroblasts• movementoffibroblaststothewound• resistanceoffibroblaststoapoptosis• secretionoftheproteincollagenbyfibroblasts.

a. WhatnameisgiventotheprocessbywhichEGFcausesthefibroblasts’cellularresponses? 1mark

b. Nametwo cellorganellesthatwouldbeactivatedbytheEGFsignalandstatetherolethateachorganellewouldplayinthefibroblasts’cellularresponses. 2marks

c. Asawoundheals,cellsthatarenolongerneededforthehealingprocessareremovedbyapoptosis.ApoptosisisstimulatedbyexternalcellsignallingfromcellssuchascytotoxicTcells(Tc).

OutlinethemainstagesincellapoptosisoncestimulatedbytheTccells. 3marks

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SECTION B – Question 4–continued

Question 4 (6marks)Theapparatusshownbelowwasusedinaseriesofexperimentstostudyaerobicrespiration.

oxygen electrode

airtight seal

reaction tube

water bath (37 °C)

oxygen meter

Inthreedifferentexperiments,thereactiontubeinitiallycontainedthefollowing:1. suspensionofmitochondria2. cytosolofcellsfromwhichthemitochondriahadbeenremoved3. suspensionofmitochondriaandcytosolofcells

ThetemperaturesandpHofthemixtureswithinthereactiontubeswerecarefullycontrolledsoasnottodamagethemitochondrialstructureoranyoftheenzymes.Ineachexperiment,asolutioncontainingglucosewasfirstaddedtothemixtureinthereactiontubeandtheoxygenconcentrationwasmeasuredforthreeminutes.Then,apyruvatesolutionwasaddedandtheoxygenconcentrationwasmeasuredagainforthreeminutes.

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Usingyourknowledgeandunderstandingofaerobicrespirationandmitochondria,completethetablesbelowwithyourpredictionofthechangeinoxygenconcentrationofthemixtureinthereactiontubeaftertheadditionofeachsubstanceandgiveareasonforyourprediction.

Experiment 1 – Suspension of mitochondria

Substance added Change in oxygen concentration (increase/decrease/no change)

Reason

glucose

pyruvate

Experiment 2 – Cytosol of cells from which the mitochondria had been removed


Reason

glucose

pyruvate

Experiment 3 – Suspension of mitochondria and cytosol of cells


Reason

glucose

pyruvate

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Question 5 (7marks)Yellowfeverisapotentiallyfatal,mosquito-borne,viraldiseasethatoccursinmanycountriesinAfrica,theCaribbean,andCentralandSouthAmerica.Aneffectiveandsafevaccinehasbeenavailablesince1938.

a. Whatisavaccine? 1mark

b. Forthevaccinetobeeffective,itisrecommendedthattravellerstotheseregionshavethevaccinationapproximatelytwotofourweeksbeforetravelling.

Whyisthistimeframerecommended? 2marks

c. Recentresearchshowsthatthevaccinegiveslifelongimmunity.

Nametwodifferentcelltypesthatwouldbeimportantinprovidinglifelongimmunityandexplaintheroleofeachinprovidinglifelongimmunity. 4marks

Nameofcelltype1

Role

Nameofcelltype2

Role

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Question 6 (7marks)Thehormoneinsulinisarelativelysmallprotein.Researchersstudyingtheproductionofinsulininthecellsofthepancreasnotedthatoneoftheearlystepsinthisprocesswastheformationofapolypeptidecalledpreproinsulin.ResearchersnotedthattheformationofthispolypeptiderequiredrepeateduseofdifferenttypesofMoleculeX,shownbelow.

Molecule X

anticodon

a. i. WhatisthenameofMoleculeX? 1mark

ii. HowdoesMoleculeXplayaroleintheproductionofpreproinsulin? 3marks

b. ThecodinginformationintheDNAmoleculeforpreproinsulinisinitiallytransferredtoanothermolecule(MoleculeW).However,MoleculeWhasadifferentnucleotidesequencefromthecodingsectionoftheDNAmolecule.

DescribehowMoleculeWissynthesised. 3marks

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Question 7 (7marks)Inaratpopulation,threedifferentfurcolourscanbeobserved.Theratscanhavegrey,blackor whitefur.Theproductionoffurcolourpigmentintheseratsiscontrolledbytwogenes.Thetwogenesarenotlinked.

a. Whatconclusioncanbemadeaboutthelocationofthetwogenesonthechromosomesoftheserats? 1mark

Thetwogenescontrollingtheproductionoffurcolourpigmenthavethefollowingalleles.

Gene1 G greypigment Gene2 A pigmentproduced g blackpigment a nopigmentproduced

ThepresenceofatleastoneAalleleallowsfortheproductionofpigment.WhitefurisseeninratswithoutacopyoftheAallele.

b. Arathasblackfur.

Whatareallthepossiblegenotypesforthisrat? 2marks

c. TworatsheterozygouswithrespecttoGene1andGene2forfurcolourwerecrossed.

Whatarethepossiblegenotypesandphenotypesoftheoffspring?Showyourworkingandstatetheratioforthephenotypesoftheoffspring. 4marks

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Question 8 (6 marks) Two species of Cryptasterina sea stars are found in coastal Queensland. Cryptasterina pentagona is found in warmer water further north, while Cryptasterina hystera is found further south in cooler water.

C. pentagona

C. hystera

Researchers have concluded that these two species arose from a recent common ancestor via natural selection. They believe that, over thousands of years, the sea environment has changed, with the boundary line between cold water and warm water moving further north. They have found that water temperature and predation of sea star larvae by cold-water predators are important selection pressures for these sea stars.

a. Using the information above, explain how natural selection can lead to differences in phenotypes between these two sea star species. 4 marks

b. One of the phenotypic differences between these two species of sea stars is their method of reproduction. C. pentagona reproduces sexually and its sperm and eggs are free-floating in the ocean. C. hystera self-fertilises and its fertilised eggs are kept within the sea star until maturity.

The researchers found that one species of Cryptasterina has a significantly higher diversity of alleles in its gene pool than the other species.

Using this information about reproduction strategies, which species of Cryptasterina would you expect to have the highest diversity of alleles? Explain your answer. 2 marks

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Question 9 (7marks)Galápagostortoises(Chelonoidisspp.)canbefoundonmanyoftheislandsthatmakeuptheGalápagosIslands.Originally,14differentspecieswereidentifiedbasedontheislandsonwhichtheylivedandontheirmorphology.SantaCruz,thesecondlargestoftheGalápagosIslands,hastwoisolatedtortoisepopulations.PopulationAcontainsmorethan2000individualscoveringanareaof156squarekilometres.PopulationBisasmallpopulationof250individualscoveringanareaof40squarekilometres.ThepositionofthetwopopulationsontheislandofSantaCruzisshownbelow.Thetwopopulationsareseparatedbyadistanceof20kilometres.

Population B

Santa Cruz

Population A

In2015,scientistsinvestigatedwhethertheindividualsofthetwopopulationsbelongtothesamespeciesorwhethertheyaretwodifferentspecies.AveragemeasurementsofskullsizewerecalculatedfortortoisesbelongingtobothpopulationsAandB.Theskullsweremeasuredinsixdifferentplaces.ThesixmeasurementswerealsocomparedtoaveragemeasurementstakenfromskullsofotherGalápagostortoisespecies.Theresultsareshowninthetablebelow.ComparisonshavebeenmadewiththreeotherGalápagostortoisespecies.

Measurement position

Average skull measurement (mm)

Population B Population A Chelonoidis vicina

Chelonoidis chathamensis

Chelonoidis ephippium

1 118 98 86 80 74

2 40 37 28 27 25

3 21 18 16 14 12

4 26 23 21 18 17

5 10 9 8 7 6

6 19 17 16 14 13

Source(mapandtable):adaptedfromNPoulakakis,DLEdwards,YChiari,RCGarrick,MARussello,EBenavidesetal., ‘DescriptionofaNewGalápagosGiantTortoiseSpecies(Chelonoidis;Testudines:Testudinidae)fromCerroFatalonSantaCruz

Island’,PLoS ONE,10(10):e0138779,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138779,21October2015

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a. Considerthedatagiven.

DoesthedatasupportthehypothesisthatindividualsinPopulationAbelongtoadifferentspeciesfromindividualsinPopulationB?Explainyouranswer. 2marks

b. Scientistshavecarriedoutgeneticstudiesonthetwopopulations.

Giveanexampleofgeneticevidencethatmaybeproducedbyscientiststosupportthehypothesisthatindividualsofthetwopopulationsbelongtodifferentspecies.Explainyouranswer. 2marks

c. SomescientiststhoughtthatallopatricspeciationmayhaveoccurredontheislandofSantaCruz.

i. Nameafeaturethatscientistswouldlookforintheislandenvironmenttosupporttheoccurrenceofallopatricspeciation. 1mark

ii. Explainhowthefeaturenamedinpart c.i. couldcontributetoallopatricspeciation. 2marks

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Question 10 (7marks)Overthepast20years,anumberofnewhomininfossilshavebeendiscovered.Homo erectus georgicus wasfoundnearthebanksoftheBlackSeainGeorgiaandHomo nalediwasfoundinacaveinSouthAfrica.

a. Considertheconditionsthatmayhaveledtothefossilisationofmembersofthesespecies.

Completethetablebelowbyidentifyingoneconditionintheenvironmentofeachspeciesthatwillhavemadefossilisationpossible.Thesameanswercannotbeusedforbothspecies. 2marks

Species Environment Condition

H. erectus georgicus nearthebanksoftheBlackSea

H. naledi caveinSouthAfrica

ShownbelowisaphotographofaskullofH. erectus georgicus.Scientistscomparedthisskulltothatofmodernhumans(Homo sapiens sapiens).

Source:Rama

b. DescribeanytwofeaturesoftheskullshowninthephotographabovethatallowedscientiststodeterminethatthiswasamuchearlierspeciesofthegenusHomothanmodernhumans(H. sapiens sapiens). 2marks

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c. Describeonestructuralfeature(otherthanskullstructure)ofH. naledithatwouldindicateitisamoremodernspeciesthanmembersofthegenusAustralopithecus. 1mark

d. FifteendifferentskeletonsofH. nalediwerefoundinthecave.Itwasnotedthattheywereallofdifferentages.

Describetwopiecesofevidencethatscientistscouldhavelookedforinthecavetoindicateculturalevolutionwithinthisspecies. 2marks

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Question 11 (4marks)Genetherapycanbeusedtointroducenormalgenesintocellstoreplacemissingordefectivegenesinordertotreatorpreventdisease.Scientistshavetakenanumberofdifferentapproachestousinggenetherapy.Thefollowingaretwooftheseapproaches:• germlinegenetherapy–embryoniccellsaretreatedtocorrectamissingordefectivegene• somaticcellgenetherapy–anormalgeneisinsertedintosomatic(body)cellstocorrectamissingor

defectivegene

a. Identifyoneissuethatwouldmakescientistscautiousaboutusinggermlinegenetherapy. 1mark

Viralvectors(adenovirusesandretroviruses)areoftenusedingenetherapytoinsertanormalgeneintotargetcells.Twoprocessesthatcanbeusedareoutlinedbelow.

Cloned copies of the normal gene are inserted into viral genetic material.

in-vivo gene therapy ex-vivo gene therapy

The vectors are injected directly into the affectedorgan of the patient.

Target cells are removed from the patient and the cellsare infected with the viral vector.

Inside the patient, the gene may be inserted into thedefective cells.

Cells that are genetically altered are injected back intothe patient.

b. i. Whatevidence,atacellularlevel,wouldconfirmthattheprocessesaboveweresuccessful? 2marks

ii. Whatisoneadvantagethatex-vivogenetherapyhasoverin-vivogenetherapy? 1mark

END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

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2016 Biology Written examination - vcaa.vic.edu.au · Choose the response that is correct for the question. A correct answer scores 1; an incorrect answer scores 0. Marks will not