2015

Physics-2 for Engineering (PHYS1211)

January, 2015

Sameen Ahmed Khan

Diploma First Year Department of Engineering Salalah College of Technology Salalah, Sultanate of Oman

http://www.sct.edu.om/

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Contents

Contents.........................................................................................................................................................................2Outcomes.......................................................................................................................................................................3Course Delivery Plan....................................................................................................................................................4Chapter-1 Magnetism................................................................................................................................................20

References................................................................................................................................................................29Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................29Subjective Questions...............................................................................................................................................30Solved Numerical Problems...................................................................................................................................31Multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................................................................34

Chapter:2 Electromagnetism....................................................................................................................................37References................................................................................................................................................................49Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................49Subjective Question................................................................................................................................................50Solved Numericals...................................................................................................................................................51Multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................................................................54

Chapter-3 Wave Motion............................................................................................................................................57References................................................................................................................................................................66Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................66Subjective Questions...............................................................................................................................................66Solved Numericals...................................................................................................................................................67Multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................................................................70

Chapter-4: Modern Physics......................................................................................................................................73References................................................................................................................................................................80Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................80Subjective Questions...............................................................................................................................................80Solved Numericals...................................................................................................................................................81Multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................................................................84

Chapter-5 Heat and Thermodynamics....................................................................................................................88References................................................................................................................................................................97Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................97Subjective Question................................................................................................................................................98Solved Numericals...................................................................................................................................................99Multiple-choice questions.....................................................................................................................................104

Chapter-6: Optics.....................................................................................................................................................106References..............................................................................................................................................................112Formulae................................................................................................................................................................112Subjective Questions.............................................................................................................................................113Solved Numericals.................................................................................................................................................115Multiple-choice questions.....................................................................................................................................117

Appendix-1: SI System of Units...............................................................................................................................121Prefixes...................................................................................................................................................................122

Appendix-2: Physical Constants..............................................................................................................................123Appendix-3: Greek Alphabet...................................................................................................................................124Appendix-4: Mathematical Symbols.......................................................................................................................125English-Arabic Glossary..........................................................................................................................................126English-Arabic Phrase Glossary..............................................................................................................................130References..................................................................................................................................................................134

Sample Question Paper: MidTerm.....................................................................................................................135Sample Question Paper: EndSem........................................................................................................................138

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Outcomes

Course Goals

To equip the student with a strong understanding of thefundamentals of physics to extend his/her knowledge and

To enable him/her to apply such understanding to his/her studies.

Course Objectives Course Learning Outcomes

1. Explain the behavior of the physical world around him/her by constructing a logical structure of it

1. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate magnetic forces and fields

2. Apply the concepts of physics in his/her field of study and everyday life

2. Define, construct and analyze LR, LC, and LCR circuits

3. Relate the concepts of physics to the advancement of technology

3 Define and perform some basic applications of Maxwell’s equations

4. Understand and relate the different phenomena in the world

4. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate the concept of sound, light and electromagnetic waves

5. Control the physical aspects of the world beneficially 5. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate geometrical optics

6. Approach problems, predict their results in advance, and solve them in quantitative and qualitative manners

6. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate the concepts of heat

7. Gain a broader understanding of other sciences 7. Define and analyze the concepts of thermodynamics

8. Define and apply the kinetic theory of gases

9. Define and apply the concepts of superposition and interference of waves

10. Define and apply the concepts of wave guides and optical fibers

11. Discuss some topics in modern Physics

12. Recognize and present real life examples of the aforementioned concepts and interrelate some of them

13. Describe the link between physics and other sciences

14. Identify technological applications of some of the aforementioned concepts

15. Describe how he/she can harness the benefits of some of the aforementioned concepts

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Course Delivery PlanDepartment: Engineering Specialization: Diploma I Year Academic year: 2014-2015 Semester: 1

Course Code: PHYS1211

Contact hours: 5

Theory: 3 hrs Passing Grade/Mark: C-/60 Sections: 1-14

Course Name: Physics-2 for Engineering

Practical: 2 hrs.

Pre-requisite: Physics-1 for Engineering

Name of the Lecturer Mr .Andrew M.Appaji (CC) Schedule of the course

lecture

Coordinator’s Time Table

Day Time Place

Lecturer’s Room No. Mechanical Staff Room-3 Sunday12:00-14:00

14:00-16:00

PHYL2

PHYL1

Office hours Andrew M. Appaji: 10:00-12:00 (Wedsday) Monday

8:00-10:00

12:00-13:00

MOML

PHYL2

Contact for Academic Tel: Ext.084 Tuesday MOML

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inquiries

12:00-14:00

14:00-16:00PHCL

[email protected]

Wednesday

8:00-10:00

12:00-14:00

MOML

PHYL2

Thursday

8:00-10:00

14:00-13:00

PHYL2

PHYL1

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mailto:[email protected]

Course Goals

To equip the student with a strong understanding of the

fundamentals of physics to extend his/her knowledge and

To enable him/her to apply such understanding to his/her studies.

Course Objectives Course Learning Outcomes

1. Explain the behavior of the physical world around him/her by constructing a logical structure of it

1. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate magnetic forces and fields

2. Apply the concepts of physics in his/her field of study and everyday life 2. Define, construct and analyze LR, LC, and LCR circuits

3. Relate the concepts of physics to the advancement of technology 3 Define and perform some basic applications of Maxwell’s equations

4. Understand and relate the different phenomena in the world 4. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate the concept of sound, light and electromagnetic waves

5. Control the physical aspects of the world beneficially 5. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate geometrical optics

6. Approach problems, predict their results in advance, and solve them in quantitative and qualitative manners

6. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate the concepts of heat

7. Gain a broader understanding of other sciences 7. Define and analyze the concepts of thermodynamics

8. Define and apply the kinetic theory of gases

9. Define and apply the concepts of superposition and interference of waves

10. Define and apply the concepts of wave guides and optical fibers

11. Discuss some topics in modern Physics

12. Recognize and present real life examples of the aforementioned concepts and

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interrelate some of them

13. Describe the link between physics and other sciences

14. Identify technological applications of some of the aforementioned concepts

15. Describe how he/she can harness the benefits of some of the aforementioned concepts

Graduate Attributes

Covered by the Course

1 Well disciplined and committed to hard work

2 Apply the of Knowledge and skills

3 Think critically, analyze and solve problems

4 Competency in using information technology and communication technology

5 Professionally competent and up to date in their field for a changing global environment

6 Gather and process knowledge from a variety of sources and communicate effectively

7 Demonstrate and apply good interpersonal skills in team work and leadership roles

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Assessment Plan

1 Credit hour = 1 Theory Contact hour = 2 Practical Contact hours

Assessment Procedures to be followed:

Courses

Course Work

Mid-Term

Final Exam

Total Theory Practical

Mixed Courses

Note:Quizzes, Class tests, Course mini projects, Assignments, Structured Assignments, Case/Industrial/Field Studies, Presentation)

2:1

Theoretical part 30 (2 Quizzes) 20 50 100 √ X ⅔ 1. Assess theoretical part out of 100 marks.

Practical part40 (Drawing Sheets, Assignments, Class works, etc…)

20 40 100 X √ ⅓2. Assess practical part separately out of 100 marks.

Total Marks 100% 100% 100%3. For FINAL MARK assessment is based on the following table given below

Type of Courses

Credits Hours Ratio Contact Hours Ratio

Final Marks (based on credit hour ratio)Theory contact hrs

Practical contact hrs

Theoretical Practical

Pure theoretical course and assessment 3 0 3 0 100% theoretical part marks only

Pure practical course and assessment 0 3 0 6 100% practical part marks only

Mixed course and 2/3+1/3 assessment 2 1 2 2 2/3 x theoretical part marks + 1/3 x practical part marks

Mixed course and 1/3+2/3 assessment 1 2 1 4 1/3 x theoretical part marks + 2/3 x practical part marks

Mixed course (Pharmacy) 3 1 3 2 3/4 x theoretical part marks + 1/4 x practical part marks

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THEORY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT FOR PRACTICAL

Total = Theory (2/3) + Practical (1/3) = 100

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No Factors Percentage

1 Identification of Aim and objectives 5

2 Procedure 5

3 Data collection and analysis 10

4 Attendance 5

5 Submission on time 5

6 Figures, Graphs, Tables, Units, Software 15

7 Health and safety 5

8 Results and outcomes 10

9 Written/ Oral questionnaire 40

Total 100

Salalah College of TechnologyDepartment: Engineering Specialization: Diploma I year Academic Year: 2014– 2054 Section: Dip. I yearCourse Name: Physics-2 for Engineering Course Code: PHYS1211 Semester: 1 Level: Dip. I yearName of Course Lecturers:

Total No. of Outcomes Mapping Sheet for Coverage of Course OutcomesDelivery & Assessment Processes Outcomes covered by the Delivery and Assessment MethodsTheory(Lectures) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Practical (Lab./W.S)* Structured Assignment 1* Structured Assignment II* Mini Project*Group Assignment/ Industrial Visit/ Field Visits, etc…* PresentationOthersAssignments/ Home Work – IAssignments/ Home Work – IIAssignments/ Home Work – IIIQuiz -1 / Test - 1Quiz -2 / Test - 2Quiz -3 / Test - 3Mid-Term Exam (Th/Pract)Final Exams (Pract/W.S)Final Exam (Theory)Please use the sign () to make your answer. * = Student/Learner Centered Learning Methods Final Examination to cover ALL the Outcome of the Course.

Coverage of outcome Outcome No/s. Reasons/Comments

Fully Covered

Partially Covered

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Could not cover

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Chapter-1

Magnetism

Outcomes: 1 and 12-15

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Magnet: Magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. It attracts iron, cobalt and

nickel.

Magnetic field is invisible. Magnetic field is responsible for the most notable property of a

magnet: a force that attracts other materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.

Every magnet has two poles: North Pole and a South Pole.

Properties of a magnet:

1. A freely suspended magnet shows the north and south direction of the earth.

2. Like (same) poles repel each other and unlike (opposite) poles attract each other.

3. Magnetic poles always exist in pairs. (i.e.,) isolated magnetic pole does not exist.

4. The magnetic length of a magnet is always less than its geometric length.

(This is because the poles are situated a little inwards from the free ends of the

magnet. But for the purpose of calculation the geometric length is always taken as

magnetic length).

5. The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is given by the

inverse square law.

Magnetic dipole: Two equal and opposite poles separated by a distance is called a magnetic

dipole.

Magnetic dipole moment (M): The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the product of the

pole strength and the total magnetic length . That is, . The unit for the magnetic

dipole moment is .

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Types of magnet: Magnets come in different shapes:

1. Rectangular Bar Magnet:

They have definite length,

breadth and height with a

regular area of cross section

Bar magnet

2. Cylindrical Bar magnet: They have definite length and

diameter with a regular area of cross section

3. Horse shoe magnet: They are in the form of the shoe of a horse.

They have a definite area of cross section

4. NIB-magnet: They are horse shoe magnets with a special fix

of Neodymium at the tips to increase the sensitivity.

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Solved Example:

1. Calculate the magnetic moment of a magnet whose length is 9cm and pole strength is

12Am.

Solution: The magnetic moment, .

5. Crescent Magnets: They are crescent in shape. They are used in

motors.

Magnetic lines of force:

The imaginary lines that are drawn around the magnet are called the magnetic lines of force. This

indicates the region in which the force of the magnet is effective.

Properties of magnetic lines of force:

1. They are imaginary lines.

2. Outside the magnet they start from North Pole and end at the South Pole.

3. Inside the magnet they start from South Pole and end at the North Pole.

4. Outside the magnet they are curved.

5. Inside the magnet they are straight and parallel to the magnetic axis.

6. The lines of force never intersect each other.

7. They are closer at the poles and widely spread out at other places.

Magnetic Lines of Force between Two Magnets

When Opposite poles are placed together When Like (similar) poles are placed together

The other name of Lines of Force is Flux lines.

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Magnetic Flux ( ): The number of magnetic lines of force passing

through an area A is called magnetic flux. Its unit is . It is a

scalar quantity.

,

where is the angle which the normal to the surface makes with the

magnetic field .

Magnetic Field ( ):

The space around the magnet where in the force of the

magnet is felt. It is a vector quantity.

It is the force per unit pole strength.

.

It is also defined as the magnetic flux lines per unit area. .

Units:

The SI unit for the Magnetic Field is Tesla and is denoted by T.

In base units .

Note: , where, is Weber the unit for the magnetic flux. Tesla can be expressed

in terms of a smaller non SI unit, or .

Earth’s Magnetic Field:

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Solved Example:

2. Calculate the magnetic field when the pole strength is 20Am and the force experienced is

0.6N.

Solution: The magnetic field,

Hang a bar magnet in air through a short string. The magnet swings, rotates and finally comes to

rest in a particular direction. This direction is the Earth’s magnetic field. The earth’s geographic

north pole is magnetic south pole and earth’s geographic south pole is magnetic north pole.

The Earth’s magnetic field near its surface is about .

Magnetic Force (F): It is directly proportional to product of pole strengths of two magnets and

inversely proportional to square of distance between them.

,

where . Here, is the permeability of free space ( ) and is

the relative permeability. For air and

This is called Inverse Square Law.

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Solved Example:

3. A bar magnet of N-pole strength 20Am and another bar magnet of S-pole strength 40Am are

placed at a distance of 2cm. Calculate the force between the two magnets.

Solution:

.

Magnetic Classification of Materials: The materials are classified into ferromagnetic,

paramagnetic or diamagnetic.

The properties of the three types of magnetic materials are:

Ferromagnetic Paramagnetic Diamagnetic

Strongly attracted by

magnets

Weakly attracted by

magnets

Not attracted by magnets

Easily magnetized Weakly magnetized Cannot be magnetized

All magnetic lines of force

pass easily through the

materials

Only a few magnetic lines

of force pass easily through

the materials

No magnetic lines of force

pass easily through the

materials

Magnetic dipoles are

arranged regularly

Magnetic dipoles are not

arranged regularly

Magnetic dipoles are

randomly arranged.

When heated, at Curie

temperature, they change

into paramagnets

When heated, at Curie

temperature, they change

into diamagnets

When heated, no change

happens to the materials.

Eg: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel Eg: Platinum, Sodium Eg: Copper, Gold, Silver

Curie temperature: Curie temperature ( ), or Curie point, is the temperature at which a

ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic (and paramagnetic material becomes diamagnetic)

on heating. The effect is reversible on cooling.

References

Page 19 of 111

1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson

Book/Cole (USA 2003).

2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training

(NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm

3. Some Animations using JAVA,

http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/applets.shtml,

http://www.physics.purdue.edu/class/applets/phe/mfbar.htm

4. Interactive http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/index.html

5. Video Clip at YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Y4JSp5U82I

Formulae

1. Magnetic Flux, .

2. Force between two magnets, .

3. Magnetic dipole moment, .

4. Magnetic field, .

Subjective Questions

1. Write the properties of a magnet.

2. Write the properties of magnetic lines of force.

3. Draw the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet.

4. What is magnetic flux? What are its units?

Solution:

The number of magnetic lines of force passing through an area A is called magnetic flux.

It is denoted by . Its unit is . It is a scalar quantity.

Formula: ,

5. What is a magnetic dipole? Write its units.

Solution:

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Two equal and opposite poles separated by a distance is called a magnetic dipole.

6. What is a magnetic dipole moment? Write its units.

Solution: The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the product of the pole strength

and the total magnetic length .That is, .The unit for it is . It is a vector

quantity along the axial line of a magnet from South Pole to the North Pole.

7. Write the properties of ferromagnetic materials with examples.

8. Write the properties of paramagnetic materials with examples.

9. Write the properties of diamagnetic materials with examples.

10. What is Curie temperature?

11. What are the differences between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials?

12. Give any two differences between Paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.

13. Express Tesla in base units.

Numerical Problems

1. If the magnetic dipole moment of a magnet of length 10cm is . What is the pole

strength of this magnet?

2. Calculate the force experienced by a magnet of pole strength in a magnetic field of

.

3. Calculate the magnetic field if there are 100 lines passing through an area of .

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4. Find the magnitude of the force between two bar magnets of pole strengths 8Am and

6Am which are 5cm apart.

Solution: The force between the two magnets is given by

.

5. Two magnets of pole strengths 10Am and 20Am are separated by 4cm in air. Find the

force when their opposite poles are placed together. What is the nature of the force

between them?

6. If the distance between two poles with strength 5Am each is 10cm. Calculate the

magnetic force experienced, and the magnetic field acting by one of the poles.

Solution: .

Magnetic field,

7. A force of 15 N acts between two magnetic dipoles. One has pole strength of 5Am.

Calculate the strength of the other pole if the distance between them is 4cm.

Solution: .

8. Two equal magnets have a force of 12.5N between them. Calculate the pole strength of

the magnets if the distance between them is 12cm.

Solution: .

.

Multiple-choice questions

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1. The unit of magnetic pole strength is

a. A

b. Am

c. Am2

d. Tesla

2. The unit of magnetic field is

a. A

b. Am

c. Am2

d. Tesla

3. A freely suspended magnet shows

a. North and South direction of the earth

b. East and West direction of the earth.

c. Only the North direction of the earth

d. All of the above.

4. The collection of magnetic lines of force has the other name

a. Magnetic current

b. Magnetic flux

c. Magnetic deflection

d. None of the above

5. Inside the magnet the magnetic lines of force go from

a. North to South

b. South to North

c. Both North to South and South to North

d. None of the above.

6. If you break a magnet, you will get

a. Iron bar

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b. Two magnets

c. magnetism is lost


7. The magnetic field of a bar magnet is

a. More at the equator

b. Less at the poles

c. More at poles

d. Same at all places

8. The distance between two magnetic poles is doubled. Then the force between them

a. Decreases by four times

b. Decreases by two times

c. Increases by two time

d. Increases by four times

e. No change

9. The temperature at which the ferromagnetic material is converted to paramagnetic is

called

a. Curie Temperature

b. Magnetic Temperature

c. Einstein Temperature


10. Iron is

a. Diamagnetic

b. Ferromagnetic

c. Paramagnetic


11. Copper is

Page 24 of 111

a. Diamagnetic

b. Ferromagnetic

c. Paramagnetic


Key for Multiple-choice Questions:

1 (B), 2 (D), 3 (A), 4 (B), 5 (B), 6 (B), 7 (C), 8 (A), 9 (A), 10 (B), 11 (A).

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Chapter:2

Electromagnetism

Outcomes: 1-3, and 12-15

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Differences between a bar magnet and an electromagnet.

Bar Magnet Electromagnet

1. It is a permanent magnet.

2. It produces a weak force of

attraction.

3. The strength of magnetic field

cannot be changed.

4. The polarity (N-S) can not

be changed.

1. It is a temporary magnet.

2. It produces strong magnetic force.

3. The strength of magnetic field can

be changed, by the number of turns

and current.

4. Its polarities can be changed by

changing the direction of the

current.

Page 27 of 111

Principle of Electromagnetism: When electric current passes through a wire, a magnetic field is

created around the wire. This is the basic principle of electromagnetism.

Biot-Savart Law: The Magnetic Field ( ) at any point ( ) due to a current ( ) flowing

through an elemental length ( ) of a conductor is directly proportional to the product of the

current, the elemental length and the sine of the angle and inversely proportional to the square of

the distance between and the point .

Introducing the proportionality constant

,

where . Here, is the permeability of free space ( ) and is

the relative permeability. For air .

Applications of Biot-Savart Law:

1. Magnetic field at a point outside the conductor:

Consider a conductor carrying a current . Let the point be at a distance from the conductor,

then the magnetic field at the point is

.

2. Magnetic field at point inside the circular coil:

Consider a circular ring or circular coil of turns and

radius . When a current of passes through the circular

conductor, the magnetic field produced at the centre of the coil

is,

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Ar

I

r

I

3. Magnetic field inside a solenoid

Consider a solenoid of length and number of turns .

When a current passes through the solenoid, the

magnetic field produced at the axial line of the solenoid

is,

.

The magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.

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Solved Example:

1. Calculate magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop with radius of 4cm and current of 20A.

Express your answer in Gauss.

Solution:

2. A circular coil of radius 4cm and having 100 turns carries a current of 2A. What is the

magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of the coil?

Solution: .

3. A closely wound solenoid of length 20cm has 400 turns. If the current is 2A, estimate the

magnetic field inside the solenoid. What is the field outside the solenoid?

Solution:

.

Outside the field is zero.

Force between a magnetic field and a current carrying conductor

Consider a magnetic field and conductor carrying current inclined in an angle , then the

force between the magnetic field and the conductor is,

Force between two current carrying conductors

Consider two parallel conductors of length carrying currents and . If the distance

between the two conductors is , then the force between the two conductors is,

Nature of the Force: The force is attractive if the current is in the same direction. The force is

repulsive if the current is in the opposite direction.

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I2I1

r

I

B

θ

Solved Example:

4. A straight conductor of length 15cm is kept in a uniform magnetic field of 2 Tesla. The angle

between the conductor and the field is . A current of 3A is passing through the conductor. Find

the force on the conductor.

Solution: .

This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction and the emf produced is called induced

emf. Note: emf is the abbreviation for Motional Electromotive Force. Units of emf are Volts.

This was discovered by Faraday in 1831.

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Principle of Electromagnetic Induction:

Whenever is change in magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit, an induced current flows in the

circuit, which lasts as long as the change lasts.

Solved Example:

5. Calculate the force between two long straight conductors of length 2m, separated by a distance

of 25cm and carrying currents 4A and 6A in same direction?

Solution: .

Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

1. Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux, an emf is induced in the conductor.

2. The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of

magnetic flux.

,

3. The induced emf exists as long as there is change in flux.

A transformer is a device used to transform “low voltage high

current” to “high voltage low current” and vice versa. It is

based on the Faraday’s law of mutual induction.

Transformers are of two types:

1. Step-Up Transformer: These are the transformers where the secondary voltage (output

voltage) is more than the primary voltage (input voltage). For this no. of turns in

secondary coil is more than the no. of turns in primary coil .

2. Step-Down Transformer: These are the transformers where the secondary voltage

(output voltage) is less than the primary voltage (input voltage). For this no. of turns in

secondary coil is less than the no. of turns in primary coil .

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Transformer:

Vs > Vp

Ns> Np

Vs < Vp

Ns < Np

Circuit Symbol of Transformer:

where : Primary Voltage

: Secondary Voltage

: Primary Current

: Secondary Current

: Number of Turns in the Primary

: Number of Turns in the Secondary

Electric Motor:

Electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy to

mechanical energy. Electric mortor is used as an important component in

electric fans, refrigerators mixers, washing machines, computers, etc.

Dynamo:

Page 33 of 111

Primary Secondary

Solved Example:

6. A power transmission line feeds input voltage of 2500V to a step-down transformer with

4000 turns in the primary and 400 turns in the secondary. What is the output voltage? If the

input current is 2A, calculate the output current.

Solution: .

.

Dynamo is a device that converts mechanical energy (rotational energy) into electrical energy. It

is also known as the “electric generator”. Mechanical energy is used to rotate a conductor in a

magnetic field to produce electricity.

Small dynamos can be found in the bicycles, used to provide small currents suffiecint for the

bicycle lights. Larger dynamos are driven by steam or water turbine systems, which provide

electricity to the cities.

Maxwell’s Equations:

Maxwell formulated a set of four equations involving electric and magnetic fields, and their

sources, the charge and current densities. The Maxwell’s equations contain all the known laws

of electromagnetism and form the basis of electrical engineering. Maxwell`s four equations

unified the two branches of Physics namely electricity and magnetism into “Electromagnetism”.

1. (Gauss Law for Electricity)

It states that total electric flux through any closed surface is always equal to 1/ɛo times the

net charge enclosed by the surface.

2. (Gauss Law for Magnetism)

It states that the magnetic flux crossing any closed surface is always zero. This means

that monopoles do not exist in magnetism.

3. (Faraday’s Law)

This implies that the induced emf is (numerically) equal to the time rate of change of

magnetic flux through it.

4. (Ampere-Maxwell Law)

This implies that line integral of magnetic field along a closed surface is equal to the total

current

(sum of displacement and conduction currents) passing through that surface.

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Alternating Current (AC): The electric current, whose magnitude (value) changes with time

and direction reverses in a periodic manner, is known as alternating current. The value of current

at any time is given as:

.

where is the peak value of current in an AC circuit, and is the angular frequency of the

alternating current. The angular frequency is related to the frequency by the relation

. The value of emf (voltage) is also changing with time and is known as alternating emf

and is given by

where Vo is the peak value of emf in an A.C. circuit

V is the value of alternating emf at any time and

ω is the angular frequency of the alternating current.

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AC Circuits:

Unsolved Example:

6. If the maximum emf supplied by an AC power supply is 200V with a frequency of 53 Hz.

Calculate emf and current at time 2.3 seconds. Also calculate maximum current, given that

the resistance if the circuit is 300Ohms.

LCR Series Circuits: In such circuits a resistor, an inductor

and a capacitor connected in series to an A.C. source. The

order of connection is not important. Value of alternating

emf at any time is .

The resistor, inductor and the capacitor each hinder or

oppose the flow of current.

The opposition due to the resistor is the familiar resistance, .

The opposition due to the inductor is called inductive reactance, .

The opposition due to the capacitor is called capacitive reactance, .

The combined opposition of the resistor, inductor and the capacitor is called as

impedance ( ). The impedance for a series circuit is

The current in a LCR circuit is given by ,

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Unsolved Example:

7. Calculate the reactance of a 4μF operating at a frequency of 50Hz.

8. At a frequency of 60Hz, calculate the reactance of an 2mH inductor.

The maximum value of the current occurs for the minimum value of the impedance ,

which occurs for a particular frequency, , which is called as the resonance

frequency.

Page 37 of 111

Solved Example:

9. In the LRC circuit, (Vo = 220Volts, L = 20kH, C = 10 µF, f = 50Hz, and R= 2000Ω).

Calculate, Calculate, the resonant frequency (fr) and the Impedance (Z). Write the formula

for the AC current.

Solution: ,

,

,

.

References





3. Some Animations using JAVA,

http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/applets.shtml,

http://www.physics.purdue.edu/class/applets/phe/mfbar.htm

4. Interactive http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/index.html

5. Video Clip at YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Y4JSp5U82I

Formulae

1. Biot-Savart Law: .

2. Magnetic field of a straight conductor, .

3. Magnetic field of a circular coil, .

4. Magnetic field of a solenoid, .

5. Force between a magnetic field and a current carrying conductor .

6. Force between two straight current carrying conductors,

7. Transformer, and .

8. Frequency , angular frequency .

9. Inductive reactance,

10. Capacitive reactance,

Page 38 of 111

11. Impedance,

12. Resonance frequency,

Subjective Question

1. What is the principle of electromagnetism?

2. What are the differences between a bar magnet and an electromagnet?

3. Explain the Biot-Savart law with a diagram and the formula.

4. Write the Maxwell’s equations with their interpretation.

5. Draw the solenoid and write its formula.

6. Explain the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

7. What is a transformer? Draw its diagram. Write its formula.

8. Write about the dynamo with a diagram.

9. Write about the electric motor with a diagram.

10. Explain any two technological applications of Electromagnets.

11. Write the Maxwell’s equations with their interpretations.

Page 39 of 111

Numerical Problems

1. A long straight wire carries a current of 3A. What is magnitude of the magnetic field at a

point 20cm away from the wire?

Solution: .

2. Calculate the force between two long straight conductors carrying a current of 3A and 2A

in the same direction and separated by 20cm. The length of the conductors is 1m.

3. In a series LCR circuit, , and . The power supply has the

maximum voltage of 100V and a frequency of 1000Hz. Calculate the current and the

resonance frequency.


1. Bar magnet is a

a. Permanent magnet

b. Temporary magnet

c. Unipole magnet

d. All of the above

2. Magnetic poles can be interchanged in

a. Barr magnet

b. Electromagnet

c. Cannot be interchanged


Page 40 of 111

3. If the current is increased in a coil, the magnetic field

a. increases

b. decreases

c. remains same


4. Two straight conductors are carrying current in the same direction. The force between

them is

a. Attractive

b. Repulsive

c. Depends


5. The force experience by a straight conductor placed perpendicular to the magnetic field is

a. Zero

b. ILB

c. 2ILB


6. The force experience by a straight conductor placed parallel to the magnetic field is

a. Zero

b. ILB

c. 2ILB


7. Induced emf is produced when

a. Electric flux changes in a circuit

b. Magnetic flux changes in a circuit

c. When a current passes through a conductor


8. The principle of a transformer is

Page 41 of 111

a. Mutual Inductance

b. Self inductance

c. Mutual conductance

d. Conductance

9. The condition for step down transformer is

a.

b.

c.


10. The device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy is

a. Motor

b. Dynamo

c. Magnet


11. The device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy is

a. Motor

b. Dynamo

c. Magnet


12. The basic equations of electromagnetism are known after

a. Newton

b. Maxwell

c. Einstein



1 (A), 2 (B), 3 (A), 4 (A), 5 (B), 6 (A), 7 (B), 8 (A), 9 (A), 10 (B), 11 (A), 12 (B).

Page 42 of 111

Chapter-3

Wave Motion

Outcomes: 4, 9, and 12-15

Page 43 of 111

Properties of a wave motion

1. It is a disturbance in the medium.

2. The energy is transmitted from place to place, but the medium does not travel between

two places.

Two types of waves:

1. Transverse waves

2. Longitudinal waves

1. In a transverse wave the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of

wave propagation.

2. The particles simply jump up and down about the equilibrium positions.

3. They can travel through vacuum. (they do not need material medium for propagation)

For example: Electromagnetic waves (light, X-Rays, radio waves and gamma rays)

Crest: The maximum positive displacement from the equilibrium

Trough: The maximum negative displacement from the equilibrium

Page 44 of 111

Transverse Waves

Wavelength: The distance traveled by the wave between two crests or troughs

Wavelength ( ): The distance traveled by a wave during which a particle of the medium

completes one cycle of vibration is called wavelength. [Units: metres].

Frequency ( or or ): This is defined as the number of waves produced in one second.

Alternately, Number of vibrations per second

[Units: ].

Time Period ( ): The time period of a wave is the time taken by the wave to travel a distance

equal to (one cycle of vibration) its wavelength. [Units: seconds].

Speed of the wave: Speed is distance/time ( So we have

The speed of the wave is given by the product of the frequency and the wavelength.

Page 45 of 111

Examples:

1. A sound wave has a frequency of 5kHz. Find its wavelength.

Solution: The speed of the sound in air is 340m/s.

2. A vibrating source sends waves of frequency 10kHz of wavelength 51.3 m through

iron material. Find the velocity of sound in iron.

Solution:

3. If the angular frequency is 50rad/s. Calculate frequency and the time period.

Equation of Transverse wave:

Where y = displacement

A = amplitude

Where the angular frequency, , where is the frequency.

Page 46 of 111

Solved Examples:

4. If the wave equation is , find the amplitude frequency and the time

period.

Solution: Comparing with the standard equation, , we obtain

The amplitude A = 20.

The frequency, is obtained from

5. A wave has the amplitude of 25cm and time period of 2ms. Write its equation.

Solution: The amplitude A = 25cm = 0.25m

The equation is:

Limiting Visibility of Human Eye: Human eye can see in the range 4000Å to 7000Å.

Examples of Electromagnetic Waves: Light (visible to human in the range 4000Å to 7000Å,

different wavelength have different colours); X-Rays (0.01Å to 100Å); Gamma Rays; Radio,

Television and Mobile phones use specific wavelengths. The FM-range is about 100m. Lasers

are also EM waves but with additional properties.

Properties of electromagnetic waves:

1. The electromagnetic waves contain electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each

other and also perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

2. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.

3. Electromagnetic waves can travel in vacuum.

4. The speed of the electromagnetic waves in vacuum is given by c= 3X108 m/s

5. The energy of the electromagnetic waves is given by the Plank’s relation

E=hf

6. Electromagnetic waves are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

7. Electromagnetic waves in the visible range (4000Å to 7000Å) are called light.

1. In a longitudinal wave the particle displacement is parallel to the direction of

wave propagation.

2. The particles simply oscillate back and forth about the equilibrium positions.

3. They cannot travel through vacuum. (they need material medium for propagation)

Page 47 of 111

Longitudinal Waves

Example : Sound, ultrasound, movement of a spring.

Condensation or Compression: The high density area of the particles of the medium

Rarefactions: The low density area of the particles of the medium

Sound Waves: Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves that can travel though gases,

liquids and solids. They cannot travel through vacuum. The speed of sound is more in solids

than in liquids and gases.. The speed of sound depends on temperature and pressure.

Air (at ) 330 m/s Air (at room temperature) 340 m/s

Water (at ) 1402 m/s

Aluminum 6420 m/s

Speed of sound in air and gases depends on the temperature by the relation

Note: The temperature in the above relation is in Kelvin.

Page 48 of 111

Limiting Audibility of Human Ear: The limiting audibility of the human ear is 20Hz to 20kHz. The

frequencies below the lower limit are called Infra sound waves and above the higher limit are called

ultrasound waves.

Properties of sound waves:

1. Sound is produced by a vibrating body.

2. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

3. Sound always requires a material medium (gas, liquid or solid) for its propagation.

4. Sound does not travel through vacuum.

5. Speed of sound depends on the material of the medium.

6. Speed of sound depends on the temperature and pressure.

7. Speed of sound is more in solids than is liquids and gases.

Page 49 of 111

Solved Examples:

6. Express in Kelvin.

Solution:

So, .

7. The speed of sound in air at is 347m/s. Calculate its speed in air at

Solution: First we have to express the temperatures in Kelvin.

and

.

.

Page 50 of 111

The principle of superposition

When two waves meet, the resulting wave is found by adding together the displacements of both the waves at that same location.

Page 51 of 111

Superposition of Waves:

Page 52 of 111

Displacement of Wave-1

Displacement of Wave-2

Resulting Displacement

+1 +1

+2

-1 -1

-2

+1 -1

0

+1 -2

-1

Definition of Interference of Waves

Interference is the superposition of two waves coming from two coherent sources.

Definition of Coherent Sources of waves: They produce waves of the same frequency

(f), amplitude (A) and in phase.

Constructive Interference: If two waves having the same frequency and amplitude and

are in same phase, the resultant wave has same frequency as that of each wave but two

times their amplitude.

Destructive Interference: If two waves having the same

frequency and amplitude and are out of phase, the

resultant wave has zero amplitude (complete cancellation).

Interference Pattern: A pattern consisting of a series of parallel and alternating bright

and dark fringes (band)

The bright fringes (band) are regions where constructive interference occurs, whereas the

dark fringes (band) are regions of destructive interference.

Page 53 of 111

References





Formulae

1. Frequency, .

2. Speed of a wave, , .

3. Equation of Transverse wave, .

4. Speed of sound in air and gases, .

5. Conversion of temperature, .

6. Equation of Transverse wave:


1. Define wave length and frequency for a wave?

2. Draw the transverse wave and indicate the Crest, trough and wavelength?

3. Write the properties of sound waves.

4. Write the properties of electromagnetic waves.

5. Write the differences between sound waves and electromagnetic waves.

Page 54 of 111

Solved Numericals

1. A saxophone is playing a steady note of frequency 266 Hz. Find its wavelength.

2. A hospital uses an ultrasonic scanner to locate tumors. What is the wavelength of sound

in a tissue in which the speed of sound is 1.7km/s. The operating frequency of the

scanner is 4.2MHz.

3. The limiting audibility of the human ear is 20Hz to 20kHz. Express them in terms of

the wavelength.

Solution: The speed of the sound in air is 340m/s.

4. Red light from a source has the wavelength 6300Å. What is the corresponding

frequency?

Solution:

5. The human eyes can sense the wavelengths from 4000Å. to 7000Å. Express these in

frequencies.

Solution: The speed of light is 340m/s.

Page 55 of 111

6. The speed of sound in some gas at is 340 m/s. Calculate its speed at .

7. A transverse sinusoidal wave is represented by the equation y = 0.2 sin(20t). Find the

amplitude and the frequency of the wave.

8. Write the general wave equation of a sound wave propagating with 100Hz and 20cm

of amplitude.

Solution: The amplitude A = 20cm = 0.20m

The equation is

9. A wave is described by the equation, . What is the displacement at

time ?

Solution:

The displacement is

Note: Use radians in such calculations.

Page 56 of 111


1. The unit of frequency is

a. Hertz

b. m/s

c. s


2. The distance between two neighbouring crests in a wave is called

a. Amplitude

b. Frequency

c. Wavelength

d. Time Period

e. None of the above.

3. The time taken by a wave to travel a distance equal to its wavelength (one cycle of vibration) is

a. Time Period

b. Frequency

c. Wavelength

d. Amplitude


4. Sound waves are

a. Longitudinal

b. Transverse

c. Longitudinal and transverse


Page 57 of 111

5. Electromagnetic waves are

a. Longitudinal

b. Transverse

c. Longitudinal and transverse


6. In the electromagnetic waves the electric and magnetic fields are

a. Parallel

b. Perpendicular

c. Any direction

d. All of the above.

7. Light is a

a. Visible radiation

b. Electromagnetic wave

c. Transverse wave

d. All the above

8. The waves between two mobile phones are

a. Electromagnetic waves

b. Light waves

c. Sound waves


9. The audible frequency range is

a. Less than 20Hz

b. More than 20kHz

c. Between 20Hz and 20kHz

d. None of the above

Page 58 of 111

10. The minimum audible wavelength for the human ear is

a. 0.017m

b. 0.17m

c. 1.7m

d. 17m

e. None of the above

11. The visible wavelength is

a. Below 4000Å

b. Above 7000Å

c. Between 4000Å and 7000Å


12. When the temperature increases the speed of sound in air

a. Increases

b. Decreases

c. Remains the same


13. The limiting audibility of the human ear is ________ to ________.

14. The limiting visibility of the human eyes is ________ to ________.


1 (A), 2 (C), 3 (A), 4 (A), 5 (B), 6 (B), 7 (D), 8 (A), 9 (C), 10 (A), 11 (C), 12 (A).

Page 59 of 111

Chapter-4:

Modern Physics

Outcomes: 11 and 12-15

Page 60 of 111

Introduction:

Modern Physics broadly refers to the physics developed in the early 20th century. Modern

physics often deals with very small distances (of the order of an angstrom and lower) and high

velocities (comparable to the velocity of light, ). It deals about the developments of Physics in

20th Century covering topics such as

X-rays

Matter waves

Photoelectric effect

Radio activity

Enlisted here are some of the commonly used terms in the study of Modern Physics

1. Speed of light in vacuum, . Speed of light is maximum in vacuum.

2. Relation between frequency (denoted by the Greek letter nu, ) and the wavelength ( )

and the speed of propagation is .

3. Ångstrom (Å) and Nanometer (nm): They both are the units of length, used for particles

of small sizes. For example size of an atom, size of nucleus, wavelength etc.

Their conversion relation is:

1Å = 1nm= 10-9 m = 10Å

4. Charge of electron, . The charge of proton has the same magnitude

but positive sign.

5. Electron Volt ( ) is a unit of energy, used in the study of atomic and subatomic

particles.

Its relation with Joule (J), the SI unit of energy is: .

6. Planck’s Constant is denoted by and has the value .

It is named after Max Planck, the father of Modern Physics.

7. Mass of electron. m=9.1 X 10-31 kg.

Page 61 of 111

The fundamental particles:

There are three fundamental particles:

1. Electrons are negatively charged.

2. Protons are positively charged.

3. Neutrons are electrically neutral.

Protons and Neutrons are in the nucleus.

Electrons move in different orbits around the nucleus.

Matter waves (De Broglie Relation): The matter has a dual nature. This means the matter can

behave both like a particle and like a wave.

At low velocity matter behaves like particle

At high velocity, particle behaves like wave.

A wave should also behave like a particle.

The wavelength associated with a particle is given by

,

Where is the momentum, m is the mass and v is the velocity of particle.

Page 62 of 111

Solved Example

1. Calculate the De-Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with a speed of 5x105m/s.

Solution:

X-Rays: X-Rays are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths in the range, 0.01Å to 100Å. X-

rays were discovered by Roentgen in 1895.

Production of X-rays:

The current heats the filament and electrons are emitted by it. These freed electrons are

accelerated under a high potential difference in a highly evacuated tube (called as the Coolidge

tube). The high speed electrons collide with the anode made of a hard metal like tungsten and

produce X-Rays.

X-Ray formula: The formula for the minimum wavelength of the X-Rays produced when

electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of V Volts is

.

Properties of X-Rays:

1. X-rays are electromagnetic waves and travel at the speed of light.

2. The wavelength lies between 0.01Å to 100Å

3. They cause ionization of gases.

Page 63 of 111

X-Rays

4. They have penetrating power to pass through materials.

5. They are not deflected by Electric and Magnetic fields.

6. They show the phenomenon like, reflection and refraction, diffraction, interference and

polarization.

7. They travel at the speed of light.

Uses of X-Rays:

1. X-Rays are used in medicine for seeing inside the body, particularly

the bones.

2. X-Rays are used for security.

3. X-Rays are used for research to study the structure of substances.

An X-Ray Image of Hands

Page 64 of 111

Solved Example

2.Write the X-Ray formula. What is the wavelength of the X-Rays produced when the

potential difference is 10kV?

Solution:

3. An X-Ray machine produces X-Rays of wavelength 1.24Å. Calculate the applied

potential difference.

Solution:

.

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a specific frequency falls on certain metallic surfaces,

electrons are emitted from the surface. This process of ejection of

electrons is called as the photoelectric effect

Equation of Photoelectric Effect:

Emission Mechanism: In the photoemission process, if an electron within some material

absorbs the energy of one photon and acquires more energy than the work function (the electron

binding energy) of the material, it is ejected. The energy of the emitted electrons does not depend

on the intensity of the incoming light, but only on the energy or frequency of the individual

photons.

It is an interaction between the incident photon and the outermost electron.

Threshold frequency ( ):

For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation below which

no photoelectrons are emitted. This frequency is called the threshold frequency.

Kinetic energy of the electron emitted

If is is the threshold frequency for the metal, is the Planck’s constant and is the frequency

of the incident photon, then the maximum kinetic energy of an ejected electron is

For low speeds ( ) and the expression for the kinetic energy is .

Page 65 of 111

Photo-Electric Effect:

Solved Example

4.The energy of incident radiations is 10eV fall on Sodium material surface (work

function is 2eV). Find the energy of photoelectrons and the velocity of photoelectrons.

Solution:

Ei= Eo + Ek

Radioactivity: In 1906, Henri Becquerel discovered that Uranium (92U238)

element emits spontaneous emission without any excitations.

Definition: The spontaneous emission of radiations from certain

elements is called radio activity.

1. The radioactive elements are (atomic weight > 208) Uranium,

Radium and Thorium etc.,

2. The radioactive radiations are alpha (α), beta (ß) and gamma (γ).

Types of Radiation:

The alpha (α) are the nuclei of helium atoms and hence made of two protons and two

neutrons. So, they are positive.

The beta (ß) are electrons (so negative).

The gamma ((γ) are energetic electromagnetic waves. They do not carry any charge.

Page 66 of 111

Radioactivity:

Comparison between Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays

Alpha Beta Gamma

They are fast moving

helium nuclei.

Not electromagnetic.

They are fast moving

electrons.

Not electromagnetic.

Gamma rays are energetic

photons.

They are electromagnetic

waves.

They are the heaviest

among the three.

They are not as heavy as

alpha particles.

They are the lightest among

the three.

They have the lowest

penetration power.

They have penetration

between alpha and beta.

They have the highest

penetrating power.

They have the highest

ionizing power.

Beta rays have a moderate

ionizing power.

Gamma rays have almost

no ionizing power.

They travel at about 1/20th

of the speed of light.

They travel at almost the

speed of light.

Gamma rays travel at the

speed of light.

Can be stopped by paper. Can be stopped by

aluminum.

Can be stopped by

concrete.

Nuclear Fission:

The process of division of one nucleus into two or more nuclei is

called Nuclear Fission .

For example: Atom Bomb and in Nuclear Reactor and in reaction

U235 + n Ba139 +Kr94 + 3n + Energy

Page 67 of 111

Nuclear Fusion:

The process of addition (fusing together) of two or

more lighter nuclei into a single heavier nuclei is

called Nuclear Fusion. Example: fusing of Deuterium

and Tritium to form Helium with a large amount of

energy is shown in the figure below. For Example:

in Sun and in reaction:

H2 + H3 He 4 + n + Energy

References





Formulae

1. Planck’s formula, .

2. De Broglie Wavelength, .

3. X-Ray formula, .

4. Equation of Photoelectric effect, .


1. Write the Planck’s formula. Page 68 of 111

2. Write the De Broglie relation.

3. Explain the production of X-Rays with a diagram.

4. Write the properties of X-Rays.

5. Write uses of X-Rays.

6. Derive the formula for the minimum wavelength of the X-Rays produced when electrons

are accelerated through a potential difference of V Volts.

7. Write the properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays.

8. What are the differences between alpha and beta rays?

9. What is photoelectric effect?

10. What are nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? Give examples.

Numerical Problems

1. What is the wavelength of the X-Rays produced when the potential difference is 20kV?

2. TV stations broadcast at a wavelength of about 3m. Calculate the energy of the

corresponding photons.

3. FM radio broadcast at a wavelength of about 100m. Calculate the energy of the

corresponding photons.

Solution: The speed of the electromagnetic waves is

Page 69 of 111

.

4. Yellow sodium light from a sodium vapour lamp has the wavelength 5890Å. What is the

energy of the corresponding photons? Express your answer in electron volts.

Solution:

.

5. Mr. Ahmed has a laser diode that emits radiations of wavelength 5500Å. Mr. Salim bought

another laser with a wavelength 8800Å. The light from which laser is visible for humans?

6. The photoelectrons are emitted with a speed of from the surface when light of

time period seconds falls on it. What is the threshold frequency of the surface?

7. The photoelectrons are emitted with a speed of from the surface when light of

frequency of 7x1014 Hz falls on it. What is the threshold frequency of the surface?

Page 70 of 111


1. Hertz when expressed in the SI base units is

a. s

b. m/s

c. 1/s


2. The electromagnetic radiations are

a. Alpha, beta and gamma

b. Gamma, X-rays and alpha

c. Gamma rays, light and X-rays


3. The energy of the electromagnetic waves is

a.

b.

c.


4. Shorter wavelengths have

a. High frequency and high energy

b. Low frequency and low energy

c. Low frequency and high energy


Page 71 of 111

5. The energy of the X-rays increases when

a. Potential difference is increased

b. Potential difference is decreased

c. Not affected


6. Alpha Rays are attracted by

a. Positive plate

b. Negative plate

c. Deflected by both the plates

d. Not deflected by both plates

7. Beta Rays are attracted by

a. Negative plate

b. Positive plate



8. Electromagnetic Rays are deflected by

a. Positive plate

b. Negative plate



9. Choose the correct answer

a. Velocity of α is greater than β and ϒ

b. Velocity of β is greater than α and ϒ

c. Velocity of ϒ is greater than β and α


Page 72 of 111

10. The penetrating power is highest in

a. Alpha particle

b. Beta particle

c. Gamma particle


11. The condition for the production of the photoelectrons is

a.

b.

c.


12. In nuclear fission the

a. Two or more smaller nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei

b. Nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei

c. Both of the above


13. Atom Bomb works on

a. Nuclear Fusion

b. Nuclear Fission

c. Nuclear Omission

d. Nuclear Reaction

14. In nuclear fusion the

a. Two or more smaller nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei

b. Nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei

c. Both of the above


15. In Figure-1, which one is for α–rays?

Page 73 of 111

a. a

b. b

c. c


16. The speed of light is ________.

17. The charge of electron is ________.

18. The charge of proton is ________.

19. The value of the Planck’s constant is ________.

20. One electron volt (eV) is ________.


1 (C), 2 (C), 3 (A), 4 (A), 5 (A), 6 (B), 7 (B), 8 (D), 9 (C), 10 (C), 11 (C), 12 (B), 13 (B),

14 (A), 15 (A).

Page 74 of 111

Chapter-5

Heat and Thermodynamics

Outcomes: 6-8, and 12-15

Page 75 of 111

Heat: Heat is a form of energy, which causes change in state of matter. It melts a solid and

evaporates a liquid. SI unit of heat is Joule (J).

Temperature: It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

Unit of Temperature: The SI unit for temperature is Kelvin (denoted by K). The conversion of

one scale to the other is given by

.

The Kelvin scale is used in the Factories and Industries.

Celsius scale is used in Laboratories.

Fahrenheit is used mostly in the hospitals.

Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are used at homes to know the ambient temperatures.

Express in Celsius and Kelvin.

Solution:

So, .

Thermometer: Temperature is measured by a device called thermometer.

Some Important Temperatures:

Water freezes at .

Water boils at .

Normal Temperature of Human Body: .

Room Temperature: .

Page 76 of 111Specific Heat Capacity

Solved examples

1. Express in Celsius and Kelvin.

Solution:

So, .

Heat required to heat a substance: Let the change in temperature be , mass be

(in grams) and the specific heat be . Then the required heat, is:

.

Definition of Specific Heat Capacity ( ): It is the amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of one kilogram of substance through 1 degree temperature. SI Unit of ‘s’ is J/kg.K.

Another unit is kcal/kgoC.

‘s’ of water = 1kcal/kgoC or ‘s’ of water = 4186 /kg K

Kilo Calorie (Kcal): It is a unit of energy. It is the amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of one kilogram of water through 1 degree temperature.

1kcal= 4186Joules

Thermal Expansion of Solids: When substances are heated they generally expand. Their

dimensions (length, breadth, height, radius, etc) increase. Since the dimensions increase, the area

and volume also increase.

Linear Expansion: Increase in length of substance on heating.

Page 77 of 111

Thermal Expansion

Solved examples

2.Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 300g of water from

to . Express your answer in Joules.

Solution:

.

The coefficient of linear expansion ( ) is increase in length of unit length of the solid during a

rise in temperature by (or )

and the increased Length is given by the relation

.

Solved examples

Kinetic Theory of Gases

The kinetic theory of gases is based on the fact that substances are made up of atoms and

molecules. It enables us to understand the bulk properties of matter using microscopic and

molecular structure of matter. By bulk properties, we mean, specific heat, pressure, temperature

and other quantities.

Postulates of Kinetic theory of gases:

1. All gases are made of large no. of particles.

2. Particles are in constant motion.

3. All collisions are perfectly elastic,

(molecules do not lose energy in collisions).

4. The distance between gas particles are relatively large.

Page 78 of 111

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Solved examples

3.A steel rod has length 2m at . What is its length at ? The coefficient of linear

expansion of steel is .

Solution: ,

5. The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends only on the temperature of the gas.

6. Gas particles exert no force on one another.

7. Attractive forces between gas particles are assumed to be zero.

Laws of Thermodynamics:

1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Two systems which are individually in thermal

equilibrium with a third one also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

2. First Law of Thermodynamics: The amount of heat energy supplied to a system is equal

to the sum of the change in internal energy of the system and the work done by the

system.

3. Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible for a self acting machine unaided by

any external agency to transfer heat from a body at lower temperature to another body at

higher temperature.

4. Third Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible for any substance to reach the absolute

zero of the temperature.

Adiabatic Process: The process in which pressure, volume and temperature changes but no heat

enters or leaves the system is called adiabatic process.

Thus in adiabatic process, the total heat of the system remains constant.

Isothermal Process: The expansion or compression of gas at constant temperature, is called

isothermal process.

Page 79 of 111

Thermodynamics

Carnot Cycle: According to the second law of thermodynamics no heat engine can have

efficiency. The maximum efficiency, of two heat reservoirs kept at the temperatures (also

called source) and (also called as sink) is given by the relation

.

In the above relation the temperatures need to be expressed in the Kelvin scale.

References





Page 80 of 111

Solved examples

4.A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 40% with the heat sink at . Calculate the

temperature at which the engine is operating.

Solution:

.

SOURCE SINK

Formulae

1. Temperature conversion, .

2. Amount of heat, .

3. Linear expansion, .

4. Coefficient of linear expansion, .

5. Efficiency of a Carnot Engine, .

Subjective Question

1. Define temperature.

2. Define heat. Define specific heat.

3. Draw a thermometer and label its parts. Explain the working of alcohol thermometer

and mercury thermometer?

4. Explain the three temperature scales.

5. Define calorie.

6. Describe a barometer with a diagram. Write the normal pressure.

7. State Boyle’s law with the formula.

Page 81 of 111

8. State Charles’ law with the formula.

9. State Gay-Lussac’s Law with the formula.

10. State the ideal gas equation.

11. Write the postulates of the kinetic theory of gases.

12. Write the laws of thermodynamics.

13. What is an adiabatic process?

14. What is an isothermal process?

Numerical problems

1. Express room temperature in Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

2. On a day when Mr. Ahmed was down with fever, the doctor measured his body

temperature and found that it is 101.5F. Express this temperature in Celsius and Kelvin

scales.

3. 500g of water at is heated using 30KiloCalories. What is the final temperature of

the water? Express you answer in Kelvin.

4. A surveyor uses a steel tape, which has a length 20.00m at 10C. What will be the length

of this tape on a day when the temperature is 35C. (Coefficient of linear thermal

expansion of steel α = 11×10-6 /C).

Page 82 of 111

5. Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot cycle working between the two temperatures

and .


1. The liquid used in the clinical (hospital) thermometer is

a. Alcohol

b. Mercury

c. Water


2. The temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid is called

a. Melting Point

b. Boiling Point

c. Cooling Point


3. The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas is called

a. Melting Point

b. Boiling Point

c. Heating Point


4. When a metallic rod is heated

a. Length of the rod is increased

Page 83 of 111

b. Length of the rod is decreased

c. Length of the rod remains the same


5. The absolute zero is equal to

a.

b.

c.

d. All the above


6. The melting point of ice is ________.

7. The boiling point of the water is ________.


1 (B), 2 (A), 3 (B), 4 (A), 5 (C)

Page 84 of 111

Chapter-6:

Optics

Outcomes: 5, 10, and 12-15

Page 85 of 111

We shall consider two phenomenon in optics, namely the reflection of light and the refraction of

light.

Reflection of Light: Turning back of light in the same medium is called Reflection of light.

Laws of Reflection:

1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal drawn to the reflecting surface at the

point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Refraction of Light: Bending of light when it passes

from one medium to another is called refraction.

Page 86 of 111

i = r

i r

air

glass

i

r

Laws of Refraction:

1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the

same plane.

2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a

constant for a pair of media

This law is known as the Snell’s law. The constant is called the refractive index. It is

also customary to use the symbol .

Refractive index: It is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum (or air) to the speed of light in a

given medium.

or

Refractive index of some important materials:

Air: 1.0003 ~ 1

Water: 1.33

Glass: 1.5 to 1.8

Diamond: 2.42

Page 87 of 111Total Internal Reflection

Solved examples

1.Light is incident on a glass surface of refractive index 1.5. If the angle of incidence is ,

what is the angle of refraction reflection?

Solution:

The angle of reflection is .

Total Internal Reflection: When light travels from an

optically denser medium (medium with higher refractive

index,) to an optically rarer medium (medium with lower

refractive index,), at an angle more than critical angle, ( ) the

light is reflected back in the same medium This phenomenon is

known as total internal reflection.

Critical Angle θc : The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90o, when going

from denser to rarer medium.

The critical angle is calculated from the relation .

Page 88 of 111

Solved examples

2. Calculate the critical angle for glass .

Solution: .

Optical Fibres: The total internal reflection is the basic principle of working of optical fibre.

Optical fibres are cylindrical waveguides made of two concentric layers of very pure glass. The

core (the interior layer) with higher refractive index , while the cladding (the exterior layer) has a

lower refractive index

Optical fibers are used in medical and optical examination. They are also used to transmit

communication signals.

Dispersion of Light: It is the splitting of white light into

its constituent 7 colours.

This band of colours of light is called its spectrum.

In the visible region of spectrum, the spectral lines are seen in the order from violet to red. The

colours are given by the word VIBGYOR (Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and

Red).

Page 89 of 111Optical Lens

http://www.google.com.om/imgres?hl=en&biw=1280&bih=673&tbm=isch&tbnid=hMh7vBBR51IJdM:&imgrefurl=http://www.hk-phy.org/iq/optical_fibre/optical_fibre_e.html&docid=aOyA_AHwJQvN6M&imgurl=http://www.hk-phy.org/iq/optical_fibre/fibre_transmit.gif&w=300&h=280&ei=_dtqUMrHNIzprQfggoHYBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=386&vpy=133&dur=1881&hovh=217&hovw=232&tx=109&ty=166&sig=103110913599703515409&page=1&tbnh=152&tbnw=163&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0,i:84

Optical Lenses: There are two basic types of lenses: the

convex lens (or converging lens) and the concave lens (or

diverging lens). Due to refraction, light rays bend as they

pass into and out of the lens Convex lenses are shaped so

that the rays converge together; concave lenses are

shaped to spread rays apart.

Lenses Equation: The lens equation is given by

, OR ,

where is the distance of the object from the lens, is the distance of the image from the lens

and is the focal length of the lens.

The magnification (m) is given by

Let AB represent an object placed at right angles to the principal axis at a distance greater than

the focal length f of the convex lens. The image A1B1 is formed which is real and inverted.

OA = Object distance = u

OA1 = Image distance = v

OF2 = Focal length = fPage 90 of 111

Focal length is

References





Formulae

1. Refractive index of light, or .

2. Snell’s formula, .

3. The critical angle, .

4. Lens Equation, or .

Page 91 of 111

Solved examples

3. If an object is at 20cm from the lens and the image is formed on the screen kept at 30cm

from the lens. What is the focal length of the convex lens? Calculate the magnification.

Solution:

Magnification, .

5. The magnification, .


1. What is reflection of light?

2. State the laws of reflection of light?

3. Define refraction of light.

4. State the laws of refraction of light?

5. Write the Snell’s law with the formula.

6. What is the formula used in the lab, for calculating the refractive index of the glass slab?

7. What is total internal reflection?

8. What is critical angle?

9. Explain dispersion of Light?

10. Describe an optical bench.

11. Define Dispersion? Draw its diagram?

Page 92 of 111

12. Describe an optical fibre. Explain how light travels in an optical fibre.

13. What are the uses of optical fibres?

Solved Numericals

1. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. Calculate the speed of light in glass.

Solution:

2. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. Calculate the speed of light in diamond.

3. A ray of light takes to pass through a glass slab. Calculate the Thickness of the

glass slab?

4. What is the time taken by light to travel through a glass slab of length 10cm and refractive

index 1.5?

Solution:

5. Light is incident on a diamond surface (refractive index 2.42). If the angle of incidence is

, what is the angle of refraction and reflection?

Page 93 of 111

6. Calculate the critical angle for diamond.

Solution: .

7. If an object is at 30cm from the lens and the image is formed on the screen kept at 60cm

from the lens. What is the focal length of the convex lens? Calculate the magnification.


1. The speed of light in vacuum is

a.

b.

c.


2. The speed of light is maximum in

a. Vacuum

b. Solid

c. Liquids

d. Gases


3. In the phenomenon of reflection the light rays

a. Return to the same side

b. Go to the other side

c. Are absorbed by the medium


4. Light is slowest is

a. air

b. water

c. glass

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d. diamond

5. In rarer medium the speed of light is

a. Less

b. More

c. Same


6. In denser medium the refractive index is

a. Less

b. More

c. Same


7. The light passing through a glass window undergoes

a. Reflection

b. Refraction

c. Dispersion


8. The device used for seeing the distant objects is

a. Camera

b. Microscope

c. Telescope


9. The device used for seeing very small objects is

a. Camera

b. Microscope

c. Telescope

Page 95 of 111


10. The rear view mirror in the cars is

a. Concave mirror

b. Convex mirror

c. Both concave and convex mirrors


11. Mirror used by the dentist is

a. Concave mirror

b. Convex mirror

c. Both concave and convex mirrors


12. The splitting of white light into seven colours is called

a. Reflection

b. Refraction

c. Total internal reflection

d. Dispersion

13. The white light consists of

a. Blue, green and violet

b. Red, blue and green

c. Green, red and yellow

d. Seven Colours

14. The rainbow is formed due to

a. Reflection

b. Refraction


Page 96 of 111

d. Dispersion

15. The optical fibers are based on

a. Reflection

b. Refraction


d. Dispersion

e. Electromagnetic induction

16. The visible range of the electromagnetic waves is __________ to ________.

17. The refractive index of water is ________.

18. The refractive index of glass is ________.

19. The refractive index of diamond is ________.


1 (B), 2 (A), 3 (A), 4 (D), 5 (B), 6 (B), 7 (B), 8 (C), 9 (B), 10 (B), 11 (A), 12 (D), 13 (D),

14 (C), 15 (C).

Page 97 of 111

Appendix-1: SI System of Units

The Seven Base UnitsS. No. Quantity Name Symbol

1 Length meter m2 Mass kilogram kg3 Time second s4 Electric Current ampere A5 Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K6 Amount of substance mole mol7 Luminous Intensity candela cd

Derived Units

S. No. Derived Quantity Symbol NameExpression in terms

of base units1 area A square metre m2

2 volume V cubic metre m3

3 speed metre per second m/s4 acceleration a metre per second squared m/s2

5 mass density kilogram per cubic metre kg/m3

6 surface density kilogram per square metre kg/m2

7 current density j ampere per square metre A/m2

8 momentum p kilogram metre per second kg.m.s-1

9 impulsekilogram metre per second

ORNewton second

kg.m.s-1

10 frequency , or Hertz s-1

11 force F Newton kg.m.s-2

12 pressure P Pascal kg.m-1.s-2

13 energy, work W Joule kg.m2.s-2

14 power Watt kg.m2.s-3

15 electric Charge C Coulomb A.s

16 electric field ENewtons/Coulomb

ORVolts/metre

17 electric potential (emf) V Volt

18 capacitance C Farad

19 electrical resistance R Ohm

20 magnetic flux Weber

21 magnetic field intensity B Tesla22 magnetic pole strength m Ampere.metre A.m23 inductance Henry

24 entropy Joule/Kelvin

Page 98 of 111

Prefixes

The International System of Units specifies the following SI prefixes

S. No. Factor Name Symbol1 1024 yotta Y2 1021 zetta Z3 1018 exa E4 1015 peta P5 1012 tera T6 109 giga G7 106 mega M8 103 kilo k9 102 hecto h10 101 deka da11 10-1 deci d12 10-2 centi c13 10-3 milli m14 10-6 micro µ15 10-9 nano n16 10-12 pico p17 10-15 femto f18 10-18 atto a19 10-21 zepto z20 10-24 yocto y

Length Volume Energy1cm = 10mm cc = cubic centimeter

1m = 100cm ml = milliliter 1km = 1000m L = Litres

1inch = 2.54cm 1cc = 1ml

1feet = 12inches 1Litre = 1000ml = 1000cc

.

1Å =

Pressure Miscellaneous

Page 99 of 111

Appendix-2: Physical Constants

S. No. Name SymbolValue

(in SI Units)

Value(in eV or MeV)

1Speed of Light in vacuum

2 Planck constant

3 Planck hbar

4Gravitation constant

5Boltzmann constant

6 Molar gas constant

7Avogadro's number

8 Charge of electron

9Permeability of vacuum

10Permittivity of vacuum

11 Coulomb constant

12 Faraday constant

13 Mass of electron

14 Mass of proton

15 Mass of neutron

16 Atomic mass unit

17Stefan-Boltzmann constant

18 Rydberg constant

19 Bohr magneton

20 Flux quantum

21 Bohr radius

22Standard atmosphere

23Wien displacement constant

Page 100 of 111

Appendix-3: Greek Alphabet

The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BC. Besides writing modern Greek, today its letters are widely used as mathematical symbols in physics and all other sciences.

Capital Lower Case Greek Name English

Alpha a

Beta b

Gamma g

Delta d

Epsilon e

Zeta z

Eta h

Theta th

Iota i

Kappa k

Lambda l

Mu m

Nu n

Xi x

Omicron o

Pi p

Rho r

Sigma s

Tau t

Upsilon u

Phi ph

Chi ch

Psi ps

Omega o

Page 101 of 111

Appendix-4: Mathematical Symbols

S. No. Symbol Meaning1 = is equal to2 is not equal to

3 is defined as

or

equivalent to4 is proportional to5 > is greater than6 < is less than7 is approximately equal to8 ~ is on the order of magnitude of9 is greater or equal to10 less than or equal to11 much less than12 much greater than13 congruence14 ∞ infinity15 || parallel16 ⊥ perpendicular17 ⇒ implies181920

Page 102 of 111

English-Arabic Glossary1

S. No.The termالمصطلح

The Meaningالمعنى

Transliterationالمصطلح

1 Absolute مطلق Mutlaq2 Acceleration تسارع Tasaru'a3 Acids حمض Hemdh4 Action فعل Fe'al5 Aim الغرض أو الهدف Alhadaf6 Amount كميه Kemmeyah7 Angular acceleration زاوي تسارع Tasaru'a Zawwi8 Angular motion زاوية حركة Harakah Zawweyyah9 Angular displacement زاوية إزاحة Ezaha Zawweyyah10 Angular velocity زاوية سرعة Sur'aa Zawweyyah11 apparatus األدوات Al-adawat12 Applications العملية التطبيفات Al-Tatbeeqat Al-Amlyiah13 Ascent صعود Su'aood14 Atom ذرة Dharah15 Atomic mass الذريه الكتله Al-Kutlah Al-dharreyyah16 Atomic number الذري العدد Aladd Al-Dhari17 Attraction تجاذب Tajadhub18 Balancing موازنة Mowaznah19 Base قاعدة Qa'aedah20 Basic unit أساسية قياس وحدة Wehdat Qeyas21 Calculation حساب Hesab22 Catalyst محفز عامل A'amil Muhafez23 Charge كهربئية شحنة Shohnah Kahrbaeyah24 Chemical bonding الكيمائيه الرابطه AlRabetah Al-Kemyaeah25 Chemical kinetics الحركية الكيمياء AlKeemyia Al-Harkeyah

26 Circuit Diagram الكهربائية للدائرة مخطط Mukhatat l'dda'erah al-kahraba'eiah

27 Combination ارتباط أو اتحاد Etehad / Ertibat28 Compound مركب Morakab29 Concentration التركيز Al tarkeez30 Configuration توزيع Tawzeea31 Constant or uniform مستمر أو ثابت Thabit / Mustamer32 Coordinate system احداثيات نظام Nizam Ehdatheyyat33 Current التيار Tayyar34 Decomposition تفكك Tafakuk35 Density كثافة Kathafah36 Derived unit مشتقة قياس وحدة Wehdat Qeyas Mushtaqqah37 Determinate أوجد أو حدد Haddid / Awjid

1 This Glossary was translated into Arabic by the Physics Lecturers, Ms. Zakiya Said Mahad Al-Amri (now pursuing PhD at the University of Bristol, http://www.bris.ac.uk/physics/people/zakiya-s-al-amri/index.html) and Ms. Ghadah Mohammed Shujaib.

Page 103 of 111

http://www.bris.ac.uk/physics/people/zakiya-s-al-amri/index.html

38 Direction اتجاه Ettijah39 Directly Proportional طردي تناسب Tanasub Tardi40 Displacement ازاحة Ezaha41 Dissent هبوط Hoboot42 Dissolve يذيب أو يحلل Yuhalel / Yudheeb43 Distance المسافة Masafah44 Elasticity مرونة Muroonah45 Electrical Field الكهربائي المجال Majal Kahraba'ai46 Electrolysis كهربائي تحليل Tahleel Kahraba'ai

47 Electrolytesماده أو الكتروليتي محلول

متأينه Mahlool Electroliti

48 Elements عنصر Onsur49 Energy طاقة Taqah50 Equation المعادلة AlMoa'adalah51 Estimation تحديد أو تقدير Taqdeer / tahdeed52 Experiment تجربة Tajrubah53 Extraction استخالص أو فصل Fasal / Estikhlas54 Figure رمز أو رسم ، مخطط Mukhatat55 Final نهائي Niha'ai56 Force قوة Quwwah57 Formula الصيغة Al-Seeghah58 Functional group الوظيفية المجموعة Al-Majmoo'aa Al Wadheefeah59 Funnel قمع Qoma60 Graph بياني رسم Rasm Biani61 Gravity الجاذبية Jadhebeyya62 Horizontal أفقي Ufuqi63 Horse Power الحصان قدرة Qudrat Al-hisan64 Impulse الدفع قوة Quwwat Al-Daf'a65 Inert خامل Khamel66 Inference استدالل Estidlal67 Initial أولي أو ابتدائي Ebtida'ai / Awwali68 Inversely Proportional عكسي تناسب Tanasub Aksi69 Ion ايون Ayoon70 Isomerism المتشاكالت Al-Motashakelat71 Isotope نظائر Nadha'er72 Kinematics المجردة الحركة علم الكينماتيكا Elm Al-harakah73 Kinetic energy الحركة طاقة Taqat Al-harakah74 Linear motion خطية حركة Harakah Khattia75 Macroscopic system عياني نظام Nidham Ayani76 Magnetic Field المغناطيسي المجال Majal Magnatisi 77 Magnitude عددية قيمة Qeemah Adadeyah78 Mass الكتلة Kutlah79 Mean or Average المتوسط Mutawasit80 Measure يقيس Yaqees81 Measurement قياس qeyas82 Metals الفلزيه العناصر AlAnaser Al-Felyziah83 Microscopic system مجهري نظام Nidham Mijhari84 Mixture مخلوط Makhloot

85 Molarityتركيز( عن لتعبير الموالريه

المحلول)Al-Moolariah ( Tarkeez Al-Mahlool)

86 Mole مول MoalPage 104 of 111

87 Molecular formula الجزيئية الصيغة Al-Saiqah Al-Juzaieah88 Molecular mass الجزيئيه الكتله Al-Kotalah Al-jozayiah89 Molecule جزئ Jozay90 Momentum التحرك كمية Kemeyat Al-taharuk91 Nature طبيعة Tabee'ah92 Noble نبيل Nabeel93 Nonelectrolytes متأينه غير ماده Maddah gair Mot'ainah94 Nonmetals الالفلزيه العناصر Al-Anaser Allafelyziah95 Observations القراءات أو مشاهدات Moshahadah96 Order ترتيب Tarteeb97 Organic chemistry العضوية الكيمياء Al-Kemya Al-Oodweeah98 Orthogonal عمودي أو متعامد Muta'amid / Amoodi99 Oxidation تأكسد Ta'aksud100 Parallel متوازي Mutawazi101 Particle جسيم Josaim102 Periodic table الدوري الجدول Aljadwal al-dawri103 Perpendicular عمودي أو متعامد Muta'amid / Amoodi104 Polymerization بلمرة Balmarah105 Potential Difference الجهد فرق Farq Al-juhd106 Potential energy وضع طاقة Taqat Al-Wadh'a107 Power القدرة Qudrah108 Practical عملي Amali109 Precautions االحتياطات Ehtiatat110 prefixes لواحق Lawahiq111 Preparation تحضير Tahdheer112 Pressure الضغط Aldhghd113 Principle مبدأ Mabda'a114 Procedure العمل خطوات Khotowat al amal115 Process عملية Aaleyah116 Projectile motion المقذوفات حركة Harakat Al-Maqdhofat117 Properties خصائص Khasa'es118 Qualitative نوعي naw'ee119 Quantitative كمي Kammi120 Radical حر جذر Gather hur121 Reaction فعل رد Rad Fe'al122 Reduction اختزال Ekhtezaal123 Refining تصفية أو تنقية Tanqeaih / Tasfeyah124 Repulsion تنافر Tanafur125 Resistance ( للموصل ( المقاومة Muqawamah126 Resistivity المادة مقاومة Muqawamat Al-Madah127 Result النتيجه Alnatejah128 Retardation تباطؤ Tabatu'a129 Revolution or rotation كاملة دورة Dawrah Kamilah130 Rule قاعدة أو قانون Qanoon131 Scalar متجهة غير كمية Kammeyah Gai Muttajaha132 Series تسلسل Tasalsul133 Solubility الذائبية Aldhaebaih134 Solution محلول Mahlool135 Space-Time الزمان - الفضاء Fadhaa-Zaman136 Standard solution التركيز معلوم محلول Mohllol Maloom AlTarkeez

Page 105 of 111

137 Strong electrolytes ( ) التاين سريعة قوية متأينه ماده Madah Motainah Qaweeah138 Symbol رمز Ramz139 System نظام Nidham140 Temperature الحرارة درجة Darajat Alhararah141 Tetrahedron رباعي هرم Haram Robai142 Theory نظري Nadhari143 Titration معايرة Mo'aayarah144 Unit قياس وحدة Wehdat Qeyas145 Uses استخدامات Estekhdamat146 Valency التكافؤ Al-Takaafu'a147 Vector متجهة كمية Kemmeyah Muttajaha148 Velocity المتجهة السرعة Sur'aa Muttajaha149 Vertical عمودي Amoodi150 Volume الحجم Alhajam

151 Weak electrolytes ) تتأبن ال ضعيفة متأينه ماده

كامال) Madah Motainah Dha'eefah

152 Work الشغل Shugl153154155156157158159160

Page 106 of 111

English-Arabic Phrase Glossary2

Following is the list of words and phrases which occur frequently in the subjective and numerical questions:

S. No.

The Word/Phrase

العبارة\ المصطلح

The Meaning

المعنى

Transliteration

االنجليزية ا بالحروف لمعنى

1 Analyze/Analysis \تحليل حلل Hallel/ tahleel

2 Answer all the question عن األسئلة جميعأجب Ajeb an Jamee’a al-aselah

3 Answer any … questions عن األسئلة....... أي أجب من Ajeb an Ayyin min al-aselah

4 Applications of … ال تطبيقات Tatbeeqat

5 Axioms بديهيات Badeheyat

6 Balance the equation … \المعادلة وزن اكتب زن Zin/ Uktub waz al-mu’aadalah

7 Brief about … عن أوجز Awjez an

8 Calculate … احسب Ehsib

9 Characteristics of … \صفات خصائص Khasa’es/ sifat

10 Compare … قارن Qarin

11 Complete the following التالي أكمل Akmil attali

12 Conclude/Conclusions \استنتاجات استنتج Estantij/ estentajat

13 Deduce ... \استخلص استنتج Estantij/ estakhlis

14 Define … عرف Arrif

15 Derive … اثبت\ اشتق Eshtaq/ Athbit

16 Derive the formula … القانون اثبت Athbit al-qanoon

17 Describe … صف Siff

18 Determine … \اوجد حدد Hadded/ Awjed

19 Differentiate between … and … و ..... بين قارن Qarin bayn …… wa…..

2 This Glossary was compiled by Sameen Ahmed Khan with inputs from all the Physics and Chemistry Staff of Diploma First Year. It was rendered into Arabic by the Physics Lecturer, Ms. Ghadah Mohammed Shujaib.

Page 107 of 111

20 Differentiate with respect to … ل بالنسبة اشتق Eshtaq bennisbah le

21 Discuss … ناقش Naqish

22 Distinguish between … بين \ قارن فرق Farreq/ qarin bayn

23 Draw … ارسم Ursum

24 Estimate … \قدر احسب Ehsib/ Qadder

25 Explain … اشرح Eshrah

26 Explain the process of … عملية اشرح Eshrah amaleyyat

27 Explain the production of … انتاج اشرح Eshrah intaj

28 Express ... in base units. بالوحدات ... عن عبر

األساسيةAbber an…. belwihdat al-asasseyyah

29 Express … عن عبر Abber an

30 Fill in the blanks الفراغ امآل Emla’a al-faragh

31 Find the magnitude of … مقدار أوجد Awjed al-meqdar

32 Formula/Formulae صيغ\ صيغة Seeghah/seyagh

33 From the following table … التالي الجدول من Min al-jadwal attali

34 Give reasons أسباب \ اكتب اعط A’ati/ uktub Asbab

35 Give the reaction for … \ تفاعل اكتب اعط A’ati/ uktub tafa’ul

36 Give/Write examples … \أمثلة اكتب اعط A’ati/ uktub Amthilah

37 How many/much … كم kam

38 Illustrate … وضح Waddih

39 Infer \استنتج استدل Estadel/ Estantij

40 Law/Laws قوانين\ قانون Qanoon/ Qwaneen

41 Match the following \ التالي\ بين كافئ نسق صل Sil/ nasseq/ kafe’a bayn attali

42 Mention … عدد \ اذكر Udhkur/ added

43 Multiple Choice Questions المتعددة الخيارات أسئلة As’elat al-khayarat al-muta’adidah

44 None of the above السابق من الشئ La shay min assabiq

Page 108 of 111

45 Numerical Questions حسابية مسائل Masa’el Hisabeyyah

46 Objective Question موضوعية أسئلة As’elah mawdoo’eyyah

47 Principle \قانون مبدأ Mabda’a / Qanoon

48 Production of … ناتج Natij

49 Properties of … خصائص Khasa’es

50 Prove that … أن اثبت Athbit ann

51 Reduce … \ قلل \ اختزل انقص Anqis/ekhtazil/ qallil

52 Represent … مث�ل mathel

53 Rules قواعد Qawa’ed

54 Select اختر Ekhter

55 Show that … \ أن �ن بي اثبت Athbit/ bayyen ann

56 State صرح\ اكتب Uktub/ Sarrih

57 State the laws of … قانون اكتب Uktub qanoon

58 Subjective Question مقالية أسئلة As’elah maqaleyyah

59 True or False خطأ أو صح Sah aw khata

60 What are … \ماذا ما Ma/ matha

61What are the differences between … and …

و ... بين الفرق ما Ma al-farq bayn ….. wa…..

62 What are the uses of … استخدامات ما Ma estekhdamat

63 What do you mean by … ب المقصود ما Ma al-maqsood be…

64What is the formula used for/in …

القانون أو الصيغة اكتب \... في ل المستخدم

Uktub al-seeghah al-mustakhdamah le…./fi….

65What is the relation between … and …

..... و بين العالقة ما Ma al-elaqah bayn……wa…..

66 Which among the following … اآلتي من أي Ayyun min al-aati

67 Write a short note on … عن قصيرة مالحظة اكتب Uktub mulahadah qaseerah an

68 Write briefly about … عن باختصار اكتب Uktub bekhtisar an

69 Write in detail بالتفصيل اكتب Uktub bettafseel

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70 Write the laws of … قانون اكتب Uktub qanoon

71 Write the postulates of … \ مسلمة فرضية اكتب Uktub faradeyyah/ musallamah

72 Write the properties of … خصائص اكتب Uktub Khasa’es

Drawing Related Words بالرسم متعلقة كلمات

1 Axis محور Mehwar

2 Diagram توضيحي مخطط Mukhatat tawdeehi

3 Draw ارسم Ursum

4 Figure صورة\ شكل Shakl/ soorah

5 Image صورة Soorah

6 Map خريطة Khareetah

7 Origin األصل نقطة Noqtat al-asil

8 Photograph فوتوغرافية صورة Soorah Fotoghrafeyyah

9 Picture رسم\ صورة Soorah/ Rasm

10 Plot بيانيا ارسم Ursum bayaneyyan

11 Range مدى Mada

12 Scale مقياس Meqyas

13 Schematic Diagram تخطيطي رسم Rasm tawdeehi

14 Sketch تخطيطي رسم Rasm tawdeehi

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References

1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson Book/Cole (USA 2003).

2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm, http://www.ncert.nic.in/

3. Online encyclopedia of physics terms and formulas, http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/

4. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Microsoft Excel in the Physics Classroom, in Proceedings of The Third Annual Conference for Middle East Teachers of Mathematics, Science and Computing (METSMaC 2007), The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 17-19 March 2007. Editors: Seán M. Stewart, Janet E. Olearski, Peter Rodgers, Douglas Thompson and Emer A. Hayes, pp. 171-175 (2007).

5. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel in the Physics Laboratory, Bulletin of the IAPT, 24 (6), 184-186 (June 2007). (IAPT: Indian Association of Physics Teachers). http://www.iapt.org.in/

6. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Floating Ring Magnets, Bulletin of the IAPT, 4 (6), 145 (June 2012). (IAPT: Indian Association of Physics Teachers). http://www.iapt.org.in/

7. Hajira Khan and Sameen Ahmed Khan, Floating Magnets, BaKhabar, Vol 7, Issue 06, pp 7-8 (June 2014). Published by Bihar Anjuman, http://bakhabar.biharanjuman.org/.

8. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Speed of Sound in Air at varying Temperatures, Bulletin of the IAPT, 4 (5), 116-117 (May 2012). (IAPT: Indian Association of Physics Teachers). http://www.iapt.org.in/

9. Salalah Collge of Technology, E-Learning Website: http://www.sct.edu.om/

10. Websites of one of the authors, Sameen Ahmed Khan, http://SameenAhmedKhan.webs.com/ http://inspirehep.net/author/S.A.Khan.5/ and http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hZvL5eYAAAAJ

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