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Definition & Cultural Views of Plagiarism

By Ye Peng, Yani He, Yang Gu, Ruiqi Wang

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Content

• Definition

• Plagiarism in United States

• Plagiarism in China

• Plagiarism in Japan

• Conclusion

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Definition

• Plagiarism is taking the writings or literary ideas of another and selling and/or publishing them as one's own writing.

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Definition• 3 different forms:

1) Quoting words directly or using the ideas or facts presented by another without citation. 

2) Quoting words directly without putting them in quotation marks.

3) Paraphrasing your source’s words too closely.  Alternatively, using the words and/or sentence structure of your source without putting them into your own words.  (Note:  this is often the most common form of plagiarism and the most difficult to control. )

Definition

• Example：• “In many ways this period of capitalist-communist alliance

against fascism – essentially the 1930s and 1940s – forms the hinge of twentieth-century history and its decisive moment. In many ways it is a moment of historical paradox in the relations of capitalism and communism, placed, for most of the century – except for the brief period of antifascism – in a posture of irreconcilable antagonism.” Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes, p.7.

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DefinitionA) Obviously, simply copying the passage into a paper without

quotation marks or citation is plagiarism。B)  This is also plagiarism: (quotation marks omitted): • The period of capitalist-communist alliance against fascism in the

1930s and 1940s is the pivotal and decisive era in the twentieth-century because of the paradox that the relations of capitalism and communism were, for the rest of the century, those of irreconcilable difference (Hobsbawm 7).

C)  Still plagiarism (inappropriate borrowing of phrases and words): • The period of capitalist-communist alliance against fascism was

pivotal to the history of the twentieth-century history because the paradox of the 1920s and 1930s was that during the rest of the century capitalism and communism assumed the posture of irreconcilable adversaries (Hobsbawm, 7).23/4/21

Definition

  Acceptable paraphrase: • After the disintegration of the Roman Empire, the people of

Western Europe developed a sense that they were besieged and outnumbered, for when set against the Byzantine Empire or the Islamic world, their isolation and lack of influence, power or sophistication was obvious (Roberts 312).

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Definition

• You don’t want people stealing your work. And, you also do not want to make plagiarism in your writing.

• How to avoid plagiarism?1. Do not use someone’s words without referencing

the source or including the information in quotation marks or a block quote.

2. Do not use someone’s ideas without referencing the source.

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Plagiarism in United States

• In the U.S., the use of someone else’s ideas or words without clearly giving credit to that source is considered plagiarism. And in American institutions, plagiarism is an academic crime with often-serious consequences: failure of a paper, failure in a course, even expulsion from a university.

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• Students in U.S. once said “as a student I am constantly asked to work with other people’s ideas and words. I’m asked to look at what has been written about a subject, and sometimes I have to write about something I know nothing about”. Yes, academic writing is often a collaboration among students, their reader, and their sources. Students do have to work with the ideas, research, and words of others-- but students must give credit to the originator of any ideas, research, words, or other expression been used in writing. If not, they will be a plagiarism, an academic thief who will be punished finally.

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• Examples: Michael Hand “earned” a Ph.D. in

counseling psychology at New Mexico State University in 1982. In the Fall of 1987 an anonymous tipster sent to the university a copy two scholarly sources that Hand had plagiarized in his dissertation. In April 1988, the university rescinded the Ph. D. it had awarded to Hand.

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Plagiarism in China

• Efforts to build China's academic stature may be hindered by widespread plagiarism, the Associated Pressreported. One ghostwriter is quoted saying: "My opinion is that writing papers for someone else is not wrong.... There will always be a time when one needs help from others. Even our great leaders Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping needed help writing."

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• When given English-language writing assignments, it is common for Chinese students to rely upon translating Chinese sources into English and passing it off as their own work, or simply copying and pasting directly from Wikipedia.Acknowledgement from students that copying the ideas of another person, combined with threats of a failing grade and being expelled from the class, still did not deter the students from plagiarizing. It is not such a surprise that this behavior was not easily curtailed when plagiarism extends into the upper echelons of Chinese academia.

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• One plagiarism monitor, Fang Shimin, is a molecular biologist trained at Michigan State University who returned to China and began to root out scientific fraud.

• "Plagiarizing foreign papers is a common practice in China," Fang said. "They don't think it's a big deal. Besides, China doesn't have a system to protect whistleblowers, so even if someone has integrity and guts to stand up against his or her wrongdoing peers or supervisors, he or she will certainly face retaliation."

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• "In general, in China there is a kind of climate of temptation to use other people's work and put your name on it. No one condemns you for it," said Choi Kai Yan, an assistant professor at Shantou University. "No one takes plagiarism very seriously."

Plagiarism in Japan

Before: Plagiarism is considered culturally acceptable.

But it is low morals !

Present:

Plagiarism is illegal !!!

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• The Japanese parliament has passed an amendment to their copyright laws, due to come into effect on 1 January 2010, which extends further protection to copyright holders. It makes it illegal for private users to download copyright material which has been uploaded without the permission of the copyright owner.

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The cases of plagiarism in Japan!!!

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Walang Utak points out in a Blackstones livejournal entry that a photo looked strikingly similar to Ai Yazawa's Nana .

Eden no Hana vs. Slam Dunk et al

In October 2005, users on 2ch pointed out similarities between Yuki Suetsugu's Eden no Hana (Flower of Eden) and Takehiko Inoue's Slam Dunk and REAL. In no time Kodansha released their statement regarding the issue:

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• We are still looking into the plagiarism case regarding Suetsugu Yuki, but we can already confirm that much of it is true. Suetsugu has also admitted to it. Serialization in 'Bessatsu Friend' has immediately been stopped, as well as the shipping of all of Suetsugu's tankoubon. They will no longer be printed and steps for a recall have been taken. We deeply regret that the plagiarism went unnoticed by our editorial department, and we apologize to the copyright holders as well as all our readers.

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• Suetsugu also expressed her view:I am really sorry for having invited this situation. I have caused much trouble, due to my low morals and lack of foresight and deeply apologize to all copyright holders, all people involved and above all to all readers.

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Conclusion•Source：1. “What is Plagiarism” by S.E. Van Bramer, Widener University 19952. “Plagiarism in College in America” by Dr. Ronald B. Standler 3. “In China, faculty plagiarism a `national scandal’” from Knight Ridder Newspaper by Tim Johnson4.http://www.wadsworth.com/english_d/special_features/plagiarism/definition.html / http://www.rbs2.com/plag.htm

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