34
1/20/2014 1 Tuzzy Talk 3: Crude Oil Biodegradation January 18, 2014 Nancy E. Kinner University of New Hampshire Center for Spills in the Environment 1 Today’s Topics Tuzzy Talks Series 1:What Is Crude Oil? and What Happens When It Gets in Water? (March 2013) Tuzzy Talks Series 2: Biodegradation of Crude Oil Dispersants and Dispersed Oil (Saturday, February 1) This Week: Review of Series 1: What Is Crude Oil and What Happens When It Gets in Water? Biodegradation of Crude Oil 2

2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

1

Tuzzy Talk 3:Crude Oil 

BiodegradationJanuary 18, 2014

Nancy E. Kinner

University of New Hampshire

Center for Spills in the Environment1

Today’s Topics• Tuzzy Talks Series 1:What Is Crude Oil? and What Happens When It Gets in Water? (March 2013)

• Tuzzy Talks Series 2: 

– Biodegradation of Crude Oil

– Dispersants and Dispersed Oil (Saturday, February 1)

• This Week: 

– Review of Series 1: What Is Crude Oil and What Happens When It Gets in Water?

– Biodegradation of Crude Oil

2

Page 2: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

2

Crude Oil Composition

3

Crude Oil Is Made of Hundreds of Chemical Compounds:

All Contain Carbon (C) (80‐90%) and Hydrogen (H) (10‐15%)

= Hydrocarbons

4

Page 3: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

3

5

6

Simple Chains with Single Bonds

Page 4: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

4

7

Simple Rings with Single Bonds

8

Simple Rings with Double Bonds

Page 5: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

5

9

Multiple Rings with Double Bonds

10

Crude Oil Characteristics

(Crude oils vary from place to place and over time from the 

same place)

Page 6: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

6

Density• Mass of Substance per Volume

– Water  = 1 gram/mL

– (5 mL = 1 teaspoon)

– Crude Oil = 0.8 to 0.9+ g/mL

• Oil Less Dense than Water

– So….Oil Floats on Water

11

Solubility• Desire of Compound to Dissolve into Water

• Though Most Compounds in Oil Do Not Dissolve Well in Water, They Do Dissolve to Some Extent

– Sugar Solubility in Water  ~ 1 lb per cup water

– Crude Oil Compounds ~ 1 lb oil per 200 to 200 million gallons of water 

• (1 ug/L to 1000mg/L )

(Microbes Prefer to Eat Things Dissolved in Water)

12

Page 7: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

7

What Happens When Crude Oil Gets Into 

Water?

Natural Processes (Fate and Behavior of Oil in Water)

13

14

Page 8: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

8

15

Natural Processes for Surface Oil Slicks

• Function of:• Oil Type and 

Characteristics• Environmental 

Conditions– Temperature 

• Water, Air– Wind– Waves– Currents, Tides

16

Pathway Estimated Time Scale 

(days)

Percent Initial Oil

Evaporation 

(volatility)

1‐10 25

Dissolution 

(solubility)

1‐10 5

Photochemical 

Breakup (Sun)

10‐100 5

Biodegradation 50 ‐500 30

Disintegration 

and Sinking

100‐1000 15

Residue More than 100  20

Total 100

(Butler et al., 1976)

Page 9: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

9

Crude Oil Biodegradation

17

Key Concepts in Biodegradation of Oil

Microorganisms Can Degrade Compounds in Crude Oil

Use the Compounds for Energy

May Not Happen in Some Cases

Microorganisms Degrade Compounds at Different Rates

They Need Other Things Besides Oil Compounds to Live

18

Page 10: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

10

What Microbes Degrade Oil?

• Prokaryotes (chromosomes not in membrane‐bound nucleus)

– Bacteria

– Archaea

• Not Algae or Other Plants

19

20Wiedemeier et.al. pB5-2

Page 11: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

11

Why Do Microbes Degrade Oil?

Mostly to Generate EnergyThey Need to Survive and 

Grow!

21

Energy Generating Processes

• We Generate Energy in Similar Way

– Not with Oil

– With Carbohydrates, Lipids etc.

• Energy Generated by Transfer of Electrons from One Compound to Another

• Need Electron Donor (ED)

– Loses e‐

• Need Electron Acceptor (EA)

– Gains e‐

22

Page 12: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

12

23

24

Page 13: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

13

25

Example of Energy Generating Reaction

26

Page 14: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

14

27

Oil Biodegradation: By Bacteria

Electron DonorOil Compound  +   Oxygen → CO2 + H2O + Energy

ElectronAcceptor

H+ 

+e‐

28

Page 15: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

15

Energy Generation

3 Step Process

29

Glycolysis

• Organic Carbon Molecule Broken into Small Pieces

– Preparatory steps 

– Little energy generated

30

Page 16: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

16

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

• Removes H+ and e‐ from Organic Carbon Molecule

– Preparatory step

– Some energy generated

31

Electron Transport System (ETS)

• No Organic Molecule Involved

• Pass e‐ Removed from Organic Molecule Down a Chain (ETS)

– Series of reactions that generate energy

• Need Electron Acceptor at End of Chain 

32

Page 17: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

17

Electron Transport System

Organic Ce‐

CO2

Cell Membrane

33

Step 1

Electron Transport System

Organic C

CO2 

Cell Membrane

34

e-

Step 2

ENERGY

Page 18: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

18

Electron Transport System

Organic C

CO2 

Cell Membrane

35

Step 3

Electron Transport System

Organic C

CO2 

Cell Membrane

36

Step 4

Page 19: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

19

Electron Transport System

Organic C

CO2 

Cell Membrane

37

Step 5

Electron Transport System

Organic C Electron Acceptor

CO2  O2

Cell Membrane

38

Step 6

Page 20: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

20

Electron Transport System

Organic C Electron Acceptor

CO2  O2

Cell Membrane

39

Electron Acceptor•Brought Into Cell Across Cell Membrane

•At End of Electron Transport System

•Accepts Electron

•Leaves Cell with Electrons

How Far Down ETS Can e‐ Go?

• e‐ Can Only be Transferred from One Compound to Another if Receiver Has Higher Affinity for e‐ Than Donor

• Transfers Produce Energy

• Not All Transfers Produce the Same Energy

• Step 6 (Transfer to Oxygen) Produces Lots

40

Page 21: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

21

Electron Transport System

Organic CSO

4‐2

CO2

Cell Membrane

41

e-

Other Electron Acceptors Produce Less Energy Than Oxygen….Microbes Are Less 

Active at Biodegradation

Process Electron Acceptors Energy Generated

Aerobic Resp. • O20 → H2O High

‐2

Iron Reduction • Fe+3 → Fe+2

Denitrification • NO3‐ → NH3 or N2

+5N ‐3          0

Sulfate Reduction • SO4‐2 → S‐2 or S0

+6 ‐2      0

Methanogensis • CO2 → CH4 Little+4        ‐4

42

Page 22: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

22

Enzymes

• Enzymes in Cells Help All of the Steps to Occur

• Enzymes Are Specialized to Help Reactions Occur

• Cells Make the Enzymes They Need When They Are Needed– Enzymes that help in Crude Oil Degradation Are Made When Crude Oil Compounds Are Present in Microbes’ Environment

43

Biodegradation of Crude Oil Compound

• Oil Compound is Electron Donor

– Will Donate e‐ and Create Energy

• Energy Generated is a Function of:

– Type of oil compound

– Electron acceptor used by cell

– Enzymes available

44

Page 23: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

23

Bacteria Requirements to Degrade Oil Compounds to Create Energy

• Oil Compounds– Serve as food to create energy

– Not all degraded at same rate• Simple Chains Easier Than Rings

• Electron Acceptor

– Mostly Oxygen (O2)

45

46

Simple Chains with Single Bonds

Page 24: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

24

47

Simple Rings with Single Bonds

48

Simple Rings with Double Bonds

Page 25: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

25

49

Multiple Rings with Double Bonds

Other Factors Affecting Biodegradation:Highlights

• Other Substances Cells Need

• Abiotic Factors

• Interaction Between Substrates

• Effects of Other Biological Processes

• Bioavailability

• Recalcitrance

• Acclimation

50

Page 26: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

26

Other Substances Cells Need

• Water – Moisture Content 

– 50‐70% → 100% Optimal

• Nutrients

– Macro (large) and Micro (small) Amounts

• For example: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Iron

– Must be in “right” form

51

Abiotic Factors ‐ Temperature

• Affects Enzyme Activity

• For every 10oC ↑ in temperature, enzyme activity ↑ 2x

• Adaptation to Environmental Temperature

52

Page 27: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

27

Interaction Between Substances

• If Multiple Organic Substances Present:–One may be preferred

• Easier to degrade• More energy generated

53

54

Page 28: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

28

Interaction Between Substances

–First may enhance degradation of the second• Byproducts of first may be needed in degradation of second

• Synergism

Synergism

• Multiple Types of Microbes Accomplish Degradation That Neither Can Do Alone

56

Page 29: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

29

Bioavailability

• To Be Degraded, Oil Compound Must Be Available to Microbe

• Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water:

– Sorbed (adhered) to surfaces

– In oil slick

(This is one reason responders disperse oil…next talk)

57

Recalcitrance

• Molecule Resistant to Biodegradation = Recalcitrant Molecule

• Affected by Molecular Structure and Environmental Conditions

NOT ALWAYS DEGRADED ALL THE WAY TO CO2…..MAY JUST BE SMALLER OIL COMPOUND

58

Page 30: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

30

Environmental Conditions Affecting Recalcitrance

• Bioavailability• Some Factor Needed for Growth is Absent or In Very Low Concentrations

‐ Nutrients

• “Right” Community of Microbes Not Present

59

Bioaugmentation(Adding Microbes)

• Microbes That Can Degrade Recalcitrant Molecules Can Be Developed or May Exist in Other Environments

• Not Very Successful‐ Eaten by predators‐ Unable to compete with in situ microbesadapted to environment

• Hard to Prove that the Added (Special) Microbe Is Really the One Doing the Biodegradation

60

Page 31: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

31

Acclimation

• Time Between When Oil Spilled Into Environment and Biodegradation Occurs–Lag phase

• What’s Happening During This Period?–Production of enzymes for oil degradation

61

Factors Affecting Acclimation Rates

• Small Initial Microbial Population

• Type of Organic

‐ Similarity of compound to natural

compounds

• Time of Exposure/Pre‐Exposure

‐May take less time with

pre‐exposure

62

Page 32: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

32

Acclimation Rates

• Hard to Predict In Situ Rate of Acclimation

‐ Lab studies may not be indicative of

rate in environment

• Rates Are Highly Variable

‐ Data from one site may not apply to

another

63

Is Biodegradation Occurring?

Natural Weathering Processes

64

Page 33: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

33

Is Biodegradation Occurring?

• Look at Time Frame

• Look at Compounds Being Degraded

– Simple ones

– Complex ones

– Ratio to recalcitrant ones (hopane)

• Special Lab Tests with Tracers

65

Thank You So Much for Participating in 

These Talks

66

Page 34: 2014.01.18 Tuzzy Talk 3 Biodegradation of Crude Oil...Jan 18, 2014  · Available to Microbe • Less Available If Not Dissolved in Water: – Sorbed(adhered) to surfaces – In oil

1/20/2014

34

Contact Info:

[email protected]

www.cse.unh.edu

67