©2014 MFMER | slide-1 Collagen Vascular Diseases and the Lung Clinical Aspects Robert Vassallo, MD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Pneumotrieste congress

©2014 MFMER | slide-1

Collagen Vascular Diseases and the Lung Clinical Aspects

Robert Vassallo, MDMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.Pneumotrieste congress 2014


Disclosures

• I have nothing to disclose with respect to this presentation.


Structure of this talk

• Part 1 – discuss general concepts on management and diagnostic entities that cause ILD in patients with CTD

• Part 2 – review clinical features of specific CTD- related ILDs


Connective Tissue Diseases can affect the lung and thorax in multiple ways

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)Pleural diseaseRheumatoid NodulesAirway diseaseVasculitisPulmonary HypertensionMedication-Induced


A variety of histopathological patterns may be seen in association with the rheumatic diseases


Clinical dilemmas regarding diffuse lung involvement due to CTD

• Should patients with connective tissue disease-associated ILD get a lung biopsy?

• Does it really make a difference if we know the specific histologic entity?

• Can we apply what is known about the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias [for example idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis] to equivalent lesions [ie UIP] seen in patients with rheumatic diseases?


Variety of radiographic patterns


Challenges in CTD-ILD managementDoes biopsy help in any way – prognosis, therapy etc.

35-year-old with severe GERD and Raynaud’s

72-year-old with RA


DIP

UIPLIP / FB

NSIP

AIP

Organizing Pneumonia


Challenges in CTD-ILD managementDoes histopathology matter?


Does it really make a difference if we know the specific histologic entity?

• Not appropriate to extrapolate data on the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias since studies on the IIPs excluded patients with rheumatic diseases.

• Even though the idiopathic UIP lesion is morphologically and radiographically highly similar to RA-associated UIP, there are distinct differences in the cellular and molecular profile.


Should all patients with rheumatic disease-associated ILD get a lung biopsy?

• No!

• Consider biopsy if:• Young patient (<50years)• Patients with atypical HRCT • Suspect infection• Rule out malignant lymphoid process


How similar or different are collagen vascular disease-associated UIP and idiopathic UIP?


Comparing UIP in RA-ILD With IPF

• Few studies have compared lung biopsies from RA-ILD and UIP pattern with patients with IPF.

• RA-ILD associated UIP has fewer fibroblast foci when compared with patients with IPF.1

• The number of CD4+ lymphocytes appears to be increased in lung specimens from patients with RA-ILD and UIP pattern vs. patients with IPF.2

1Flaherty, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 167 1410-1415.2Turesson et al, Arthritis & Rheumatism Vol 52, 2005.


Hypothesis



Increased CD4+ T cell infiltrates in rheumatoid arthritis–associated interstitial pneumonitis compared with idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis

Arthritis & Rheumatism 52, 1, 73-79, 2005.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.20765/full#fig2




CD-20 CD-138*

*CD138 (syndecan) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed at the pre-B cell stage, lost in mature B cells, and then re-expressed in the mature plasma cell


Outcomes

What do we know about the prognosis of patients with CTD-ILD, and how does it compare with that of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias?


CTD-UIP, N=9

IPF/UIP, N=99

(Flaherty et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003)

Prognosis of CTD-related ILD

Those with CTD-UIP have better survival compared to IPF/UIP.


Prognosis of CTD-related ILD

(Hubbard et al. Rheumatology 2002)

• Those with FA-CTD had no better survival than “lone” CFA.

• Median survival was < 3 yr.


In this study, the type of ILD, age at diagnosis and %BAL macrophages predicted outcome



Survival comparison between idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) (n = 50) and connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) (n = 46) groups.

CTD-ILD compared with IIP was associated with a worse prognosis when adjusted for age.

(Adjusted for age at Dx)

(Kocheril et al. Arth Care Res 2005)


Relevant pathogenetic mechanisms in CTD-ILDMoving towards rationale therapeutics



Clinical scenarios and specific diseases


Rheumatic diseases are multi-system diseases

• Rheumatoid disease

• Scleroderma

• Poly and dermatomyositis

• MCTD

• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

• Sjogren’s syndrome

• ANCA associated vasculitis


A positive serology test (RF, CCP, ANA, etc does not = connective tissue disease!


Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Most RA patients with ILD are middle-aged, male, high RF, active joint disease, other extraarticular manifestations.

• In retrospective, uncontrolled studies, corticosteroids have been reported to improve symptoms, exercise tolerance, radiographic findings, and pulmonary function in patients with RA-associated ILD.

• However, unclear how many of these “responders” had lesions other than usual interstitial pneumonia.


How common is diffuse lung disease in RA ?• Male smokers are more affected by pleuropulmonary

manifestations of RA.

• Interstitial changes are observed in 80% of lung biopsies, in up to 70% of lung CT and <5% of chest radiographs.

• Clinically relevant ILD estimated to occur in 17-20 % of RA patients throughout course of the disease [Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62(6) 1583-91].

©2014 MFMER | slide-34Lee, H.-K. et al. Chest 2005;127:2019-2027


Distinguishing features of RA-ILD

• Cigarette smoke as a precipitating factor.

• UIP more prevalent than NSIP (contrast with other CTDs).

• RA-ILD is more prevalent in males with a 2:1 male to female ratio.


*

* includes granulomatous reaction; granulomatous vasculitis; lymphoid hyperplasia; and localized pulmonary fibrosis.

Distribution of diagnoses on lung biopsy specimens in RA patients with diffuse lung disease

Shortness of Breath 2013; 2 (1) 2-9.


Challenges in RA-ILD managementWhat treatment/s to avoid


Mechanisms of lung disease in RAWhy do only some patients develop lung manifestations?

RV, 2012


Lung dominant connective tissue disease


RA without arthritis Is there such an entity as “Lung dominant CTD”?

• 77-year-old female referred for evaluation diffuse lung infiltrates.

• Her troubles began 2 years ago, when she had symptomatic reflux with chest tightness, pressure and recurrent cough.

• She denied any arthritic joint pain or discomfort. She also denied Raynaud's phenomenon, swallowing difficulties, and skin rashes or skin changes. There has been no skin thickness, vision change, or pleuritic discomfort.

• Progressive dyspnea: able to walk around the mall but has to stop after a few minutes to rest.

• She also admits to losing weight over time, although she eats with normal appetite per her report.



Bilateral subpleural reticular opacities associated with traction bronchiectasis are present bilaterally. These are more pronounced within the lower lungs. These are at least moderate in overall profusion. A comparison with prior studies is limited given the substantial differences in technique. However, the process appears relatively stable. No definite honeycombing.

Labs

RF – negativeCCP – 128 (strongly positive >60U; negative <20U)


Fischer et al, Respiratory Medicine, 2012



Scleroderma


Scleroderma

• Female : Male 4:1

• Lung disease is a frequent manifestation, and has replaced renal disease as the leading cause of mortality.

• The two major types of pulmonary diseases in systemic sclerosis are interstitial lung disease (ILD), and pulmonary hypertension, occurring in up to 50% of patients.

©2014 MFMER | slide-47Copyright ©2007 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

Changes in Causes of Systemic Scleroderma-related Deaths between 1972 and 2001

GI, gastrointestinal; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; PF, pulmonary fibrosis; SRC, scleroderma renal crisis.

Fre

qu

ency

(%

)

Death (years)

1972

- 76

1977

- 81

1982

- 86

1987

- 91

1992

- 96

1997

- 20

01

0

10

20

30

40

50

P<0.001 (SRC)P<0.001 (PF)

SRCPAHGIPFHeartMulti-organ

p=0.05 PAH p=0.43 GIp=0.26 Heart

Steen, V. D et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:940-944

SRC

PF


Pulmonary disease occurs in more than 70% of patients with SSc, second only to the esophagus in frequency of visceral involvement. The presence of ACA has been associated with a lower frequency of radiographic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and a lesser severity thereof



Poly and Dermatomyositis


Chest CT


Creatine Kinase(S)... 38-176 U/L 2115.00

LDH (S).........8344 ... 122-222 U/L 576.00

ALT (GPT)(S).............. 9-29 U/L 196.00

Aldolase(S)................ <7.4 U/L 60.30

Rheum Factor(S)...... <15 IU/mL <15

Antimitochndrl Ab(... <1.0 Units <1.0

C-Reactive Protein... 0.020-0.800 mg/dL 1.20

Myeloperoxidase ... <= 5.0 EU/mL <5.0

Proteinase (PR3)...... <=5.0 EU/mL <5.0

- ANA2 CASCADE AG

Antinuclear Ab.......... <1.0 U 7.70

Anti-DS-DNA(IGG)(... 0-24 IU/mL 5.00

Ab to Extractable ... <25.0 U 148.30

ENA TO SSA/Ro An... <25.0 U 3.20

ENA to SSB/LA Ant... <25.0 U <1.0

ENA to U1-RNP Ant... <25.0 U 3.80

ENA to SM Antigen... <25.0 U 1.60

ENA to Jo 1 Antige... <25.0 U 159.70

ENA to Anti Scl-70 ... <25.0 U 1.50

Creatine Kinase(S)... 38-176 U/L 2115.00

LDH (S).........8344 ... 122-222 U/L 576.00

ALT (GPT)(S).............. 9-29 U/L 196.00

Aldolase(S)................ <7.4 U/L 60.30

Rheum Factor(S)...... <15 IU/mL <15

Antimitochndrl Ab(... <1.0 Units <1.0

C-Reactive Protein... 0.020-0.800 mg/dL 1.20

Myeloperoxidase ... <= 5.0 EU/mL <5.0

Proteinase (PR3)...... <=5.0 EU/mL <5.0

- ANA2 CASCADE AG

Antinuclear Ab.......... <1.0 U 7.70

Anti-DS-DNA(IGG)(... 0-24 IU/mL 5.00

Ab to Extractable ... <25.0 U 148.30

ENA TO SSA/Ro An... <25.0 U 3.20

ENA to SSB/LA Ant... <25.0 U <1.0

ENA to U1-RNP Ant... <25.0 U 3.80

ENA to SM Antigen... <25.0 U 1.60

ENA to Jo 1 Antige... <25.0 U 159.70

ENA to Anti Scl-70 ... <25.0 U 1.50



Histopatholgical Findings

• 1. An acute respiratory failure evolving in a few days or weeks with fever, bilateral infiltrates and a negative search for pathogens. Histopathology reveals a DAD [usually poor prognosis despite aggressive treatment]. Some forms are responsive to corticosteroids - NSIP, or organizing pneumonia or acute alveolar hemorrhage with pulmonary capillaritis.

• 2. A progressive interstitial lung disease with cough and dyspnea. NSIP is the predominant pattern (65-80%, predominantly fibrotic or mixed forms), much more frequent than UIP, organizing pneumonia or LIP pattern.


One-year survival for patients with PM-DM-ILD was 85.8%, 3-yr survival was 74.7%, and 5-yr survival was 60.4%. Survival is better (p < 0.001) for the PM-DM-ILD group when compared with the group with IPF, and is not different from the group with idiopathic NSIP (p = 0.247).


Diagnostic studies in Poly / Dermatomyositis

• CK-MM and CK–MB (most sensitive)

• LDH (least specific)

• Aldolase (most specific)

• Measure before EMG (Normal EMG in 10.7%: EMG supportive, not diagnostic: may direct biopsy sites)

• Muscle biopsy diagnostic (T cells infiltrate the muscle fasciculi and surrounding individual healthy muscle fibers, resulting in phagocytosis and necrosis)


Systemic Lupus Erythematosus


SLE Pleurisy and Pericarditis

DAH

Pul HTN


Sjogren’s syndrome

• A slowly progressive inflammatory disease affecting primarily the exocrine glands

• Lymphocytic infiltrates

• Characteristic autoantibodies - Ro, La

• Mucosal dryness - eyes, mouth, genital tract


Sjogren’s syndrome

• Extra-glandular disease • polyarthritis, lungs,

kidneys, liver, blood vessels

• Association with other autoimmune disease

• RA, SLE, systemic sclerosis, polymyositis


• Grazie

Documents

©2014 MFMER | slide-1 Collagen Vascular Diseases and the Lung Clinical Aspects Robert Vassallo, MD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Pneumotrieste congress