2012 Annual Report

FY2012

432 Observing

Astronomers

407Keck Science

Investigations

328 Refereed Articles

108 Full-time Employees

Fiscal Year begins October 1

Federal Identification Number: 95-3972799

2012 Annual Report

vision

A world in which all humankind is inspired and united by the pursuit of knowledge of the infinite variety and richness of the Universe.

mission

To advance the frontiers of astronomy and share our discoveries, inspiring the imagination of all.

Headquarters location: Kamuela, Hawai’i, USA

ManageMent: California Association for Research in Astronomy

Partner institutions: California Institute of Technology (CIT/Caltech), University of California (UC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

observatory director: Taft E. Armandroff

dePuty director: Hilton A. Lewis

Observatory Groundbreaking: 1985First light Keck I telescope: 1992First light Keck II telescope: 1996

Cover Image: Color composite image of the Antennae Galaxy obtained by MOSFIRE in May 2012 in which the two infrared bands, J and K, are color-coded blue and red to give an impression of what infrared eyes would see. The reddish blobs are actually large star-forming clusters, which are hidden from sight in normal visible light images.

Previous Spread: Keck II gleams in the sun, while the operations crew inside expertly prepares for another night of science.

Table of Contents

Director’s Report

8-9

EdITOR/WRITERdebbie Goodwin

AddITIONAL WRITERSTaft ArmandroffRobert GoodrichSteve JeffersonThatcher Moats

CONTRIbUTORS ANd SUppORTJoan Campbellpeggi KamisatoHilton LewisJeff MaderMargarita ScheffelGerald Smithbob Steele

GRApHIC dESIGNWaimea Instant printing

pRINTINGService printers Hawaii, Inc.

pHOTO CREdITS (t = top, b = bottom, l = left, m = middle, r = right)

Joan Campbell/WMKO: 36tMark devenot/WMKO: 11, 30bdebbie Goodwin/WMKO: 37tAndrew Hara: 38Steve Jefferson/WMKO: 31Ron Laub/WMKO: 28Ric Noyle: Back cover backgroundMaureen Salmi: 36bMariko Thorbecke/WMKO: 37bMOSFIRE: CoverEthan Tweedie: 2-3, 6, 8, 9 tr, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18, 33, 34, Back coverW. M. Keck Foundation: 29WMKO: 14, 15

Cosmic Visionaries

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Astro Moxie

13-17

Science Highlights

19-27

Funding

28-33

Education & Outreach

35-37

Science Bibliography

39-47

Director’s Report

Taft E. Armandroff

On behalf of the entire W. M. Keck Observatory team, I am very pleased to introduce you to our 2012 Annual Report. From detailed images of Neptune in our own Solar System to finding the most distant galaxy known to humankind, Keck Observatory made stunning discoveries over the past year and actively advanced our understanding of the Universe.

In this report, you will read about these discoveries and other highlights of an exceptional year at the forefront of astronomical research. Beyond recognizing our achievements, we also herald 2013 and a time to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the first science observations made from the Keck I Telescope on Mauna Kea. Our report’s feature story, “Astro Moxie,” reveals the genesis and genius behind what are now the most scientifically productive telescopes on Earth.

To best fulfill Keck Observatory’s quest to understand the cosmos, our tools and technology are critical. Keck capitalizes on having the two largest, steerable optical/infrared telescopes in full operation, highly advanced instrumentation and adaptive optics (AO) systems, and the best atmospheric conditions in the world. The primary strategy we use to continually position Keck Observatory on the frontier of astronomy is innovative instrumentation. Our arsenal for enabling new discoveries increased strikingly in 2012 with the successful deployment of three new capabilities: the Multi-Object Spectrograph for Infrared Exploration (MOSFIRE), our new Keck I Laser Guide Star (LGS) AO system, and our latest Multi-function Acquisition, Guiding and Image Quality (MAGIQ) monitoring system supporting our premier planet-hunting instrument, HIRES.

A multiyear, multimillion dollar initiative, MOSFIRE was delivered, installed and commissioned for routine operations in 2012. It is absolutely unique among the world’s observatories, and more than 50 nights were devoted to MOSFIRE observations in its inaugural year of operation. MOSFIRE’s unparalleled ability to obtain large samples of infrared spectra of faint sources is already yielding spectacular scientific results.

With the successful commissioning in 2012 of another innovation, the Keck I LGS AO system, we launched a new project to improve the scientific performance of the Keck II laser guide star AO system. The current Keck II system employs a 13-watt pulsed dye laser, and the level of AO correction is limited by its power and coupling efficiency to sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere. Working with a small consortium of observatories and a commercial manufacturer, a new 20-watt laser has been developed and demonstrated to have approximately 10 times the coupling efficiency. It is gratifying that two of our country’s largest and most sophisticated private funders of scientific research endorsed this project in 2012. The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation provided a grant of $2 million, and the W. M. Keck Foundation approved a $1.5 million grant. At a time when public support for science has been dramatically reduced, private support for these technology initiatives is particularly important.

I would like to recognize distinguished members of the Keck Observatory astronomy community who received prestigious awards this year. The 2012 Crafoord Prize in Astronomy was awarded to Andrea Ghez (UCLA) and Reinhard Genzel (Max Planck Institute) for their discovery of

8To best fulfill Keck Observatory’s quest to understand the cosmos, our tools and technology are critical.

Taft E. Armandroff

Previous image: The stable air off the vast Pacific Ocean and the very dark skies of the Island of Hawaii convincingly make the summit of Mauna Kea the finest location for ground-based observatories on Earth.

the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Professor Ghez and her team first used the speckle imaging system at Keck Observatory and later Keck’s adaptive optics system to track the orbits of stars around the Galactic Center, thereby measuring the immense mass of the black hole located there. Administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Crafoord Prize for Ghez’s research indicates that adaptive optics has truly come of age as a powerful tool in modern astronomy.

In other notable acknowledgments, David Jewitt (UCLA) and Jane Luu (MIT) were recognized with the 2012 Shaw Prize in Astronomy. Drs. Jewitt and Luu and Mike Brown (Caltech) also were awarded the 2012 Kavli Prize in Astrophysics “for discovering and characterizing the Kuiper Belt and its largest members, work that led to a major advance in the understanding of the history of our planetary system.” Keck Observatory played a significant role in the research characterizing these outer solar system objects.

Finally, Jerry Nelson (UC Observatories), Project Scientist for the Keck Observatory, was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering in 2012, recognizing “his pioneering contributions to the development of segmented-mirror

telescopes.” Nelson originated the use of an array of mirrors, synchronized in real time by a sophisticated control system, to function in effect as a single primary mirror. Nelson’s segmented-mirror concept was proved first with the Keck I telescope, and now forms the foundation for most future, leading telescope designs. Congratulations to all of these scientists who received such well-deserved recognition in 2012!

Our vision, mission and values have remained constant over the past two decades, and we are absolutely committed to maintaining Keck Observatory as the world’s key discovery machine for the next 20 years. Collaborative partnerships with our talented and ambitious research astronomers are as strong as ever, and I am deeply honored to work with such an exceptional group of individuals that comprises our professional staff, our Board of Directors and our Science Steering Committee. My gratitude also extends to the generosity of the funders of our work, be they federal agencies, educational institutions, private foundations or individuals.

Thank you for your interest in science and the mission of the W. M. Keck Observatory. Your enthusiasm and support mean a great deal to our future scientific discoveries and leadership.

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Astronomy heavyweights, from left to right: Andrea Ghez (UCLA), David Jewitt (UCLA), Mike Brown (Caltech), and Jerry Nelson (UC Observatories).

Above: Looking through the cassegrain focus of the mighty Keck I telescope, the operations crew readies MOSFIRE for installation.

Below: MOSFIRE dedication plaque. “First Light April 4, 2012. Multi-Object Spectrometer for Infra-Red Exploration. The spectrograph was made possible through funding provided by the National Science Foundation and astronomy benefactors Gordon and Betty Moore.”

Following Page: MOSFIRE is the newest and the most advanced astronomical instrument available today.

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11Cosmic Visionaries

W. M. Keck Observatoryboard of directorsGeorge blumenthal, ChairEdward Stolper, Vice-ChairNathan brostromSandra FaberHashima Hasan, liaisonTheodore J. Keck, liaisonShrinivas KulkarniThomas Soifer

Keck Observatory Advancement Advisory CouncilSanford Robertson, Chair, and Jeanne RobertsonClive davies, Vice-Chair, and Carol daviesTaft Armandroff, ex officioMarc and Lynne benioffSandra Faber, ex officioC. Wallace and bobbie Jean HooserGary and pam JaffeShrinivas Kulkarni, ex officioArthur LevinsonGordon MooreJohn and Anne RyanRob and Terry Ryandoug and deborah Troxel

The governing board of the W. M. Keck Observatory consists of representatives from our founding partners: the California Institute of Technology and the University of California. In addition, NASA and the W. M. Keck Foundation each have liaisons to the Board of Directors. The Keck Observatory Directorate and the Board are advised

by a Science Steering Committee that includes leading astronomers from our partner communities. Keck Observatory’s Advancement program is guided by an esteemed volunteer leadership council whose members contribute both their expertise and their philanthropy to ensure Keck Observatory’s continued success.

Keck ObservatoryScience Steering CommitteeChristopher Martin, Co-ChairJason X. prochaska, Co-ChairCharles beichmanJudith Cohendale CruikshankRichard EllisSandra Faber, ex officioMarla Geha, nonvoting memberAndrea GhezShrinivas Kulkarni, ex officioMichael LiuGeoffrey MarcyMichael Murphy, nonvoting memberJerry Nelson, ex officio

Keck Observatory’s twin, ten-meter telescopes are the largest and most scientifically productive telescopes in the world.

Following Page:Keck II weighs 300 tons and operates with nanometer precision.

Astro MoxieTwenty years ago, in 1993, the World Wide Web had a mere 50 servers. The Dow Jones averaged 3,800 and gasoline cost a little more than a dollar a gallon. The term “spamming” was freshly coined, Intel shipped its first Pentium chip and the $2.5 billion Hubble Space Telescope was in orbit, early on its path to becoming one of NASA’s most successful space missions.

And it was an exciting time for astronomers: a perfect trifecta of advances in electronic instrumentation, computing power, and engineering were assembling to produce a new generation of telescopes – one that would radically change the way we understood the cosmos and the forces that drive it.

Astro Moxie

Want Of LightBefore the W. M. Keck Observatory was built, the 200-inch Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory reigned supreme. It was the largest telescope in the world, but after 50 years, progress in astronomy was flattening out because the instruments were getting so good, astronomers needed more photons than the 5-meter mirror could provide.

The biggest hindrance to an explosion of discoveries was a want of light and the telescopes themselves were the problem. Mirrors larger than Palomar’s could not be made and supported at the exacting levels needed for astronomy.

Challenge in hand, a few bold engineers dared to draw up the first sketches of a radical new approach to gathering light: tile together smaller hexagons, and control them so finely that they would act as a single, giant mirror. After countless iterations and debates,

Jerry Nelson (who would become the principal designer of the Keck telescopes) convinced the University of California (UC), which was thinking of building a 7-meter telescope, to allow him and Terry Mast of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to develop a 36-segment design that would increase humankind’s ability to collect light by a factor of four.

The strong support of the leadership at LBNL and at UC was essential in providing early funding needed for development of Nelson’s ideas. “Thanks to these institutions, we actually had all the money we asked for, so work progressed limited only by our ability to recognize and solve technical problems,” Nelson said. And that design work led to the equally important support and enthusiasm of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), which convinced Howard Keck, a trustee of the W. M. Keck Foundation, to rally support for the project with $70 million to build Keck I, then another $68 million to build Keck II.

Hawaii was selected for the site after UC undertook a comprehensive test program and confirmed the excellent site properties of the Mauna Kea summit, according to Gerald (Jerry) Smith, who became the Ten Meter Telescope Project Manager. The only other competitive sites in the world were in Chile and, at the time, no serious consideration was given to locating the observatory there. Mauna Kea also had the advantage that it provided relatively easy access from the West Coast.

“It was an exciting project,” Smith said. “It was the first time in almost 50 years that someone started off to build a new technology telescope. There were a number of telescopes built after Palomar, but they were pretty much the same technology — a little more advanced, but

basically none of those took advantage of the electronics advances and the other things that had come along.”

Although this wasn’t Smith’s first telescope, there were some definite firsts that had to be navigated.

“One thing we missed at first was the mirror,” Smith said. “There were a lot of surprises in making the mirror.” Specifically, the shape of the segments made them too difficult to polish after being cut. “The degree of difficulty was higher than we thought,” he said. “We knew the material would bend a little bit and we believed the contractor had the capability to polish out right to the edge.”

But the contractor didn’t. While the sample piece they had was polished, the contractor wasn’t able to replicate it on the final pieces.

“Even with that, we had a little serendipity there called ‘ion figuring’ – it shoots a beam of ions and erodes the glass, which allows you to polish very small areas,” Smith said. “It was being developed at Kodak during the same time we were running into problems with the warping. It basically solved our issues,” he said.

With the segments in order, the team got the big issue of getting all the pieces to work together in every position the mirror would point. Gravity affects each segment differently depending on its position, and a complex mechanical and software system was developed to enforce a single, parabolic shape to all 36 segments.

“When we first got the telescope built with just nine segments, that was the first time we knew it was going to work,” Smith said. “We got nine segments all under computer control as it was designed. And we got an image. That

14‘... Keck could do observations that were considered completely impossible at other observatories.’

Project manager Gerald (Jerry) Smith stands proudly on the summit of Mauna Kea with a completed Keck I telescope on the left and Keck II under construction.

was really the moment of success that we knew we had this and we were going to finish it and have a great telescope.” Nine segments also reproduced the size of the Palomar mirror, perhaps not coincidentally.

At same time, the principal investigators at UC and Caltech were building the first instruments while Smith and his team were tuning up the telescope. The first instrument was an infrared camera/spectrometer from Caltech, and its first science observations were recorded in 1993.

The lean and mean mentality developed during construction became a permanent part of the culture at the Keck Observatory. That drive allowed great science to happen, but made for some tough working conditions.

“When we first became operational at Keck I, we had a staff of about 40 people, which is about one-third of the staff we have now,” said Hilton Lewis, Deputy Director of the W. M. Keck Observatory, who was hired in 1986 to help develop the software that operates the telescopes. “It was very intense in the early days; You’d work all day, go home, sit down for dinner and that’s when the phone would start ringing, because that’s when the evening crew would show up. You’d be on the phone for several hours in the early part of the nights, and then go to bed. Then the phone would ring several times between then and dawn and then you’d come back in for the next day. When you are a very tightly knit group and everyone is depending on everyone else, you do what you need to do.”

While the work was hard, it was also rewarding.

“It was very exciting,” Lewis said. “We were doing stuff that no one in the world was doing. Even though we weren’t working nearly as efficiently as we are nowadays, we were still doing remarkable science. All that early science was done on the backs of a tiny number of people. Back then every problem was new. When a problem came up you had to try and solve it in real time – the astronomers were very anxious to get going. By comparison, now it’s a really smooth-running machine,” he said.

Enter the Golden AgeFrom brilliant design, sheer grit, and less than 6 percent of what the then two-year-old Hubble telescope cost, the W. M. Keck Observatory was born and has since remained home to the two biggest and most scientifically productive telescopes on Earth.

Although the huge light-gathering power of the two 10-meter primary mirrors was central to the observatory’s success, its location on Mauna Kea, with its spectacularly dark skies and stable air, as well as the observatory’s world-leading instruments, gave Keck’s astronomers a clear advantage, said W. M. Keck Observatory Director Taft Armandroff.

“All that put together meant that Keck could do observations that were considered completely impossible at other observatories,” Armandroff said. “So there were immediately a bunch of problems in astronomy that were being addressed by Keck that were impossible to address anywhere else.”

That enormous pent up demand for answers set Keck Observatory’s role from day one: Astronomers used

the telescopes to glean answers to hypotheses formed from other observations. Take, for example, the Hubble Deep Field.

“The Hubble sat on this field for 10 days and came up with the deepest image humankind had ever taken before,” Armandroff said. “It revealed all these galaxies that had certain properties and were fainter than we had ever seen, but you really needed to know the distance to understand their properties. Keck was the only telescope that could get those spectra because of the greater light-gathering power and the better conditions on Mauna Kea,” he said. Each Keck mirror has 17 times the light-gathering capability of Hubble.

Twenty years ago there were a number of big questions about the Universe: How was it formed and how has it evolved? When, and how, did galaxies form? What is dark matter composed of and how did it shape the Universe seen today? Did

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With a revolutionary, segmented-mirror design, Keck I was the first new-technology telescope built in almost 50 years.

other stars produce planets like Earth? How common are exoplanets (planets orbiting stars other than our Sun)? That field has grown exponentially, and Keck is a leader in the study of planets around other stars, both discovering them with precise Doppler measurements and measuring their properties. Keck produced the first actual images of a planetary system around another star.

“If you look at what graduate students are going into now, a lot of them want to study exoplanet astronomy,” Armandroff said. “There were just a handful of people studying that 20 years ago. And they were largely thought of as martyrs in a way, because they would look and look and look and they wouldn’t find anything.”

Other major revelations in astronomy from Keck Observatory include:

• Dark energy revealed by distant supernovae observations has led to the surprise of the accelerating expansion of the universe — now one of the hottest areas of physics and astronomy.

• Dark matter has become a big part of galaxy formation and is central to explain the structure in the Universe. It has become the dominant theory for the existence of galaxies and clusters of galaxies called the cold dark matter paradigm.

• Black holes have turned from science fiction to science fact. It took first observations with Keck, then adaptive optics (which removes the blurring of Earth’s atmosphere) with Keck and confirmation with the Very Large Telescope in Chile to reveal the black hole in the center of our galaxy. Subsequently, it has been learned that almost every galaxy has its own black hole correlating to its size – the bigger the black hole, the bigger the galaxy.

• Testing the physical conditions in the moments just after the Big Bang, by studying the primordial abundances of light elements and isotopes like deuterium and beryllium.

• Studying how stars, galaxies and supermassive black holes formed and evolved during the earliest years of the Universe.

• In our own Solar System, defeating atmospheric distortions using adaptive optics to image targets such as asteroids, comets, volcanoes on Jupiter’s moon Io, and storms on Uranus and Neptune.

And much remains to be discovered. “Basically there are as many unanswered questions now as ever,” Lewis said. “If anything, the mysteries are deeper. Each layer we pull back reveals more complexity.”

The Future of CompetitionSince Keck II was built, 11 other 8- to 10-meter telescopes have been built, elevating both the amount and the quality of astronomy being done worldwide.

“In the beginning, we were the only one of the current generation of large telescopes and as long as it worked, we could beat the pants off anyone,” Lewis said. “We just needed starlight. What really changed was all the other 8-meter-class telescopes coming along. It has become vastly more competitive. We have basically had to lift our game in every area: Keck has to be more reliable, has to perform better; we have to add new capabilities more quickly.

For me, the amazing thing is we have been able to stay right at the forefront. The others have bigger budgets and bigger staffs.”

We also build the best instruments. Keck Observatory develops all its instrument projects in cooperation with founding partners UC and Caltech. “We have a long-term relationship where the instrument development teams are an extension of us and we are an extension of them,” Armandroff said. “I think that kind of trusting, mutually beneficial relationship makes a difference in the quality of product that you get and allows us to really innovate and take chances to get to the cutting edge, the best.”

Madly CreativeWhile the Keck Telescopes gather more light, have the best instruments, and are arguably at the best site in the world, the real X Factor comes from the astronomers whose creativity constantly pushes the limits of what is possible.

“A crucial part of the observatory’s success comes from the way the community has come together to use it,” Lewis said. “Their clamor to use the Observatory because we have the biggest telescopes in the world and have this enormous light grasp and fantastic instrumentation has attracted a class of astronomers that are incredibly motivated and very talented.

“It’s a Darwinian/entrepreneurial process; someone starts out with a little idea, and

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Summit Ops team members Gary Anderson and Joe Gargiulo with summit lead Grant Hill in the Keck I control room.

they push it and try and take advantage of capabilities we have at Keck,” Lewis said. “It’s a virtuous circle of success. The observers discover something that no one has seen before and so they get more time on the telescope. As they get more information, we take that into account in our strategic plan as we design new instruments. The ambitious and visionary scientist is a big part of pushing us forward.”

Science GuaranteedOversubscribed by up to a factor of six, Keck Observatory’s role has often been the endgame for many of the most important projects in astrophysics, with only the most impactful proposals being granted coveted time on each of the mighty Kecks.

But as future developments expand the Keck architecture to larger mirrors, including the proposed Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project, Keck Observatory will have the luxury to concentrate on different kinds of projects.

“There are a tremendous number of opportunities for science from Keck in the future,” Armandroff said. “For example, since Keck first came on line, it has been extremely competitive to get time on our telescopes. That pressure will lessen when we get on to the next generation of telescopes, so instead of just taking snapshots, we can make extensive photo albums. We envision having a competition for key projects and devoting substantial amounts of time for a specific scientific objective.”

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“We could hit the ball out of the park in that area by creating a kind of data set that is so unique that no one else could touch it, and then with the most interesting objects that come out of that dataset you follow those up with the TMT,” he said.

Another area for expansion is in the time domain. Some objects change dramatically in real time: gamma ray bursts, variable stars and stellar motions around the black hole at the center of our galaxy. “It’s going to be very hard for the really large telescopes to do anything in the time domain, because they are not going to be as flexible,” Armandroff said.

Astro MoxiePerhaps the most powerful forces moving Keck Observatory forward into the future are the funding visionaries: the people at NASA who decided to be a partner in Keck; the university officials who decided to invest in astronomy; the philanthropists who put their resources in Keck to push forward the frontiers of science; and the federal funding agencies that continue to invest in Keck’s capabilities.

Today, the economic climate has changed from 1993. With some observatories being shuttered from lack of funding, private philanthropy is becoming increasingly important.

That’s an advantage that Keck Observatory has ingrained it its DNA.

In fact, Keck I was the only large telescope built entirely from private funds.

“The Keck Foundation funding was one of the largest private grants ever made,” said Jerry Smith. “With that level of support, we could get what we needed and go on a fast track.”

The past 20 years have continued to be extraordinary. Diverse people from myriad backgrounds have dared to dream the impossible and demanded realization.

Perhaps the moxie of the Keck Observatory can best be summed up by Ian McLean, one of the astronomers who presented at the Keck Observatory’s 20th Anniversary Science Meeting in March 2013. “As I watched from UKIRT and JCMT, I saw the folks from California break ground and start to assemble Keck I, the largest and most audacious telescope ever built. I wished I could join them. I wanted to work alongside people who had such incredible ‘can do’ spirit. I got my wish when UCLA came calling in May 1989. It seems the fact that I put the first facility class infrared camera on the 3.8-m telescope got some attention! But I got much, much more than my wish. I got the entire dream.

“It is hard to believe that 24 years later I have the honor to share in this remarkable 20th anniversary celebration, and that the little lab I founded back then has contributed to Keck’s infrared instruments. Wow! I get goose bumps just thinking about it.”

Deputy Director Hilton Lewis was hired in June, 1986 to lead the team that developed the original tele-scope operating software.

Following page: The mighty Keck telescopes closing their shutters at dawn after another successful night of observing.

Science Highlights

From far to near and there to here, discoveries were everywhere. Some of the highlights are described here, beginning with the most distant galaxies in the early Universe, to dwarf galaxies, super-luminous stellar explosions and extremely massive black holes, passing through the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and ending with a visit to a newly discovered family of small planets orbiting a nearby star.

A complete FY2012 bibliography of refereed science publications with Keck Observatory data is listed at the end of the Annual Report.

Most Distant Galaxy Discovered20

Starting with the most distant discovery: teamwork between the Subaru and Keck observatories has led to the discovery of the most distant galaxy known, more than 12.9 billion light-years from the Earth. The new galaxy, dubbed SXDF-NB1006-2, is slightly farther away than the previous record holder, GN-108036, found in 2011.

The astronomy team led by Takatoshi Shibuya at The Graduate University for Advanced Studies in Japan used 37 hours of the wide-field imaging capabilities of the Subaru Telescope to identify four galaxy candidates that might indicate a redshift of 7.3, which translates to 12.9 billion light years. Two of the candidates were seen to vary in

brightness and were subsequently ruled out.

To provide convincing evidence of a high redshift in the remaining candidates, the team needed two powerful spectrographs: the Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph (FOCAS) on the Subaru and the Deep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS) on Keck II.

In addition to proving its age/distance, the spectroscopy also allowed the team of astronomers to verify that the proportion of neutral hydrogen gas in the 750-million-year-young Universe was higher than it is today, shedding insight on the early Universe during the “cosmic dawn” – when the light of ancient

celestial objects and structures first appeared. The team concluded about 80 percent of the hydrogen gas was neutral in the ancient Universe, 12.9 billion years ago.

To put this into perspective, astronomers have deduced that the Universe began 13.7 billion years ago at the Big Bang. The extreme temperature and density of this fireball decreased rapidly as its volume increased. Hot cosmic plasma composed mainly of protons and electrons recombined to form neutral hydrogen atoms about 13.3 billion years ago, marking the beginning of the cosmic “Dark Age” when neither stars nor galaxies existed.

The gas continued to cool for another 100 million years or so, until about 13.2 billion years ago, when the densest parts of the neutral hydrogen clouds contracted under their own gravity forming the first stars and galaxies. Radiation from this first generation of stars heated and re-ionized the nearby hydrogen, eventually re-ionizing the entire Universe. Researchers are focused on identifying the exact epoch of this period of “Cosmic Dawn” in an effort to answer major astronomical questions about the history of our Universe.

Although finding just one galaxy at a critical epoch is exciting by itself, it is not sufficient to characterize the entire epoch. Therefore precise measurement of the number of galaxies during Cosmic Dawn requires surveys of even wider fields, now being planned with new, more sensitive and faster instruments, such as the recently commissioned MOSFIRE (Multi-Object Spectrometer For Infra-Red Exploration) instrument on Keck I.

Color composite image of the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey Field. Right panel: The red galaxy at the center of the image is the most distant galaxy, SXDF-NB1006-2. Left panels: Close-ups of the most distant galaxy. Credit: NAOJ

Although finding just one galaxy at a critical epoch is exciting by itself, it is not sufficient to characterize the entire epoch.

Earliest Spiral Galaxy Surprises Astronomers 21

When the earliest galaxies formed, they likely were rather chaotic – too hot to settle into beautiful grand spirals like the Milky Way and other galaxies seen in the nearby Universe today. In another example of inter-observatory cooperation, astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Keck II found a solitary “grand design” spiral galaxy in the early Universe, which could hold clues to how spirals start to take shape.

A group led by Alice Shapley of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) found an ancient spiral, called BX442, in a Hubble imaging survey of 300 distant galaxies. The team then employed Keck Observatory’s OSIRIS (OH-Suppressing Infrared Imaging Spectrograph) instrument to take a much better look.

“As you go back in time to the early Universe – about 3 billion years after the Big Bang; the light from this galaxy has been traveling to us for about 10.7 billion years – galaxies look really strange, clumpy and irregular: not symmetric,” Shapley said. “The vast majority of old galaxies look like train wrecks. Our first thought was, Why is this one so different, and so beautiful?”

Using Keck’s OSIRIS instrument, astronomers studied different parts of BX442 and determined that it was, in fact, rotating and not just two unrelated disk galaxies along the same line of sight that give the appearance of being a single spiral galaxy.

The laser guide star adaptive optics (LGS-AO) system on Keck II is able to get better resolution than Hubble in

the infrared, which was critical for the research, said astronomer David Law of the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics at the University of Toronto and the lead author on the paper.

“We needed every inch of Keck’s light collecting area, exquisite image quality from the AO system, and a sensitive instrument to not only detect the galaxy but chop up its light into 3,600 pieces to analyze. OSIRIS is really one of the only instruments in the world that could do what we needed, and everything came together beautifully,” he said.

In the end, it took 13 hours over three nights with Keck II to gather enough spectra from BX442 to confirm the nature of the distant spiral.

What also sets BX442 apart from other galaxies of its epoch is that it appears to be in the process of merging with another galaxy. That, in fact, could be the reason it is beginning to form a spiral.

The researchers tested the idea with a simulation and found such a merger could form the spiral pattern. The simulations indicate that its glory may be fleeting though; the spiral could dissipate again in just 100 million years.

“BX442 represents a link between early galaxies that are much more turbulent than the rotating spiral galaxies that we see around us,” Shapley said. “Indeed, this galaxy may highlight the importance of merger interactions at any cosmic epoch in creating grand design spiral structure.”

What sets bX442 apart from other galaxies of its epoch is that it appears to be in the process of merging with another galaxy.

HST/Keck false color composite image of galaxy BX442. Credit: David Law, Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics

Most Distant Dwarf Galaxy22

On the far end of the Universe, another surprising discovery this year developed from the confluence of the most power-ful instruments from man and Nature: the mighty Keck II telescope and a gravitational lens. The combination revealed a small dwarf galaxy nearly 10 billion light years away.

Simona Vegetti, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and colleagues studied how a massive elliptical galaxy, JVAS B1938+666, amplified and distorted the light from a distant background galaxy. Gravity, like the glass in an optical lens, can focus and concentrate light on a huge scale. In the case of JVAS B1938+666, the background galaxy is almost exactly behind the lensing galaxy, and is distorted into a circular “Einstein ring.”

The 10-meter Keck II telescope and its sharp-eyed adaptive optics system coupled with the Near Infrared Camera 2 (NIRC2) were required to measure the small Einstein ring with sufficient precision to reveal the presence of the dwarf galaxy. “This satellite galaxy is exciting because it was detected despite its low mass,” said Robert Schmidt of the Center for Astronomy at Heidelberg University, in an article published in Nature.

Galaxies like our own are believed to form over billions of years through the merging of many smaller galaxies. Computer modeling suggests there should be about 10,000 satellite dwarf galaxies buzzing around the Milky Way. However, only about 30 have been observed, leading astronomers to conclude that many either have very few

stars or are made almost exclusively of dark matter.

“It could be that many of the satellite galaxies are made of dark matter, making them elusive to detect, or there may be a problem with the way we think galaxies form,” Vegetti said. “The existence of this low-mass dark galaxy is just within the bounds we expect if the Universe is composed of dark matter, which has a low temperature. However, further dark satellites will need to be found to confirm this conclusion.”

The gravitational lens B1938+666 as seen in the infrared with Keck II and adaptive optics. In the center is a massive red galaxy 9.8 billion light years from Earth that acts like a cosmic magnifying glass, distorting the light from an even more distant galaxy. The result is a spectacular Einstein ring image of the background galaxy. Distortions in the ring revealed a low-mass “dwarf” galaxy, a satellite of the foreground-lensing galaxy. Credit: D. Lagattuta /W. M. Keck Observatory

The existence of this low-mass dark galaxy is just within the bounds we expect if the Universe is composed of dark matter ...

Distant, Rare Supernovae 23

Most galaxies are made up of billions of individual stars. On occasion, a single, massive star can briefly outshine all the rest as it explodes in the form of a supernova. A team led by Jeffrey Cooke from Swinburne University of Technology used the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrograph (LRIS) on Keck I to detect two explosions of superluminous supernovae 10 to 100 times brighter than other supernovae types.

Superluminous supernovae were discovered only a few years ago, and are rare in the nearby Universe. Their origins are not well understood, but some may occur when extremely massive stars undergo a nuclear explosion triggered by the conversion of photons into electron–positron pairs. Such events are thought to have occurred more frequently in the early Universe (at high redshift) when massive stars were more common. This, and the extreme brightness of these events, encouraged Cooke and colleagues to search for superluminous examples at redshifts greater than 2, when the Universe was less than one-quarter of its present age.

The team identified supernovae from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope’s (CFHT) Legacy Survey deep fields, and employed Keck Observatory’s prime firepower “to confirm their distances,” Cooke said, “We need to get a spectrum of their host galaxies, which are very faint because of their extreme distance. The large aperture of Keck and the high sensitivity of LRIS made this possible. In addition, some supernovae have bright emission features that persist for years after they explode. The Keck (Observatory) spectroscopy is able to detect these lines.”

“The type of supernovae we’ve found is extremely rare,” said Cooke. “In fact, only one had been discovered prior to our work. This particular type of supernova results from the death of a very massive star (100–250 times the mass of our Sun) and explodes in a completely different way compared to other supernovae. Discovering and studying these events provides us with observational examples to better understand them and the elements they eject into the Universe when they die.”

Cooke and co-workers searched through a large volume of the Universe at redshifts greater than or equal to 2, and found two superluminous supernovae, at redshifts of 2.05 and 3.90 – breaking the previous supernova redshift record of 2.36, and implying a production rate of superluminous supernovae at these redshifts at least 10 times higher than in the nearby Universe. Although the spectra of these two objects make it unlikely that their progenitors were among the first generation of stars, the results suggest that detection of such primordial stars may be within our reach.

“Shortly after the Big Bang, there was only hydrogen and helium in the Universe,” Cooke said. “All the other elements that we see around us today, such as carbon, oxygen, iron and silicon, were manufactured in the cores of stars or during supernova explosions. The first stars to form after the Big Bang laid the framework for the long process of enriching the Universe that eventually produced the diverse set of galaxies, stars and planets we see around us today. Our discoveries probe an early time in the Universe that overlaps with the time we expect to see the first stars.”

A simulation of a galaxy hosting a superluminous supernovae and its chaotic environment. Credit: Adrian Malec/Marie Martig/Swinburne

Our discoveries probe an early time in the Universe that overlaps with the time we expect to see the first stars.

Record Massive Black Holes Lurk in Monster Galaxies24

Relatively close to home, astronomers using the Keck II telescope and other observatories discovered the largest black holes to date – two monsters with masses equivalent to 10 billion Suns that consume everything within a region five times the size of our solar system. They lie at the centers of two galaxies more than 300 million light years from Earth, and may be the dark remnants of some of the most powerful lighthouses in the early Universe – the quasars.

“In the early Universe, there were lots of quasars or active galactic nuclei, and some were expected to be powered by black holes as big as 10 billion solar masses or more,” said Chung-Pei Ma, UC Berkeley, who led the research. “These two new supermassive black holes are similar in mass to young quasars, and may be the missing link between quasars and the supermassive black holes we see today.”

One of the newly discovered black holes is in the elliptical galaxy NGC 3842, and it weighed in at 9.7 billion solar masses. The second is significantly larger at 21 billion solar-masses and sits in the elliptical galaxy NGC 4889. Both considerably eclipse the previous record holder, M87, which hosts a 6.3 billion solar mass black hole.

“For an astronomer, finding these insatiable black holes is like finally encountering people 9 feet tall, whose great height had only been inferred from fossilized bones. How did they grow so large?” Ma said. “This rare find will help us understand whether these black holes had very tall parents or ate a lot of spinach.”

Artist’s conception of stars moving in the central regions of a giant elliptical galaxy harboring a monster black hole. Credit: Lynette Cook/Gemini Observatory/AURA

‘Ridiculously’ Dim Bevy of Stars Found Beyond Milky Way 25

A team of American, Canadian and Chilean astronomers discovered a remarkably faint cluster of stars orbiting the Milky Way that puts out as much light as only 120 modest Sun-like stars. The tiny cluster, called Muñoz 1, was discovered near a dwarf galaxy in a survey of satellites around the Milky Way using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) and confirmed using the Keck II telescope. Credit: Marla Geha/Ricardo Muñoz /CFHT.

Just outside of our galaxy, a team of American, Canadian and Chilean astronomers stumbled onto the dimmest globular cluster ever found. The tiny cluster of stars, called Muñoz 1, was discovered near a dwarf galaxy in an imaging survey of satellites around the Milky Way using CFHT and followed up with spectroscopy using DEIMOS on Keck II.

Ricardo Muñoz, an astronomer at the University of Chile and the discoverer of the cluster orbiting the Milky Way, said it puts out as much light as only 120 modest Sun-like stars. A globular cluster is a spherical group of stars bound to each other by gravity so that the group orbits around a galaxy as a unit. Most have around 100,000 stars; Muñoz 1 has only 500.

According to Marla Geha of Yale University, the Keck data was critical for the study because it sorted out whether or not Muñoz 1 and the Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy were moving together. “The velocities turned out

to be wildly different,” Geha said, showing that the dwarf galaxy and the globular cluster are not related.

“As for how Muñoz 1 came to be so dim, a likely scenario is that it has gradually lost stars over the eons,” Geha said. It’s also possible it was stripped of stars by passing through the Milky Way, although the direction of the cluster’s movement is not yet known.

Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of the discovery is the possibility that Muñoz 1 hints at many more such globular clusters in the galactic halo. After all, the CFHT survey covered only 40 square degrees of sky out of 40,000 square degrees in the entire sky. “Assuming that we’re not just lucky to have found something very rare, there could be many others out there,” Geha said.

Keck Observatory Confronts Einstein26

Here in the Milky Way, research on the supermassive black hole in our home galaxy was recognized in 2012 with one of astronomy’s most prestigious prizes. The research is important in another context: the testing of Einstein’s theory of general relativity.

UCLA astronomers used Keck Obser-vatory to discover a remarkable star orbiting the enormous black hole at the center of the Milky Way in only 11.5 years – the shortest known orbit of any star near this black hole.

The star, S0-102, may help astronomers discover whether Albert Einstein was right in his fundamental prediction of how black holes warp space and time, said Andrea Ghez, leader of the discovery team. Before this discovery, astronomers knew of only one star near the black hole with a very short orbit: S0-2, 16 years.

“I’m extremely pleased to find two stars that orbit our galaxy’s supermassive black hole in much less than a human lifetime,” said Ghez, who studies 3,000 stars that orbit the black hole, and has been studying S0-2 since 1995. Most of the stars have orbits of 60 years or longer, she said. “It is the tango of S0-102 and S0-2 that will reveal the true

geometry of space-time near a black hole for the first time. This measurement cannot be done with one star alone.”

Keck Director Taft Armandroff said, “The pivotal research by Ghez’s UCLA group using the Keck Observatory has evolved from proving that a supermassive black hole exists in the center of our galaxy, to testing the very fundamentals of physics. This is truly an exciting time in astronomy.”

“The fact that we can find stars that are so close to the black hole is phenomenal,” said Ghez, director of the UCLA Galactic Center Group. “It’s a whole new ball game in terms of the kinds of experiments we can do to understand how black holes grow over time; the role supermassive black holes play in the center of galaxies; and whether Einstein’s theory of general relativity is valid near a black hole – where this theory has never been tested before.”

For the past 17 years, Ghez and colleagues have used the Keck Observatory to image the galactic center at the highest angular resolution possible. With adaptive optics, Ghez and her colleagues have revealed many surprises about the environment surrounding supermassive black holes,

discovering, for example, young stars where none were expected and a lack of old stars where many were anticipated.

“The Keck Observatory has been the leader in adaptive optics for more than a decade, and has enabled us to achieve tremendous progress in correcting the distorting effects of the Earth’s atmosphere with high–angular resolution imaging,” Ghez said. “It’s really exciting to have access to the world’s largest and best telescope.”

In the same way that planets orbit around the sun, S0-102 and S0-2 are each in an elliptical orbit around the galaxy’s central black hole. The planetary motion in our solar system was the ultimate test for Newton’s gravitational theory 300 years ago; the motion of S0-102 and S0-2, Ghez said, will be a crucial test for Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which describes gravity as a consequence of the curvature of space and time in the presence of mass.

“The exciting thing about seeing stars go through their complete orbit is not only that you can prove that a black hole exists, but you have the first opportunity to test fundamental physics using the motions of these stars,” Ghez said. “Showing that it goes around in an ellipse provides the mass of the supermassive black hole, but if we can improve the precision of the measurements, we can see deviations from a perfect ellipse — which is the signature of general relativity.”

S0-2, which is 15 times brighter than S0-102, will go through its closet approach to the black hole in 2018 and the team already is planning for this anticipated event.

Andrea Ghez and Reinhard Genzel, of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, were both awarded the Crafoord Prize in Astronomy in 2012 for their discovery of the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way.

Two animations of stars orbiting the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, before and after the discovery of S0-102. Credit: Andrea Ghez/UCLA Galactic Center Group/UCLA.

The Smallest Solar System 27

Within our own galaxy, astronomers found a tiny star with three puny planets, each smaller than Earth, zooming around it.

The three small exoplanets orbit a star called KOI-961. Their radii are calculated to be 78, 73 and 57 percent that of Earth (the latter the size of Mars). The sizes of the planets were worked out by Kepler Space Telescope observations that measured the dimming of the star KOI-961 as each planet passes in front of it. This plus crucial information about the star from the Keck and Palomar telescopes enabled researchers to determine the sizes of the planets.

Although the masses of the three planets are unknown, they are suspected of being rocky, like Earth, Venus, Mars and Mercury. They orbit too close to their star to be in the habitable zone where liquid water could exist. The three planets take less than two days to orbit around KOI-961, which is a red dwarf with a diameter one-sixth that of our sun, making it just 70 percent bigger than Jupiter.

The researchers determined the sizes of the three planets with the help of a well-studied twin star to KOI-961, called

Barnard’s Star. Spectra of both stars obtained by Keck I’s High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) show the stars to be almost identical. By matching KOI-961 with Barnard’s Star in this way, they could then work out how big the planets must be to have caused the observed dips in starlight. The sizes derived were dramatically smaller than originally estimated from the Kepler measurements.

“This is the tiniest solar system found so far,” said John Johnson of Caltech. “It’s actually more similar to Jupiter and its moons in scale than any other planetary system. The discovery is further proof of the diversity of planetary systems in our galaxy.”

Red dwarfs are the most common kind of star in our Milky Way galaxy. The discovery of three small, rocky planets around one red dwarf suggests that the galaxy could be teeming with similar rocky planets.

“These types of systems could be very common in the Universe,” said Phil Muirhead, California Institute of Technology’s lead author of the new study. “This is a really exciting time for planet hunters.”

An artist’s conception compares the KOI-961 planetary system to Jupiter and its four largest moons. The planet and moon orbits are drawn to the same scale, the relative sizes of the stars, planets and moons have been increased for visibility. Credit: Caltech.

An artist’s concept of KOI-961, with three planets all smaller than Earth. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

Funding

Funding the Frontiers 29

The W. M. Keck Observatory, with its two, 10-meter telescopes, is a spectacularly productive research facility managed as a tax-exempt, private nonprofit organization. Forged from a partnership between the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the University of California (UC), it was the first of a generation of large telescopes that proved to be an enormous leap forward in astronomical innovation.

The capital costs of building the observatory, its headquarters in Waimea, and Keck’s initial adaptive optics technology were funded by the W. M. Keck Foundation. We began building the facility in 1985; Keck I was completed in 1993 and Keck II in 1996. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) became a one-sixth partner in the observatory in 1996 and remains deeply involved in the organization’s continued success. In consideration for

managing the summit of Mauna Kea, the University of Hawaii (UH) receives access to observing on the Keck telescopes. These institutions share the nights available for astronomy research at Keck Observatory as follows: 36.5% to Caltech, 36.5% to UC, 14.5% to NASA and 12.5% to UH, and fund their research programs through their academic institutions, sponsored program grants and contracts, and philanthropy. Through competitive grant programs and specific time exchanges, the broad U.S. and world astronomy community also has access to the Keck telescopes.

In the original partnership agreement between Caltech and UC, the Keck Observatory is guaranteed a base of operating support annually through 2018. This support was $13 million in 2012 and covered basic operations and modest maintenance costs for the summit and headquarters facilities; NASA contributed an additional $4.4 million. In 2012 the National Science Foundation (NSF) awarded a two-year grant of $684,000 to develop and demonstrate a new adaptive optics capability. In addition, Keck Observatory was awarded another NSF grant of $2.9 million towards the development of the observatory’s next breakthrough instrument, the Cosmic Web Imager.

In the last seven years, Friends of the Keck Observatory have contributed to five instrument-fundraising campaigns to better enable world-class research in astronomy and astrophysics: MOSFIRE, the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrograph Red-upgrade, the Keck I Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics (LGS AO) system, the Keck II Center Launch system for LGS AO, and the Multi-function Acquisition, Guiding and Image Quality (MAGIQ) monitoring system for our premier planet-hunting instrument, High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES).

In 2012 the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the W. M. Keck Foundation awarded Keck Observatory two four-year grants for $2 million and $1.5 million, respectively, to provide the majority of funding for the next-generation laser capability for the Keck II telescope. Other private foundations and individuals contributed an additional $648,000 in charitable gifts and pledges during the past fiscal year to support the Keck II laser project, advancement initiatives and outreach programs. Finally, Keck Observatory received a major planned giving pledge in 2012 to endow the Carl P. Feinberg Directorship.

The total budget for the Keck Observatory for 2013 is $25.2 million. Audited financial statements are available upon request or directly from the Observatory’s website.

The visionary W. M. Keck Foundation provided the largest private grant of its kind in history to build the Keck Observatory.

Facing page: Rush hour at Kawaihae Harbor: a single tug pulls an interisland barge going down to Honolulu.

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The Supernovae Society of Keck ObservatorySupernovae are giant stars that die by exploding in a massive outpouring of light. Launched in 2011, the Supernovae Society of Keck Observatory honors individuals who have chosen to support the frontiers of discovery by including the W. M. Keck Observatory in their estate plans. Society members have matched their vision of how they wish to better the world with the strategic ambitions of a great scientific organization, thus ensuring exceptional achievement will continue to shine brightly for generations to come.

The Exoplanet Society of Keck ObservatoryBefore the 1990s the only planets we knew about were those in our solar system. Today, Pluto is considered a “dwarf planet” and the number of exoplanets discovered orbiting nearby stars exceeds 1,000 and is growing steadily. Keck Observatory is a leader in the study of exoplanets, both discovering them with precise Doppler measurements and measuring their properties with high-resolution spectroscopy and adaptive optics imaging. Keck plays a leading role in verifying and characterizing Earth-size planets found by the NASA Kepler mission. In 2010, Friends of Keck Observatory launched a campaign to fund an upgrade to Keck’s High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), enhancing its ability to detect low-mass exoplanets. The new HIRES guider system was commissioned in early 2012. The campaign recognized donors who contributed at a significant giving level with distinctive honors in the Keck Exoplanet Society along with naming rights on select planets in the Keck Exoplanet Registry. At the end of fiscal year 2012 the Registry had 38 exoplanets named by Keck contributors.

2012 Guidestars for the W. M. Keck ObservatoryThe Keck Observatory embraces a skilled and enthusiastic group of volunteers, known as Guidestars, who are donors and serve as docents for the headquarters visitor center from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. on weekdays. In 2012, the Guidestars were Carol Davies, Elaine Dobinson, Dick and Sue Humphries, Lana Incillio, Jan Morgan, Liz Sonne, Bob Steele, Jack Toigo, and Marcia and Stanley Wishnick.

Public Funding Sources in 2012

Association of Universities for Research in AstronomyJet propulsion LaboratoryNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Science FoundationUniversity of California

The W. M. Keck Observatory is grateful to the following individuals and organizations for their philanthropic support in 2012: Universal benefactors$100,000+W. M. Keck FoundationGordon and Betty Moore FoundationMt. Cuba Astronomical FoundationJeanne and Sanford RobertsonTerry and Rob Ryan

Cosmic Contributors$10,000 - $99,999Lynn A. BoothThe Otis Booth FoundationPolly and Thomas BredtBredt Family Fund at Tahoe Truckee Community FoundationCarol and Clive DaviesSusan and Michael DellThe Fairmont Orchid HawaiiEve Bernstein and Alex GersznowiczHualalai Investors LLCHualalai ResortPam and Gary JaffeT.J. KeckBethany and Robert MillardThe Robert & Bethany Millard Charitable FoundationRob and Terry Ryan FoundationAnne and John Ryan

Stellar Associates$3,000 - $9,999Thomas BlackburnSharlee and Peter EisingAmy and Morton FriedkinEileen and Kennneth KaplanGerald KitkouskyCarlton A. LaneNancy and Larry MohrStacy and Mike SchlingerSchlinger Family FoundationNike and David Speltz

planetary Associates$1,500 - $2,999Liz and Taft ArmandroffDoris and Earl BakkenRosalind and Stephen ButterfieldGinny and Hal CoggerCoit Family FoundationNathalie and David CowanSusan and Robert FischellSylvia and Karl HessJudith and Hantz HummeltBarbara and James LagoLinda and Doug LantermanCalli and Robert McCawMWT Associates, Inc.Lori PearceKathy and George RothBarbara SchaeferSandee and Dale SebringSeymour G. SternbergAllison and Daniel Wohl

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Keck Observatory is a private, 501(c) 3 tax-exempt non-profit organization and relies on both public funding and private philanthropy for strategic instrument advances designed to generate enormous scientific dividends. Friends of Keck express enthusiasm for science at Evenings with Astronomers.

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The dual lasers of the Keck telescopes aim at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and the supermassive black hole that resides there.

From the summit of Mauna Kea, at 13,800 feet, the view of Maui’s Haleakala rising above the clouds is a common sight for a select few.

Cosmic AttentionEvery so often there are astronomical phenomena so engaging they reach beyond science insider conversations and capture the hearts and minds of a broader public. Such was the case when two celestial events aligned during the summer of 2012. A Venus transit across our Sun and the scheduled arrival of the NASA rover Curiosity on Mars gave the professional staff and volunteers of Keck Observatory great moments to celebrate and opportunities to share our organization’s work with a bigger audience. Keck’s other outreach programs also earned record enthusiasm and support from the community during the past year.

SEdUCEd bY VENUSWhen Venus passed between the Earth and Sun on June 5, 2012 – a solar system phenomenon that won’t be seen by humans again for 105 years – the well-publicized transit resulted in Keck Observatory’s single largest outreach event in our history. Throughout the day, Guidestar docents and members of the professional staff satisfied throngs of eager visitors who came to Keck Observatory headquarters for souvenir T-shirts, solar telescopes, viewing shades and an inspiring educational experience.

Also well-orchestrated for the Venus transit event was a live webcast from the Keck I control room on the summit of Mauna Kea. As a clear demonstration of the power of the Internet to build community, more than 120,000 people were held seemingly spellbound, witnessing collectively the slow and deliberate march of a small, black dot against a bright, orange sphere.

The men vital to the success of the webcast were Keck Observatory communications officer Larry O’Hanlon, overall manager of the event, and Andrew Cooper, Keck Electronics Engineer and also President of the West Hawaii Astronomy Club. With cameras, laptops and his personal telescope, Cooper coordinated the technical details from the control room of the Keck I Telescope with O’Hanlon and Kona volunteer Mark Senft on either side for support. And as master of ceremonies for the occasion, Cooper never abandoned his post during the entire six-hour marathon. “I think I subsisted on a few taco chips and a soda through the entire thing,” he said.

According to Cooper, one reason so many people were captivated by Keck’s webcast was that it was interactive: viewers were able to ask questions about the transit, our telescopes and astronomy in general, and many had their questions answered in real time via Facebook and a Web page devoted to the transit. “It was a fire hose of comments,” he said. “I could not read them fast enough as they streamed in. That was the whole magic of the show.”

CURIOSITY LANdING ENTHRALLS KECK FANSAt press time for the 2012 Annual Report, NASA’s rover, aptly named “Curiosity,” remains busy traversing the Red Planet, picking up and analyzing samples. One sample shows at least a portion of the surface on Mars resembles the cinders on Mauna Kea, the home of the Keck telescopes. Many months prior, the scheduled arrival of Curiosity was reason enough for local astronomy enthusiasts to join forces with Keck Observatory’s Advancement group to organize the mission’s “welcome reception.”

“When the topic of getting together to watch the rover’s landing at a West Hawaii Astronomy Club meeting came up, I volunteered us to host,” said Craig Nance, an operations engineering manager at Keck who helped organize the viewing of Curiosity’s arrival from Keck Observatory headquarters in Waimea.

Many of Keck’s employees are passionate about education and are actively engaged in community outreach, from tours, to star-gazing, to astronomy lessons for island students. The Mars rover landing event was a departure from tradition. “It evolved into a big deal,” said Nance. “For a Sunday evening in Waimea, to have more than 100 people come out was pretty astounding.”

Thanks to the many successes of NASA missions, it is easy to forget that landing the rover on Mars was a very sophisticated maneuver that could easily have gone awry. A palpable feeling of suspense created a thrilling (and bonding) experience for the fans that were glued to the NASA broadcast in Keck’s Hualalai Learning Theatre on Aug. 5.

“It was spectacular,” Nance said. “They were landing this multibillion dollar spacecraft on Mars with a sky crane and it’s never been done before that way, and people were just excited to see how it would turn out. We ended up with a standing-room only crowd with three video screens running and people were literally at the edge of their seats. It was like a sporting event. When it worked, there was a lot of celebrating.”

36

The live stream of the transit of Venus across the Sun was the best attended event Keck Observatory has ever hosted, with more than 120,000 people viewing from computers all over the world.

Friends and Fans of Keck Observatory gathered at our headquarters in Waimea for a live showing of the NASA rover, Curiosity, landing on Mars.

KECK ObSERVATORY AT INTERNATIONAL SUMMITAn estimated 20,000 people, including President Barack Obama and 20 other heads of state, descended on Oahu in November 2011 for the annual Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit.

To enrich the international gathering’s first appearance in the Aloha State, Keck Observatory and 18 other organizations were invited to take part in an exhibition aimed at highlighting the state’s high-tech resources and encouraging Hawaii’s youth to pursue careers in science and technology.

The exhibit, called SEE-IT, which stands for Science, Engineering Exposition - Innovative Technologies, occupied 12,000 square feet on the main floor of the Hawaii Convention Center in Waikiki during the weeklong APEC conference. It was still on display as of December 2012, and SEE-IT organizers were still pursuing a permanent home for the program.

Henk Rogers, chairman of SEE-IT’s executive committee and founder of Blue Planet Foundation in Honolulu, said the Observatory was a perfect organization to feature at APEC. “For me, one of the best technological things going on in the state is what happens at Keck,” said Rogers. “It is absolutely state-of-the-art in the world of astronomy from the software side to the hardware side to the people involved. Everything I want to bring about in Hawaii as a place where people can do science and technology is epitomized by Keck.”

Keck Observatory’s display at the APEC summit featured a short video and a large wall panel showing five “Astonishing Moments” that underscored the process of discovery and just how important the Observatory has been to astronomers during the past 20 years. The Institute for Astronomy from the University of Hawaii and the Thirty Meter Telescope Project were also represented at the convention center as other facets of Hawaii’s high-tech assets.

RECORd ENTHUSIASM FOR KECK ASTRONOMERSWith support of the Rob and Terry Ryan Foundation and Keck Observatory’s Rising Stars Fund, 2012 was the most successful season yet for the Big Island’s increasingly popular Astronomy Talks, and Evenings with Astronomers lecture series. Both programs earned record attendance.

Keck Observatory fans, formally known as Keck Nation, are given personal access to Keck’s astronomers through a distinctive slate of presentations held free for the public in Waimea and archived on our website. The FY2012 Keck Astronomy Talks were given by Drs. Lisa Kewley, Greg Laughlin, Tom Soifer, Brian Siana, Richard Wainscoat, Jay Pasachoff, and Jessica Lu.

Keck Nation Internet audiences benefited from a technical upgrade during the 2012 season. With the assistance of talented high-school students Bo Bleckel and Duncan Michael, the Astronomy Talks are now packaged into high-definition, broadcast-quality videos for the Web.

Along the South Kohala coast, Keck Observatory offered its seventh season of Evenings with Astronomers at the Fairmont Orchid and the Hualalai Resort. The by-invitation-only series for Friends of Keck Observatory presents the world’s premier astronomers sharing current research findings in an elegant setting. The Evenings’ roster in 2012 featured Drs. Adam Burgasser, Debra Fischer, Chris Martin and Nobel Laureate Brian Schmidt. The program has generated a committed group of philanthropic supporters along with a tangible excitement for Keck Observatory.

Finally, our social media reach continued to flourish. Keck Nation members topped 7,000, Facebook ‘likes’ 4,500 and Twitter ‘followers’ hit 700. With minimal overlap (very few people establish multiple connections), we had a direct reach of more than 12,000 fans – a 20 percent increase from last year.

37

Keck Observatory’s Astonishing Moments exhibit at the 2011 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit in Honolulu.

Dr. Adam Burgasser inspires Friends of Keck Observatory at the 2012 Evenings with Astronomers season.

Following page: A view south from Mauna Kea reveals the glow of Halemaumau and Mauna Loa’s silhouette.

Science Bibliography

Science Bibliography

Refereed publications FY2012Albrecht, S.; Winn, J.; Johnson, J.; et. al.

Obliquities of Hot Jupiter Host Stars: Evidence for Tidal Interactions and Primordial Misalignments ApJ 757 18 2012 September

Alves-Brito, A.; Hau, G.; Forbes, D.; et. al. Spectra of globular clusters in the Sombrero galaxy: evidence for spectroscopic metallicity bimodality MNRAS 417 1823 2011 November

Anglada-Escudé, G.; Boss, A.; Weinberger, A.; et. al. Astrometry and Radial Velocities of the Planet Host M Dwarf GJ 317: New Trigonometric Distance, Metallicity, and Upper Limit to the Mass of GJ 317b ApJ 746 37 2012 February

Anglada-Escudé, G.; Arriagada, P.; Vogt, S.; et. al. A planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ 667C with at least one super-Earth in its habitable zone ApJ 751 L16 2012 May

Antoniadis, J.; van Kerkwijk, M.; Koester, D.; et. al. The relativistic pulsar-white dwarf binary PSR J1738+0333 I. Mass determination and evolutionary history MNRAS 423 3316 2012 July

Arcavi, I.; Gal-Yam, A.; Yaron, O.; et. al. SN 2011dh: Discovery of a Type IIb Supernova from a Compact Progenitor in the Nearby Galaxy M51 ApJ 742 L18 2011 December

Arrigoni Battaia, F.; Gavazzi, G.; Fumagalli, M.; et. al. Stripped gas as fuel for newly formed H II regions in the encounter between VCC 1249 and M 49: a unified picture from NGVS and GUViCS A&A 543 A112 2012 July

Atek, H.; Siana, B.; Scarlata, C.; et. al. Very Strong Emission-line Galaxies in the WFC3 Infrared Spectroscopic Parallel Survey and Implications for High-redshift Galaxies ApJ 743 121 2011 December

Bae, H.; Woo, J.; Yagi, M.; et. al. A Keck/LRIS Spatially-Resolved Spectroscopic Study of a LINER Galaxy SDSS J091628.05+420818.7 ApJ 753 10 2012 July

Bailey, J.; White, R.; Blake, C.; et. al. Precise Infrared Radial Velocities from Keck/NIRSPEC and the Search for Young Planets ApJ 749 16 2012 April

Bakos, G.; Hartman, J.; Torres, G.; et. al. HAT-P-20b--HAT-P-23b: Four Massive Transiting Extrasolar Planets ApJ 742 116 2011 December

Bakos, G.; Hartman, J.; Torres, G.; et. al. HAT-P-34b-HAT-P-37b: Four Transiting Planets More Massive than Jupiter Orbiting Moderately Bright Stars AJ 144 19 2012 July

Ballard, S.; Fabrycky, D.; Fressin, F.; et. al. The Kepler-19 System: A Transiting 2.2 R_Earth Planet and a Second Planet Detected via Transit Timing Variations ApJ 743 200 2011 December

Baluev, R. Orbital structure of the GJ876 extrasolar planetary system, based on the latest Keck and HARPS radial velocity data CMDA 111 235 2011 October

Baluev, R. Distinguishing between a true period and its alias, and other tasks of model discrimination MNRAS 422 2372 2012 May

Barnabè, M.; Dutton, A.; Marshall, P.; et. al. The SWELLS survey - IV. Precision measurements of the stellar and dark matter distributions in a spiral lens galaxy MNRAS 423 1073 2012 June

Barrows, R.; Stern, D.; Madsen, K.; et. al. A Candidate Dual Active Galactic Nucleus at z = 1.175 ApJ 744 7 2012 January

Battisti, A.; Meiring, J.; Tripp, T.; et. al. The First Observations of Low-redshift Damped Lyman-alpha Systems with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph: Chemical Abundances and Affiliated Galaxies ApJ 744 93 2012 January

Bayo, A.; Barrado, D.; Stauffer, J.; et. al. Spectroscopy of very low mass stars and brown dwarfs in the Lambda Orionis star forming region. I. Enlarging the census down to the planetary mass domain in Collinder 69 A&A 536 A63 2011 December

Becker, G.; Sargent, W.; Rauch, M.; Carswell, R. Iron and alpha-element Production in the First One Billion Years after the Big Bang ApJ 744 91 2012 January

Beichman, C.; Lisse, C.; Tanner, A.; et. al. Multi-epoch Observations of HD 69830: High-resolution Spectroscopy and Limits to Variability ApJ 743 85 2011 December

Bennert, V.; Auger, M.; Treu, T.; et. al. The Relation between Black Hole Mass and Host Spheroid Stellar Mass Out to z ~ 2 ApJ 742 107 2011 December

40A&A: Astronomy & Astrophysics

AJ: The Astronomical Journal

AREPS: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Ap&SS: Astrophysics and Space Science

ApJ: The Astrophysical Journal

ApJS: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement

AsNa: Astronomische Nachrichten

CMDA: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy

Icarus: Icarus

JQSRT: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer

MNRAS: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Nature: Nature

PASP: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

PRL: Physical Review Letters

PSS: Planetary and Space Science

Science: Science

Key to publications:

Bettoni, D.; Mazzei, P.; Della Valle, A. A multiwavelength study of the IRAS Deep Survey galaxy sample III. Spectral classification and dynamical properties A&A 538 A72 2012 February

Bhalerao, V.; van Kerkwijk, M.; Harrison, F. Constraints on the Compact Object Mass in the Eclipsing High-mass X-Ray Binary XMMU J013236.7+303228 in M 33 ApJ 757 10 2012 September

Bianco, F.; Howell, D.; Sullivan, M.; et. al. Constraining Type Ia Supernovae Progenitors from Three Years of Supernova Legacy Survey Data ApJ 741 20 2011 November

Boden, A.; Torres, G.; Duchêne, G.; et. al. A Surprising Dynamical Mass for V773 Tau B ApJ 747 17 2012 March

Boesgaard, A.; Rich, J.; Levesque, E.; Bowler, B. Beryllium and Alpha-element Abundances in a Large Sample of Metal-poor Stars ApJ 743 140 2011 December

Bolton, J.; Becker, G.; Raskutti, S.; et. al. Improved measurements of the intergalactic medium temperature around quasars: possible evidence for the initial stages of He II reionization at z 6 MNRAS 419 2880 2012 February

Borucki, W.; Koch, D.; Batalha, N.; et. al. Kepler-22b: A 2.4 Earth-radius Planet in the Habitable Zone of a Sun-like Star ApJ 745 120 2012 February

Bowler, B.; Liu, M.; Kraus, A.; et. al. A Disk around the Planetary-mass Companion GSC 06214-00210 b: Clues about the Formation of Gas Giants on Wide Orbits ApJ 743 148 2011 December

Bowler, B.; Liu, M.; Shkolnik, E.; et. al. Planets around Low-mass Stars (PALMS). I. A Substellar Companion to the Young M Dwarf 1RXS J235133.3+312720 ApJ 753 142 2012 July

Bowler, B.; Liu, M.; Shkolnik, E.; Tamura, M. Planets around Low-mass Stars (PALMS). II. A Low-mass Companion to the Young M Dwarf GJ 3629 Separated by 0.″2 ApJ 756 69 2012 September

Bradford, J.; Geha, M.; Muñoz, R.; et. al. Structure and Dynamics of the Globular Cluster Palomar 13 ApJ 743 167 2011 December

Brewer, B.; Dutton, A.; Treu, T.; et. al. The SWELLS survey - III. Disfavouring ‘heavy’ initial mass functions for spiral lens galaxies MNRAS 422 3574 2012 June

Brodie, J.; Romanowsky, A.; Strader, J.; Forbes, D. The Relationships among Compact Stellar Systems: A Fresh View of Ultracompact Dwarfs AJ 142 199 2011 December

Brodwin, M.; Gonzalez, A.; Stanford, S.; et. al. IDCS J1426.5+3508: Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Measurement of a Massive Infrared- selected Cluster at z = 1.75 ApJ 753 162 2012 July

Brown, M.; Schaller, E.; Fraser, W. Water ice in the Kuiper belt AJ 143 146 2012 June

Brown, M. The Compositions of Kuiper Belt Objects AREPS 40 467 2012 May

Buchhave, L.; Latham, D.; Johansen, A.; et. al. An abundance of small exoplanets around stars with a wide range of metallicities Nature 486 375 2012 June

Burgasser, A.; Gelino, C.; Cushing, M.; Kirkpatrick, J. Resolved Spectroscopy of a Brown Dwarf Binary at the T Dwarf/Y Dwarf Transition ApJ 745 26 2012 January

Bussmann, R.; Dey, A.; Armus, L.; et. al. The Star Formation Histories of z ~ 2 Dust-obscured Galaxies and Submillimeter-selected Galaxies ApJ 744 150 2012 January

Bussmann, R.; Gurwell, M.; Fu, H.; et. al. A Detailed Gravitational Lens Model Based on Submillimeter Array and Keck Adaptive Optics Imaging of a Herschel-ATLAS Submillimeter Galaxy at z = 4.243 ApJ 756 134 2012 September

Capelo, H.; Herbst, W.; Leggett, S.; et. al. Locating the Trailing Edge of the Circumbinary Ring in the KH 15D System ApJ 757 L18 2012 September

Carone, L.; Gandolfi, D.; Cabrera, J.; et. al. Planetary transit candidates in the CoRoT LRa01 field A&A 538 A112 2012 February

Carry, B.; Kaasalainen, M.; Merline, W.; et. al. Shape modeling technique KOALA validated by ESA Rosetta at (21) Lutetia PSS 66 200 2012 June

Carswell, R.; Becker, G.; Jorgenson, R.; et. al. The kinetic temperature in a damped Lyman-alpha absorption system in Q2206-199 - an example of the warm neutral medium MNRAS 422 1700 2012 May

Carter, J.; Agol, E.; Chaplin, W.; et. al. Kepler-36: A Pair of Planets with Neighboring Orbits and Dissimilar Densities Science 337 556 2012 August

Cavarroc, C.; Moutou, C.; Gandolfi, D.; et. al. Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission Resolving the nature of transit candidates for the LRa03 and SRa03 fields Ap&SS 337 511 2011 November

Cenko, S.; Bloom, J.; Kulkarni, S.; et. al. PTF10iya: a short-lived, luminous flare from the nuclear region of a star- forming galaxy MNRAS 420 2684 2012 March

Cenko, S.; Krimm, H.; Horesh, A.; et. al. Swift J2058.4+0516: Discovery of a Possible Second Relativistic Tidal Disruption Flare? ApJ 753 77 2012 July

Chand, H.; Krishna, G. Incidence of Mg II Absorption Systems toward Flat-spectrum Radio Quasars ApJ 754 38 2012 July

Cieza, L.; Mathews, G.; Williams, J.; et. al. Submillimeter Array Observations of the RX J1633.9-2442 Transition Disk: Evidence for Multiple Planets in the Making ApJ 752 75 2012 June

Clark, J.; Castro, N.; Garcia, M.; et. al. On the nature of candidate luminous blue variables in M 33 A&A 541 A146 2012 May

Clarkson, W.; Ghez, A.; Morris, M.; et. al. Proper motions of the Arches cluster with Keck-LGS Adaptive Optics: the first kinematic mass measurement of the Arches ApJ 751 132 2012 June

Cochran, W.; Fabrycky, D.; Torres, G.; et. al. Kepler-18b, c, and d: A System of Three Planets Confirmed by Transit Timing Variations, Light Curve Validation, Warm-Spitzer Photometry, and Radial Velocity Measurements ApJS 197 7 2011 November

Cohen, J.; Huang, W.; Kirby, E. The Peculiar Chemical Inventory of NGC 2419: An Extreme Outer Halo “Globular Cluster” ApJ 740 60 2011 October

Cohen, J. No Heavy-element Dispersion in the Globular Cluster M92 ApJ 740 L38 2011 October

Coil, A.; Weiner, B.; Holz, D.; et. al. Outflowing Galactic Winds in Post-starburst and Active Galactic Nucleus Host Galaxies at 0.2 < z < 0.8 ApJ 743 46 2011 December

Collins, M.; Chapman, S.; Rich, R.; et. al. The scatter about the ‘Universal’ dwarf spheroidal mass profile: a kinematic study of the M31 satellites And V and And VI MNRAS 417 1170 2011 October

Cooke, R.; Pettini, M.; Steidel, C.; et. al. The most metal-poor damped Lyman-alpha systems: Insights into chemical evolution in the very metal-poor regime MNRAS 417 1534 2011 October

Cooke, R.; Pettini, M.; Murphy, M. A new candidate for probing Population III nucleosynthesis with carbon- enhanced damped Lyman-alpha systems MNRAS 425 347 2012 September

Cooper, M.; Griffith, R.; Newman, J.; et. al. The DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey: the impact of environment on the size evolution of massive early-type galaxies at intermediate redshift MNRAS 419 3018 2012 February

Corsi, A.; Ofek, E.; Frail, D.; et. al. PTF 10bzf (SN 2010ah): A Broad-line Ic Supernova Discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory ApJ 741 76 2011 November

Courbin, F.; Faure, C.; Djorgovski, S.; et. al. Three quasi-stellar objects acting as strong gravitational lenses A&A 540 36 2012 April

Cowie, L.; Barger, A.; Hasinger, G.; et. al. The Faintest X-Ray Sources from z = 0 - 8 ApJ 748 50 2012 March

Crawford, S.; Wirth, G.; Bershady, M.; Hon, K. Spectroscopy of Luminous Compact Blue Galaxies in Distant Clusters. I. Spectroscopic Data ApJ 741 98 2011 November

Crepp, J.; Johnson, J.; Fischer, D.; et. al. The Dynamical Mass and Three-dimensional Orbit of HR7672B: A Benchmark Brown Dwarf with High Eccentricity ApJ 751 97 2012 June

Currie, T.; Fukagawa, M.; Thalmann, C.; et. al. Direct Detection and Orbit Analysis of the Exoplanets HR 8799 bcd from Archival 2005 Keck/NIRC2 Data ApJ 755 L34 2012 August

Currie, T.; Rodigas, T.; Debes, J.; et. al. Keck/NIRC2 Imaging of the Warped, Asymmetric Debris Disk around HD 32297 ApJ 757 28 2012 September

Cushing, M.; Kirkpatrick, J.; Gelino, C.; et. al. The Discovery of Y Dwarfs using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) ApJ 743 50 2011 December

Dahm, S.; Lyke, J. The Low-Mass Companion to the Lithium-Depleted, Spectroscopic Binary HBC 425 (St 34) PASP 123 1383 2011 December

Dahm, S.; Slesnick, C.; White, R.; et. al. A Correlation between Circumstellar Disks and Rotation in the Upper Scorpius OB Association ApJ 745 56 2012 January

Davis, T.; Hui, L.; Frieman, J.; et. al. The Effect of Peculiar Velocities on Supernova Cosmology ApJ 741 67 2011 November

Dawson, W.; Wittman, D.; Jee, M.; et. al. Discovery of a Dissociative Galaxy Cluster Merger with Large Physical Separation ApJ 747 L42 2012 March

Deheuvels, S.; García, R.; Chaplin, W.; et. al. Seismic Evidence for a Rapidly Rotating Core in a Lower-giant-branch Star Observed with Kepler ApJ 756 19 2012 September

Desert, J.; Charbonneau, D.; Fortney, J.; et. al. The atmospheres of the hot-Jupiters Kepler-5b and Kepler-6b observed during occultations with Warm-Spitzer and Kepler ApJS 197 11 2011 November

Désert, J.; Charbonneau, D.; Demory, B.; et. al. The hot-Jupiter Kepler-17b: discovery, obliquity from stroboscopic starspots, and atmospheric characterization ApJS 197 14 2011 November

Diamond-Stanic, A.; Moustakas, J.; Tremonti, C.; et. al. High-velocity Outflows without AGN Feedback: Eddington-limited Star Formation in Compact Massive Galaxies ApJ 755 L26 2012 August

Dilday, B.; Howell, D.; Cenko, S.; et. al. PTF 11kx: A Type Ia Supernova with a Symbiotic Nova Progenitor Science 337 942 2012 August

Dorman, C.; Guhathakurta, P.; Fardal, M.; et. al. The SPLASH Survey: Kinematics of Andromeda’s Inner Spheroid ApJ 752 147 2012 June

Dragomir, D.; Kane, S.; Henry, G.; et. al. The HD 192263 System: Planetary Orbital Period and Stellar Variability Disentangled ApJ 754 37 2012 July

Dufour, P.; Kilic, M.; Fontaine, G.; et. al. Detailed Compositional Analysis of the Heavily Polluted DBZ White Dwarf SDSS J073842.56+183509.06: A Window on Planet Formation? ApJ 749 6 2012 April

Dupuy, T.; Liu, M. The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. I. Ultracool Binaries and the L/T Transition ApJS 201 19 2012 August

Dutton, A.; Brewer, B.; Marshall, P.; et. al. The SWELLS survey – II. Breaking the disc–halo degeneracy in the spiral galaxy gravitational lens SDSS J2141-0001 MNRAS 417 1621 2011 November

Eisenhardt, P.; Wu, J.; Tsai, C.; et. al. The First Hyper-luminous Infrared Galaxy Discovered by WISE ApJ 755 173 2012 August

Elias-Rosa, N.; Van Dyk, S.; Li, W.; et. al. The Massive Progenitor of the Possible Type II-Linear Supernova 2009hd in Messier 66 ApJ 742 6 2011 November

Epinat, B.; Amram, P.; Balkowski, C.; Marcelin, M. Evidence for strong dynamical evolution in disc galaxies through the last 11 Gyr. GHASP VIII - a local reference sample of rotating disc galaxies for high-redshift studies MNRAS 401 2113 2012 February

Erb, D.; Bogosavljevic, M.; Steidel, C. Filamentary Large Scale Structure Traced by Six Ly-alpha Blobs at z=2.3 ApJ 740 L31 2011 October

Evans, T.; Ireland, M.; Kraus, A.; et. al. Mapping the Shores of the Brown Dwarf Desert. III. Young Moving Groups ApJ 744 120 2012 January

Fabrycky, D.; Ford, E.; Steffen, J.; et. al. Transit Timing Observations from Kepler. IV. Confirmation of Four Multiple-planet Systems by Simple Physical Models ApJ 750 114 2012 May

Fang, J.; Margot, J.; Rojo, P. Orbits, Masses, and Evolution of Main Belt Triple (87) Sylvia AJ 144 70 2012 August

Fardal, M.; Guhathakurta, P.; Gilbert, K.; et. al. A spectroscopic survey of Andromeda’s Western Shelf MNRAS 423 3134 2012 July

Fekel, F.; Cordero, M.; Galicher, R.; et. al. Third Component Search and Abundances of the Very Dusty Short-period Binary BD +20°307 ApJ 749 7 2012 April

Fischer, D.; Gaidos, E.; Howard, A.; et. al. M2K: II. A Triple-Planet System Orbiting HIP 57274 ApJ 745 21 2012 January

Fischer, D.; Schwamb, M.; Schawinski, K.; et. al. Planet Hunters: the first two planet candidates identified by the public using the Kepler public archive data MNRAS 419 2900 2012 February

Foley, R.; Challis, P.; Filippenko, A.; et. al. Very Early Ultraviolet and Optical Observations of the Type Ia Supernova 2009ig ApJ 744 38 2012 January

Foley, R.; Filippenko, A.; Kessler, R.; et. al. A Mismatch in the Ultraviolet Spectra between Low-redshift and Intermediate-redshift Type Ia Supernovae as a Possible Systematic Uncertainty for Supernova Cosmology AJ 143 113 2012 May

Ford, E.; Fabrycky, D.; Steffen, J.; et. al. Transit Timing Observations from Kepler. II. Confirmation of Two Multiplanet Systems via a Non-parametric Correlation Analysis ApJ 750 113 2012 May

Fortney, J.; Demory, B.; Désert, J.; et. al. Discovery and Atmospheric Characterization of Giant Planet Kepler-12b: An Inflated Radius Outlier ApJS 197 9 2011 November

Fox, O.; Chevalier, R.; Skrutskie, M.; et. al. A Spitzer Survey for Dust in Type IIn Supernovae ApJ 741 7 2011 November

Frank, M.; Hilker, M.; Baumgardt, H.; et. al. The velocity dispersion and mass function of the outer halo globular cluster Palomar 4 MNRAS 423 2917 2012 July

Fressin, F.; Torres, G.; Rowe, J.; et. al. Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20 Nature 482 195 2011 December

Froning, C.; Cantrell, A.; Maccarone, T.; et. al. Multiwavelength Observations of A0620-00 in Quiescence ApJ 743 26 2011 December

Fry, P.; Sromovsky, L.; de Pater, I.; et. al. Detection and Tracking of Subtle Cloud Features on Uranus AJ 143 150 2012 June

Frye, B.; Hurley, M.; Bowen, D.; et. al. Spatially Resolved HST Grism Spectroscopy of a Lensed Emission Line Galaxy at z ~ 1 ApJ 754 17 2012 July

Fu, H.; Zhang, Z.; Assef, R.; et. al. A Kiloparsec-scale Binary Active Galactic Nucleus Confirmed by the Expanded Very Large Array ApJ 740 L44 2011 October

Fu, H.; Yan, L.; Myers, A.; et. al. The Nature of Double-peaked [O III] Active Galactic Nuclei ApJ 745 67 2012 January

Fu, H.; Jullo, E.; Cooray, A.; et. al. A Comprehensive View of a Strongly Lensed Planck-Associated Submillimeter Galaxy ApJ 753 134 2012 July

Fumagalli, M.; O’Meara, J.; Prochaska, J. Detection of Pristine Gas Two Billion Years after the Big Bang Science 334 1245 2011 December

Gaidos, E.; Fischer, D.; Mann, A.; Lépine, S. On the Nature of Small Planets around the Coolest Kepler Stars ApJ 746 36 2012 February

Galbany, L.; Miquel, R.; Östman, L.; et. al. Type Ia Supernova Properties as a Function of the Distance to the Host Galaxy in the SDSS-II SN Survey ApJ 755 125 2012 August

Galicher, R.; Marois, C.; Macintosh, B.; et. al. M-band Imaging of the HR 8799 Planetary System Using an Innovative LOCI-based Background Subtraction Technique ApJ 739 L41 2011 October

Gandolfi, D.; Collier Cameron, A.; Endl, M.; et. al. Doppler tomography of transiting exoplanets: A prograde, low-inclined orbit for the hot Jupiter CoRoT-11b A&A 543 L5 2012 July

Ganeshalingam, M.; Li, W.; Filippenko, A.; et. al. The Low-velocity, Rapidly Fading Type Ia Supernova 2002es ApJ 751 142 2012 June

Gauthier, J.; Chen, H. Empirical Constraints of Super-Galactic Winds at z 0.5 MNRAS 424 1952 2012 August

Gautier, T.; Charbonneau, D.; Rowe, J.; et. al. Kepler-20: A Sun-like Star with Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets and Two Earth-size Candidates ApJ 749 15 2012 April

Geier, S.; Heber, U. Hot subdwarf stars in close-up view. II. Rotational properties of single and wide binary subdwarf B stars A&A 543 A149 2012 July

Geißler, K.; Metchev, S.; Pham, A.; et. al. A Substellar Common Proper-motion Companion to the Pleiad H II 1348 ApJ 746 44 2012 February

Gerke, B.; Newman, J.; Davis, M.; et. al. The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: The Voronoi-Delaunay Method Catalog of Galaxy Groups ApJ 751 50 2012 May

Giacobbe, P.; Damasso, M.; Sozzetti, A.; et. al. Photometric transit search for planets around cool stars from the western Italian Alps: a pilot study MNRAS 424 3101 2012 August

Gibb, E.; Bonev, B.; Villanueva, G.; et. al. Chemical Composition of Comet C/2007 N3 (Lulin): Another “Atypical’’ Comet ApJ 750 102 2012 May

Giguere, M.; Fischer, D.; Howard, A.; et. al. A High-eccentricity Component in the Double-planet System around HD 163607 and a Planet around HD 164509 ApJ 744 4 2012 January

Glikman, E.; Urrutia, T.; Lacy, M.; et. al. FIRST-2MASS Red Quasars: Transitional Objects Emerging from the Dust ApJ 757 51 2012 September

Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y.; Stassun, K.; Prša, A.; et. al. Luminosity Discrepancy in the Equal-mass, Pre-main-sequence Eclipsing Binary Par 1802: Non-coevality or Tidal Heating? ApJ 745 58 2012 January

Gonzalez, A.; Stanford, S.; Brodwin, M.; et. al. IDCS J1426.5+3508: Cosmological Implications of a Massive, Strong Lensing Cluster at z = 1.75 ApJ 753 163 2012 July

Goto, T.; Utsumi, Y.; Walsh, J.; et. al. Spectroscopy of the spatially extended Ly-alpha emission around a quasar at z= 6.4 MNRAS 421 L77 2012 March

Graham, A.; Spitler, L.; Forbes, D.; et. al. LEDA 074886: A remarkable rectangular-looking galaxy ApJ 750 121 2012 May

Graur, O.; Poznanski, D.; Maoz, D.; et. al. Supernovae in the Subaru Deep Field: the rate and delay-time distribution of type Ia supernovae out to redshift 2 MNRAS 417 916 2011 October

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