7/27/2019 2012 (AB) - Motivation in Soccer - A Comparison
Between Professionals, Semi-Professionals and Amateurs Players
(ACSM - San Francisco)
2/2
FreeCommuniCation/Poster
MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISES308 Vol. 44 No.
5 Supplement
ACSM May 29 June 2, 2012 San Francisco, California
ConCLusion: The differences found concerning the several
motivation
determinants in function of the competitive level, underline the
existence of a relation
between the competitive level and motivation.
1889 Board#297 MAY30 2:00PM-3:30PM
ContextualAnalysisOfSoccerClubs
Artur J. Santos, Carlos E. Gonalves.
FacultyofSportSciencesandPhysicalEducation-UniversityofCoimbra,Coimbra,Portugal.
(Sponsor: Carl Foster, FACSM)(No relationships reported)
From an ecological approach its believed that the context can
inuence the individual
development. Sport clubs are important, since they provide
conditions for individual
involvement. To induce or promote sport involvement is needed to
better understand
sport organizations and how theyre organized, their culture and
relationship with the
local environment.
PurPose: The aim of this study is to identify the soccer clubs
model of
organization, their culture, goals and answers to the demands of
the surrounding
environment.
metHoD: Three Portuguese soccer clubs from different contexts
were analyzed.
One professional club (PC) and two amateur (AC) of regional
level, one of a rural
area (RAC), other of an urban area (UAC). The criteria to select
the clubs were:
a) belong to the same district, b) experience in collaboration
with research studies.
Field observations and guide tour to club infrastructures were
registered. And semi-
structured interviews were recorded, followed by text
transcription and respectively
speech analysis.
resuLts:Comparative to the ACs the PC is more complex,
formalized, specialized
and is more orientated to performance goals. The volunteers in
the PC that work withthe youth athletes receive compensation (e.g.,
monetary, merchandising, tickets).
The ACs present a simple structure, lack of formal training and
bureaucracy,
suggesting high centralization. The goals declared are related
to promotion of sport
practice. Volunteers involvement is based on friendship and
relationships. The
protocols established with local authorities seem to be an
important factor that helps
UAC to have better capacity to obtain income than the RAC.
ConCLusions: The PC is more prepared and capable to provide
better conditions
for soccer skills development, but the orientation to
performance goals could promote
anti-social and anti-ethical attitudes and values in the
athletes. The ACs are more
dependent from the local authorities, but their function could
be improve if they
develop good partnerships with local authorities. These can see
in the clubs an
opportunity to promote social capital, provide informal
education and promote active
citizenship. Its possible that these organizational differences
promote different values
and skills of youth athletes.
1890 Board#298 MAY30 2:00PM-3:30PM
CognitiveFunctionofRetiredProfessionalFootballAthletes
Gregory W. Stewart, FACSM, Roberta A. Bell, Jenifer J.
Sudkamp.TulaneInstituteofSportsMedicine,NewOrleans,LA.(No
relationships reported)
BaCkgrounD: Exposure to repeated head injuries can alter the
expected cognitive
recovery course, increasing the risk of long-term
neuropsychological problems over
the lifespan. Due to age associated memory decline and the
prevalence of multiple
concussions in professional football players, clinicians are
often concerned about the
cognitive status of retired professional football athletes.
PurPose: To examine the cognitive function of retired
professional football players
during a health screening event
metHoDs: Twenty-three retired professional football players
(ranging in age from
32 to 70 years, with a mean age of 54 years) participated in a
health screening event
and reported multiple bell ringers during their athletic
careers. All participants
were independent with mobility and ambulation. The Montreal
Cognitive Assessment
(MoCA) and a self-report Likert scale of memory function were
administered to 21
of the 23 participants. MoCA total scores, MoCA Memory subtest
scores and self-
reported total memory scores were calculated. Age comparisons of
those fty years of
age or older versus those under 50 years will be made using
regression analysis.
resuLts: Thirteen (62%) participants scored below 26 on the MoCA
(mean score=
23.62), 18 participants (86%) scored below 3.73 on the memory
subtest (mean memory
score=1.76) and 13 (62%) participants reported functional
impairment in daily living
activities associated with memory decits.
ConCLusion: Cognitive screenings should be routine for annual
health
examinations of retired professional football players. Future
research is needed to
examine additional factors contributing to cognitive decline
among these individuals,
including medical conditions and psychosocial factors.
1891 Board#299 MAY30 2:00PM-3:30PM
TheMentalHealthOfApprenticeHorseRacingJockeys:Is
ThereANeedForRiskAssessment?
Justine
Stynes.AustralianCatholicUniversity,Sydney,Australia.(Sponsor: Mike
Climstein, FACSM)(No relationships reported)
The life of the apprentice horse racing jockey is grueling.
There is no off season.
The 4-year apprenticeship involves early morning track work (3
to 4 hours a day, 5
to 6 days a week), daily stable work (e.g., feeding and grooming
horses), weekly trial
meetings, and at least one race meeting a week (up to 8 rides
per meeting). Injuries
can be debilitating and life threatening. Jockeys constantly
battle with meeting
weight for competition. Evidence in other sports suggests that
meeting weight can be
psychologically debilitating, impacting the performance,
longevity and well-being
of the athlete. Despite the physical and psychological demands
of the sport, there is
limited research on the mental health of the apprentice
jockey.
PurPose: To determine whether apprentice jockeys experience
distress. To identify
potential risk and protective factors for mental health in
apprentice jockeys.
metHoDs: Male (n=13) and female (n=1) apprentice jockeys with a
mean age
of 20.00 (SD=3.01) and mean weight of 49.89 kg (SD=7.91) were
assessed using
structured questionnaires and open ended questions. Distress was
assessed using
the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and the Athlete Burnout
Questionnaire.
The potential risk and protective factors for mental health
assessed were: resiliency
(Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents), coping
strategies (Adolescent
Coping Scale), social support, and stressors.
resuLts: The jockeys reported levels of depression (range=0-36,
M=11.14,
SD=10.69), anxiety (range=0-34; M =7.43, SD=8.28) and stress
(range=0-40,M=12.74, SD=10.45) in the normal to severe range.
Levels of burnout were reported in
the low to high range for reduced accomplishment (M=2.52, SD=
0.74), emotional and
physical exhaustion (M =2.43, SD=1.03), and sport devaluation
(M=1.94, SD=0.81).
Potential risk factors identied included: lack of social
support, poor coping strategies
(e.g., ignore the stressor, wishful thinking) and various sport
related stressors (e.g.,
weight restrictions, getting rides). Potential protective
factors identied included:
social support (e.g., emotional) and constructive coping
strategies (e.g., problem
solve).
ConCLusion: There is evidence of distress and burnout in
apprentice jockeys. A
risk assessment of mental health in apprentice jockeys is
recommended.
1892 Board#300 MAY30 2:00PM-3:30PM
PersonalityVariablesAndBarefootRunning
Janet Buckworth, FACSM, Nicholas Hanson, Heather Preston.
TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH.
(No relationships reported)Interest in barefoot running has
grown in recent years, although many runners have not
attempted or implemented barefoot running into their training.
It is hypothesized that
personality characteristics may be a factor in this
decision.
PurPose: To determine if there are differences in personality
between barefoot and
shod runners.
metHoDs: An online survey was administered to both male and
female runners
who had completed a footrace of at least 13.1 miles in the last
two years [Project
ULTRA (Understanding Long-distance Training and Runners
Affect)]. The runners
were asked, Have you ever run barefoot? and were classied as
either barefoot (BF)
or shod (SH) runners by their response. The Big Five Inventory
was used to assess
ve main dimensions of personality traits: Extraversion,
Agreeableness, Openness,
Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. This is a 44-item inventory
that utilizes a 5
point Likert-style scale for each question. The subjects were
asked to answer from 1
disagree strongly to 5 agree strongly regarding statements about
their personality.
Independent samples t-tests were used to compare the means of
the two groups on the
ve personality dimensions.
resuLts:Runners from 46 of the 50 states were represented in the
sample. The
mean age of the respondents was 39.86 yrs (range 18-80, SD 10.99
yrs). Of the 601
runners who completed the survey, 217 reported they had run
barefoot. The barefoot
runners scored signicantly higher on the personality trait
Agreeableness (BF mean
3.90 0.57 SD vs SH mean 3.86 0.66 SD, p
