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RECOVERY AND USE OF
NUTRIENTS, ENERGY AND
ORGANIC MATTER FROM
ANIMAL WASTE – Rethinking Manure Recycling
Marie Curie Initial Training Network 2012-2016
FP7 PEOPLE PROGRAMME
Jensen L.S.1, Bekiaris G.1, Popovic O.2, Regueiro Carrera I.3; Camilleri-Rumbau M.S.4, Santos A.5, Vu P.T.6, Taupe N.7, Owusu-Twum M.8, Subedi R.2, Pantelopoulos A.1, Hou Y6, Oenema O. 6 & Oelofse M1
www.reusewaste.eu
• Manures are valuable, but bulky and variable, resources • Livestock production and manure systems are rapidly changing
(> intensification, profit maximisation & cost minimisation) • Environmental impacts of current manure systems are very large • Uneven soil fertility -
depletion vs. enrichment/overloading • Finite resources of nutrient elements
and opportunities for fossil energy substitution are wasted
• No common exploiter / processing entity, stakeholders are diffuse
• “End-of-waste” principle – regulatory challenges
Why do we need to rethink?
EU background (1)
(a) Livestock intensification kg N/ha
(b) Soil fertility gradients
Soil fertility gradient
%C
Location of project partners Source: JRC: EUR-22334, 2006 and Soil Atlas of Europe 2008
Manure N input density
Topsoil carbon
0% 5% 10% 15%
Romania
France
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Poland
Lithuania
Hungary
Greece
Spain
Estonia
Belgium
Finland
Austria
Netherlands
Latvia
Luxembourg
Slovenia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Italy
Germany
Anaerobic digestion % of total excretion
(after Foged, et al., 2011)
EU background (3)
(d) Manure treatment differences
• Insight, data and information about: – Composition and possible health risks of manures;
– Losses of nutrients in each step of manure chain
– Cheap techniques to reduce these losses
– Total amounts of nutrients in the manure
– The availability of these nutrients over time
• Needs – General information about manures
– Nutrient book keeping tools (simple, accurate models)
– Sensors for manure analyses, for verification purposes
What do farms without manure
surplus need?
• Cheap ways of manure disposal. • What options do they have?
– Buy more land; if available at reasonable price – Transport manure to other farms, without treatment – Transport manure to other farms, after treatment
• Manure separation (+evt. anaerobic dig.) – only common option yet
• Needs – Rapid & cheap pasteurization and dewatering methods – Extraction/recovery of N, P, micro nutrients from slurries
• Ultra filtration + reverse osmosis, • Drying + pelleting solids • Composting solids • Incineration or pyrolysis of solids • Extraction & purification
– Identification of niche markets for (new) manure products
What do farms with manure
surplus need?
Feeding
Treatment
Housing
Storage
Application
Crop
production
We need to consider
the entire manure management chain
We should consider
all flows and losses in the chain
Animal Feed Storage
Cropland/
grassland
Treatment
Industry/
exports
Housing
Animal
Product
Atmosphere
waters
(NH3, N2O,
NOx,N2,CH4, CO2)
(NH4+ , NO3
-,
PO43-
, DON/P)
Crop
Product
& soil
fertility
Discover unaccounted for losses!
We must diversify the treatment options
Slurry/digestate
Liquid fraction
Separation
Solid fraction
Organic fertiliser
Drying
Pelleting Pyrolysis Gasification Combustion
Biochar fertiliser
Ash
Red. P2O5 to P Chemical extraction
Elemen- tal P
Composting
Compost soil amendments
Salts
Precipitation Concentration
Mineral concentrates
Ash based fertiliser
Mineral fertilisers
Solid manure
NH3 stripping
How to increase resource use efficiency?
Increasing resource use efficiency – the 5R-strategy : • Reducing inputs of ‘new’ resources • Reducing losses, from the whole chain • Recycling elements, including organic C • Recovery elements from wastes, where possible • Redefining systems, where needed
But efficient ≠ sustainable
We need to decouple productivity and ressource use!
But we should move manure into a
cradle-to-cradle context….
12
Towards a
&
for
resto-
rative
designs
Another term for industrial ecology…
Objectives • To educate young scientists • To rethink current manure
management systems • To provide new ideas and
technologies
ReUseWaste overall approach
Animal waste
Organic fertilizers Bioenergy Better environment
13 scientists trained to develop
sustainable manure solutions
13 young researchers
WP5 Energy recovery
WP3 OM & nutrients characterisation
WP7 Synthesis & assessment
WP6 Land recycling
WP4 Technology & management
UCPH
SDU
WU
ISA-UTL
UTAD CSIC/UMH
UTO ULIM
KOM*
GPG*
AL*
PTM*
ECN
VERA**
BHS*
PG*
TI*
Animal waste
RP-DA**
Innovative manure treatment solutions
New meas. & monitoring
products
Improved energy and nutrient
recovery systems Novel bio-fertilizer products
Joint, mutually recognised doctoral training-program
Public-private R&D and extension network for
manure recycling technology
RAMIRAN
Career oppor-tunities
SE Asia partners
Students other projects
Technology & Innovation
WP1 Scientific training
WP2 Generic training
Training + R&D networks
Environmental technology companies
Universities
Public and regulatory authorities
Dissemination networks
BSE*
Farmers org. & advisory
Lasting research collaboration
Research institutes
ReUseWaste research concept
Animal waste = Environmental
problems
Characterisation • Fractionation • Thermogravimetry • Spectroscopy • Pyrolysis-GC/MS • ICP/IRMS • NIR/MIR/FTIR • XANES
Treatment • Liquid-solids separation • Acidification/inhibitors • AD / Biogasification for energy • Incineration/Gasification/Pyrolysis • Composting • Waste upgrading/Nutrient recovery • Bio-fertilizer production
Function • Energy source • Crop fertiliser value • Soil quality amelioration • Carbon sequestration
Utilisation • Crop field application • Horticultural growth media • Landscaping • Soil remediation • Bioenergy
…but also valuable manure
resources: - Nutrients
- Organic Matter
Need for research training and competence building in all of these to be able to rethink manure management
Assessment • System analyses • Stakeholder analyses • Life cycle assessment • Integrated sustainability
WP5 Energy recovery
WP3 OM & nutrients characterisation
WP7 Synthesis & assessment
WP6 Land recycling
WP4 Technology & management
ReUseWaste research structure
3.1. New spectroscopic and thermogravimetric methods for determining manure composition and degradability George Bekiaris (UCPH)
4.1 Development of enhanced mechanical separation efficiency by combined separation techniques, pre- and post-treatment, Olga Popovic (UTO)
4.2 Dev elopment of combined acidification and separation: impact on manure and slurry fractions composition and gas emission, Iria Regueiro (ISA-UTL)
4.3 Development of membrane technology for production of concentrated fertiliser and clean water, Salud Camilleri Rumbau (SDU)
4.4 Development of composting technology for bio-fertiliser production, André Santos (CSIC)
5.1 Development of anaerobic digestion methods for optimal energy yield and P recovery from animal manure production, Phuong Vu (WU)
5.2 Development of thermal treatment technologies (pyrolysis & gasification) for low moisture and dehydrated manure feedstock, Natalie Taupe (ULIM)
5.3 Optimal combustion technology for on-farm conversion of animal manures to heat and ash, (NN) (ULIM)
6.1 Field application and gas emissions of slurry treated by additives and mechanical separation, Maxwell Owusu-Twum (UTAD)
6.2 Land utilisation, crop nutrient value and GHG emission of digestate and compost-based biofertilisers, Raghunath Subedi (UTO)
6.3 Assessment of soil quality effects and nutrient availability of manure ash and biochar based biofertilisers, Thanos Pantelopoulos (UCPH)
7.1 Integrated assessment of manure management chains, Yong Hou (WU)
7.2 Evaluation of market acceptability of manure derived biofertilizer products, Sean Case (UCPH)
ReUseWaste research projects WP3
WP4
WP5
WP6
WP7
ReUseWaste research fellows 13 Ph.D. students and postdocs started Sept 2013 or June 2013
10 nationalities - Lots of potential!
ReUseWaste training activities
WP7 Synthesis & integrat. assess. • 2 ESR/ER project
WP4 Technology & management • 4 ESR/ER projects
WP5 Energy and P recovery • 3 ESR/ER projects
WP6 Recycling of C & nutrients to land • 3 ESR projects
WP3 OM & nutrients characterisation • 1 ESR/ER projects
WP1 Scientific training
WP2 Generic and complementary training
WP0 Project management & dissemination
STR
UC
UR
ED T
RA
ININ
G A
CTI
VIT
IES
Network meetings
ESR recruitment
1.01 Gas emissions
process & meas.
1.02 Bioenergy from
animal manure
1.03 Appl. membrane
technology
1.04 Implementation
in govern. policies
1.05 Env. tech. for
manag. bio-waste
1.06 Plant nutrients
terr. ecosystems
1.07 Isotope methods
for nutrient dynam.
1.08 Adv. analytical
techniques.
ESR Intro worksh.
IPR plan
2.01 Intro-course for
ReUseWaste PhD
Man. & daily adm.
Dissemination pl.
International seminar / conference
2.02 Project
management
2.04 IPR and
patenting
2.05 Scientific writing
(fundamentals)
1.09 Soil-plant-
climate models
1.10 Agro-environ.
economics
1.11 Org. residues
management
1.12 Life Cycle Ass.
in Biol. Prod. Syst.
2.07 Res. communi-
cation & outreach
2.08 How to write
grant proposals
New PhD courses Existing PhD courses
2.03 Phil. science &
research ethics
2.06 Scientific writing
(English language)
2.09 Study tours &
secondments
Joint experiments
Study tours
Example of course: Gaseous emissions from
animal manure and
biowastes – processes
and measurement (June 28 - July 8, 2013)
Postponed to Nov, 2013 Organized by
with international guest teachers Location: Vila Real, Portugal
Participants will achieve competence in: • Processes and factors affecting trace
gases production from soil and animal manures and biowastes;
• Fundamentals of measuring techniques and instrumentation;
• Methods for measuring emissions from animal housing, manure stores, field and laboratory experiments;
• Emissions estimates, models and emission factors, mitigation strategies and options;
• Data analysis and interpretation
See www.reusewaste.eu for details and registration
• Effect of different slurry pre–treatments on mechanical separation methods efficiency: preliminary results – Poster S8.28 Popovic O., Gioelli F., Dinuccio E., Balsari P.
• Comparative techno-economical study between membrane technology systems for obtaining concentrated fertilizers from biogas plant effluents – Poster S8.19 Camilleri-Rumbau M. S.; Norddahl B.; Nielsen A.K.; Christensen K.V.; Søtoft L.F.
• Comparison of different approaches for ammonia emissions minimization by acidification of dairy and pig slurries. – Poster S8.29 Regueiro Carrera I., Coutinho J., Fangueiro D.
• Use of biochar and hydrochar to reduce ammonia emissions from soils fertilized with pig slurry – Poster S9.16 Subedi R., Kammann C., Pelissetti S., Sacco D., Grignani C., Monaco S.
ReUseWaste poster presentations
22
Poster S8.19: Comparative techno-economical study between
membrane technology systems for obtaining concentrated
fertilizers from biogas plant effluents (Camilleri-Rumbau M. S et al.)
Objective: To compare the economical potentials of 4 processes for obtaining fertilizer fractions from biogas plant digestates Treatments: • 2 pretreatments: decanter centrifuge or screw press • 2 posttreatments: membrane or membrane + NH3 stip + struvite technologies
Decanter centrifugeAnaerobic digester Buffer
tank
Polymer solution
Decanter tank
Basic solution
Precipitation and pH adjustment(basification)
Rotary MF
50% NaOH
sol.
Flash unit
Stripping
31,5% H2SO4
sol.
Absorption
AirAir
38% ammonium sulphate solution
(NH4)2SO4
38% ammonium sulphate solution
(NH4)2SO4
Reverse osmosis
PermeatePermeate
Feed
Compost MF concentrate Struvite
Water Polymer Water MgO Air
RO concentrate
Biogas
Ex: Postreatment of liquid fraction by Struvite precipitation and ammonia stripping
Treatment type Income (€/t)
Costs (€/t)
Profit (€/t)
Decanter centrifuge with membrane technologies 5.8 1.5 4.3
Screw press with membrane technologies 5.9 1.0 4.9
Decanter with membrane + NH3 strip + struvite precip. 6.2 2.5 3.7
Screw press with membrane + NH3 strip + struvite precip. 6.3 2.3 4.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Cu
mu
late
d N
H₃
emis
sio
ns
(mg
N-N
H₄
* L
slu
rry¯
¹)
Time (d)
Sulfuric acid
Lactic acid
Acetic acid
Citric acid
Aluminium sulfate
Control
Dairy slurry pH evolution and cumulated NH3 emissions, adjusted to initial pH=5.5 with different acids
5
6
7
8
9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
pH
Time (d)
Poster S8.29: Comparison of different approaches for ammonia
emissions minimization by acidification of dairy and pig slurries.
Regueiro Carrera I. et al.
• Rapid increase in pH to initial level • NH3 volatilisation increase
concurrently • Sulfuric acid & Alun-sulfate best
Conclusions – starting to rethink… • Imminent need for rethink of manure management
• Re-design of existing systems is possible!
• Think big systems – but research on specific
• Innovation needs vary for different farms
• Solutions to be found in entire manure chain – Created added value > associated costs
– Maximise ressource efficiency
– Decouple productivity and ressource use
Priority areas:
• Cheap solutions for removing water;
• N, P, micronutrients and NH3 & GHG emissions
• Linking technology to markets & institutions
The ReUseWaste consortium is pleased to present the:
Best Student Poster Award
At the 15th RAMIRAN Conference
Versailles, France,
June 3-5, 2013