2010 Minnesota Bull Moose Hunt

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2010 MINNESOTABULL MOOSE HUNT

What youknow befoafter the h


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2010 MINNESOTA

BULL MOOSE HUNT

Note: Illustrations of pages 15, 22-27, and 29, and information used in the Step-by-Step Field Care chapter, pages 22-29, are from Moose in Ontario (Book Two), published by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.Used with permissions

Dear Moose Hunter:

Congratulations! You have been selected to participate in the 2010 Minnesota Bull Moose Hunt. Themoose hunt is now a once in a lifetime opportunity. We hope your hunt is safe, enjoyable, successful,

and memorable.This booklet contains information on moose hunting regulations, orientation sessions, registration,and other provisions needed to legally hunt this big game species. Please read this booklet carefully.It contains information that beginners and experienced moose hunters will find valuable, including mapsources, equipment options, recommended rifle calibers, moose anatomy, and care of the moose after it isdown. We hope you find this information useful as you plan and participate in your hunt.

Be careful to not let the excitement of bagging a moose overcome your awareness of hunter safety,etiquette, and ethics. Other large animals such as deer or domestic livestock may also be present in thearea where you are hunting, so be sure of your target. And treat other moose hunters and outdoor userswith respect.

Again, congratulations and good luck.

Dave Schad, DirectorDivision of Fish and Wildlife


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Minnesota Moose Hunt

Minnesota is one of only a few states with a moose

population large enough to sustain a hunting season.

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CONTENTSGeneral Information............................................1

Regulations ..........................................................5

Moose Hunter Orientation ..............................12Moose Registration............................................13

Moose Hunt Facts..............................................14

Moose Anatomy and Shot Placement ............14

Field Dressing and Care of Meat ....................17

Step-by-Step Field Care ....................................22

Sunrise/Sunset Table ........................................30


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LEGAL MOOSEFor 2010, only antlered (bull) moose are

legal for harvest. Cows and calves cannot beharvested.

DNR WEBSITEHunters are strongly encouraged to check

the DNR website at: www.dnr.state.mn.us/hunting/moose/index.html. The pagecontains information on zones, seasons, andhistorical harvest.

MOOSE LICENSE VALIDATIONEnclosed in the lead hunters packet is

your bull moose license.

ZONE BOUNDARIESPlease study the map of your zone

provided in the application booklet, and befamiliar with your zone boundaries. Adescription of your moose hunt zone is alsoincluded in the lead hunters packet. If youhave questions about a boundary, detaileddescriptions of your zone can be obtained bycalling the DNR Information Center at(888) 646-6367 (Outstate), or(651) 296-6157 (Metro).

REPORT SICK OR DEAD MOOSE ORMOOSE REMAINS

Please report the location of any sick moose or moose remains you find while

hunting to the nearest registration station.This information helps managers determinethe incidence of disease and losses of moosefrom all causes.

NO REFUNDSThe moose hunt is conducted to manage

moose populations and provide recreation. Alicense is not a bill of sale for meat. If themoose your party kills is inedible for anyreason, no license fee refund or replacementmoose is allowed.

RECOMMENDED FIREARMS ANDBOW AND ARROW EQUIPMENT

Moose hunters should be properly armedand proficient with their arms to make aclean kill and avoid the possible loss of awounded animal. The DNR requests that allhunters follow these arms recommendations:

FIREARMSThe following cartridges are adequate for

hunting moose, if lightly constructedvarmint bullets are not used and the bulletweight is at least 130 grains. Magnumcartridges are not necessary, but a bulletdesigned for deep penetration and controlledexpansion is recommended:

GENERAL INFORMATION


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The DNR recommends hunters use aminimum of .270 win. while some huntersare proficient with smaller -bore calibers,DNR does not recommend their use formoose hunting.

ARCHERY

The DNR urges that only highly qualifiedarchers and experienced big-game huntersattempt to take moose with a bow and arrow.The Pope and Young Club considers a60-pound draw weight the minimum formoose hunting. Arrows must conform toMinnesota legal standards for taking biggame.

MUZZLELOADERSMuzzle-loaded guns must conform to

Minnesota legal standards. An effectivemoose load should deliver at least 1,500 foot-pounds of energy at 100 yards. Blackpowder

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loading manuals describe how to achieve thispower. Caution: Not all guns are safe withsuch loads.

HANDGUNSState law allows all species of big game to

be taken with a handgun, but handguns arenot recommended for taking moose. If used,handguns must be at least .22 centerfire.Calibers below the .44 magnum, while legal,should not be used to take moose.

MULTIPLE KILLSThe bag limit is one antlered moose.

Accidental killing of more than one moose bya party is a serious matter. To avoid takingmore than one moose, each party should: 1)have pre-arranged signals to tell party mem-

bers if a moose has been shot; 2) hunt closeenough together as a party so the signals can be easily heard; 3) agree before the hunt onthe age of the moose to take if multiple mooseare observed at a site while hunting. If morethan one moose is accidentally killed, pleasereport the matter immediately to a DNRConservation Officer.

SUPERIOR NATIONAL FORESTINFORMATIONThe U.S. Forest Service (USFS) is responsiblefor the management of Superior NationalForest lands, including the Boundary WatersCanoe Area Wilderness. For informationabout campgrounds and regulations, contact:Forest Supervisor, Superior National Forest,8901 Grand Ave. Place, Duluth, MN 55808phone: (218) 626-4300.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THEBOUNDARY WATERS CANOE AREAWILDERNESS (BWCAW)

Note : All of northeastern MinnesotaMoose Hunt Zones 20, 26, 27, 32, 36, 60, 61, 62,63, 64, are within the Boundary Waters CanoeArea Wilderness (BWCAW). The followingregulations apply to all BWCAW users:

MOTORBOATSOutboard motors are permitted only on

designated lakes and streams within theBWCAW. Most BWCAW waters within themoose hunt zones are off-limits formotorboats. Please call the Superior NationalForest Headquarters in Duluth,(218) 626-4300, for information regardingmotorboat use.


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OTHER MECHANIZED EQUIPMENTNo machines are permitted in the BWCAW.

The ban on machines includes wheels of anykind, chainsaws, and snowmobiles.

WILDERNESS TRAVEL PERMITSTo make a reservation for your travel permit

(required May 1 to September 30), please call theBWCAW Reservation Center at 1 (877) 550-6777.For further information on other regulationspertaining to the BWCAW call (218) 626-4300or write USFS, 8901 Grand Ave., Place, Duluth,MN 55808.

CAMPSITESCamping in the BWCAW is restricted to

designated sites.

CAN AND BOTTLE BANNo cans and bottles are allowed in the

BWCAW except those containing fuel, medicine,toothpaste, insect repellent, or other items thatare neither food nor beverage. All emptycontainers and other refuse must be burned orpacked out.

BWCAW PREPARATIONThe BWCAW provides a high-quality moose

hunt. However, BWCAW travelers must be

prepared for wilderness camping and travel.The following suggestions will help you preparefor a BWCAW hunt. October is a month of extremely variable

weather. Hunters must be prepared for daysof rain or snow and freezing temperatures.Hypothermia is a real danger. Proper clothingand equipment are essential to survival if youwill be more than one or two hours fromwarm) dry shelter.

Do not wear cotton or down clothing. Wearonly wool, polypropylene, or other syntheticmaterials, which do not lose their insulativequalities when wet. You need head-to-toewaterproof covering. Waterproof boots oroverboots at least knee-high are recommendedfor loading and unloading canoes, butfootwear must also provide support forpacking heavy loads. Wear wool orwaterproof handwear.

Your tent and packs must be truly waterproof and suited for early winter camping. Bring awaterproof tarp large enough to provide acanopy for eating meals or drying clothing.Test all equipment before you go.

Your canoes must have at least six inches of freeboard with 1,000-pound loads. You needprevious experience with rough-water, heavy-load canoeing. Be prepared and patientenough to wait out bad weather or other dan-gerous situations.


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CANADIAN BORDER HUNTERSZones that abut the Canadian border may

involve travel into Ontario by some hunters.If you plan on entering Ontario lands orwaters during your hunt, contact ImmigrationCanada in Thunder Bay at (807) 624-2162 torequest a Remote Area Border CrossingPermit or download off the internet atwww.CanoeCountry.com/RABC. Allow 4-6weeks. This permit is required for huntersentering Ontario, Canada via boat, canoe, orfloat plane without clearing customs atInternational Falls or Grand Portage.

MAP SOURCESTopographic maps are available from local

outfitters, sporting goods or map stores, andthe Minnesota Geological Survey office inSt. Paul, (651) 627-4782. Topographic mapscan be purchased or downloaded off theinternet at www.topozone.com, www.ter-raserver.com and www.maptech.com

County highway maps and PublicRecreation Information Maps (PRIM) areavailable from the Minnesota Book Store,(651) 297-3000 or (800) 657-3757, at www.min-nesotabookstore.com

BWCAW maps are available from localoutfitters, sporting goods and map stores, andthe Minnesota State Documents Center (see above).

Superior National Forest maps areavailable for a fee from the U.S. Forest Serviceat its offices in Duluth, Ely, Tofte, Cook,Virginia and Grand Marais. For moreinformation, call (218) 626-4300.

BWCAW STORM DAMAGEMany parts of the BWCAW experienced

severe storm damage in early July, 1999.Extensive areas of timber have been blowndown, and travel in some areas may bedifficult. Prescribed fires are planned for someof this area. Hunters are encouraged tocontact the US Forest Service to determine if routes you plan to travel will be affected.

MOOSEHUNTINGREGULATIONSTRESPASS LAWAlways respect private lands! Ask first before entering lands not posted as beingopen to hunting. You will improverelationships between landowners andrecreationists, and you will have a moreenjoyable time in the field. When you aredone, a courteous thank you to thelandowner will go a long way in your beingwelcomed back another day. The following isa summary of the Minnesota Trespass Law:

Restrictions (See below for exceptions, defi-nitions, and posting requirements) A person may not enter legally posted land

for outdoor recreation purposes withoutpermission.


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A person may not enter agricultural landfor outdoor recreation purposes withoutpermission.

A person may not remain on private landfor outdoor recreation purposes after beingtold to leave.

On another persons private land or apublic right-of-way, a person may not takea wild animal with a firearm within 500 feetof a building occupied by humans orlivestock without written permission.

A person may not take a wild animal with afirearm within 500 feet of a corral contain-ing livestock without permission.

A person may not take a wild animal onany land where the person is prohibitedfrom lawfully entering by this law.

A person may not wound or kill anotherpersons domestic animal, destroy privateproperty, or pass through a closed gatewithout returning it to the original position.

No person (including the lessee) may hunton any land leased from the state that has been legally posted by the lessee to prohibithunting.

EXCEPTIONS A person on foot may, without permission,

enter land that is not legally posted toretrieve a wounded animal that was

lawfully shot. A person on foot may, without permission,enter private land without a firearm toretrieve a hunting dog. After retrieving thedog, the person must immediately leave the

premises. This exception does not authorizethe taking of a wild animal.

DEFINITIONS AND POSTINGREQUIREMENTS

Outdoor Recreation means any activityincluding hunting, fishing, trapping, boating, hiking, camping, and engaging inwinter sports which is conducted primarilyfor the purposes of pleasure, rest orrelaxation and is dependent on or derivesits principal benefit from naturalsurroundings.

Agricultural land is land that: 1) isplowed or tilled; 2) has standing crops orcrop residues; 3) is within a maintainedfence for enclosing domestic livestock; 4) isplanted native or introduced grassland orhay land; or 5) is planted to short-rotationwoody crops (hybrid poplar and otherwoody plants that are harvested for theirfiber within 15 years of planting).

IMPORTANT NOTE: All plantedgrassland and hayland and all hybrid poplarand other woody plants that are harvested fortheir fiber within 15 years of planting meetthis definition, including grasslands enrolled

in the federal Conservation Reserve Program(CRP), Conservation Reserve EnhancementProgram (CREP), or the state Reinvest InMinnesota (RIM) Reserve program. Theselands do not need to be posted to preventunauthorized trespass.

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However, land that is brush or trees,including CRP, CREP, and RIM Reserve that is brush or trees, (except short-rotation woodycrops as defined above) does not meet thisdefinition and must be posted or verbal noticegiven to trespassers for criminal enforcementto occur.

To be legally posted, land must have signs:- posted once each year that state no

trespassing or similar terms either:1) along the boundaries every 1,000 feet orless, or in wooded areas where boundariesare less clear, at intervals of 500 feet or less;or 2) at the primary corners of each parcelof land and at access roads and trails atpoints of entrance to each parcel, exceptcorners only accessible throughagricultural land need not be posted.

- with lettering at least 2 inches high and thesignature or the legible name andtelephone number of the owner, occupant,lessee, or authorized manager. Anunauthorized person may not post landwith signs prohibiting outdoor recreationor trespass.

Notification to stay off private land,authorization to remove a sign posted toprevent trespass, or legal permission to

enter private land or to take wild animalsnear occupied buildings or corrals, mayonly be given by the owner, occupant, orlessee.

PENALTIES Violating the Minnesota Trespass Law can

make you subject to either civil or criminalpenalties.

Civil penalties are: 1) $50 for the firstviolation; 2) $200 for the second violation ina 3 year period; 3) $500 and loss of everylicense and registration being used for athird or subsequent violation in a 3-yearperiod; and 4) $50 for unauthorizedremoval of a sign posted under this law.

Criminal penalties are at least amisdemeanor for violation of this law. Inaddition, it becomes a gross misdemeanorto: knowingly disregard signs prohibitingtrespass, trespass after being told not to doso, or violate the trespass law twice withina three-year period. Anyone convictedunder criminal procedures of violating thetrespass law while hunting, fishing,trapping, or snowmobiling will have theapplicable license and registration for thatactivity revoked. Anyone convicted of agross misdemeanor under this law willhave all hunting privileges suspended fortwo years.

LICENSINGMoose hunting licenses are available to

Minnesota residents only. License applicants

must apply as a party of two to four.Successfull applicants are chosen in a randomdrawing.

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The license fee is $310 per party. Licensesare valid only for the zone selected. All moosehunters must have their license and anunused site tag in their personal possessionwhen hunting or when transporting a mooseor its parts.

Moose hunting licenses are not transferable.Military leave papers cannot be used in lieuof a moose license and nonresident militarypersonnel stationed in Minnesota cannot beconsidered as residents for purposes of mooselicense applications.

HUNTING SEASONThe 2010 moose hunting season dates are

October 2 - October 18, in the Northeast only.Northwest Minnesota is closed to moosehunting.

Hunters may hunt moose only in the zonefor which they are licensed.

SHOOTING HOURSLegal shooting hours are one-half hour beforesunrise to one-half hour after sunset.

BAG LIMITThe bag limit is one antlered moose per

licensed party of two to four hunters. Underno circumstances shall any party take morethan one antlered moose.

LEGAL FIREARMSNote: See page 1 for further informationabout firearms recommended for moosehunting.

A rifle, shotgun, muzzleloader, or handgun islegal for taking moose if: it fires a centerfire cartridge and is at least

.22 caliber; it is loaded only with single projectile

ammunition; the projectile used has a soft point or is an

expanding bullet type; the ammunition has a case length of at least

1.285 inches, with the exception of a 10 mmcartridge that is at least .95 inches long, .45Winchester magnum, or a .50 A.E. (ActionExpress) handgun cartridge;

the smooth-bore muzzleloader used is atleast .45 caliber; and

the rifled muzzleloader used is at least .40caliber.

Rifled barrels on shotguns are legalstatewide.

HANDGUNS Moose may be taken with handguns that

meet the definition of legal firearms.However, the use of handguns below the.44 magnum to take moose is notrecommended.

MUZZLELOADER Moose may be taken with muzzleloaders

that meet the definition of legal firearms.


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LEGAL BOWS AND ARROWSNote: See page 2 for further information

about bows and arrows recommended formoose hunting. Bows must have a pull no less than 40

pounds at or before full draw. Arrowheads used for taking moose must be

sharp, have a minimum of two metalcutting edges, be of barbless broadheaddesign, and have a diameter of at least 7/8inch.

Retractable broadheads may be used totake big game if they meet the requirementsabove and: 1) are at least 7/8" in width andno more than 2" in width at or after impact;and 2) are of a barbless design and functionin a barbless manner.

No person may hunt with a bow drawn,held, or released by a mechanical device,except disabled hunters who have acrossbow permit.

A hand-held mechanical release attached tothe bowstring may be used if the personsown strength draws and holds the bowstring.

No person may hunt moose with acrossbow, except by special permit issued tohunters unable to hunt by archery becauseof a temporary or permanent disability. Thisdisability must be verified in writing by a

licensed physician. The permit applicationis available from any DNR regional office.

SHOOTING FROM ROADWAYSNo person may discharge a firearm or an

arrow from a bow on, over, across, or withinthe right-of-way of an improved publichighway (including but not limited to federal,state, county, and township roadways) at a big game animal or a decoy of a big gameanimal that has been set out by a licensedpeace officer.

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An adult bull moose can weigh five to ten times as much as a whitetail buck. To properly field dress ananimal this big takes careful planning and far more equipment than most deer hunters are used to carrying.


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REFUGES CLOSEDAll game refuges are closed to moose

hunting.

USE OF DOGS, HORSES AND RADIOEQUIPMENT

A person may not use a dog, horse, or radioequipment to take moose.

PARTY HUNTINGLicensees may not hunt moose without

having the unused tag in their partyspossession. Licensed parties may not assistother licensed parties in taking moose.

MIXED WEAPONS PARTIESLicensed moose hunt parties may consist of

individuals hunting with bow and arrow andindividuals hunting with firearms.

BLAZE ORANGE REQUIREDThe visible portion of a hunters cap, if

worn, and outer clothing above the waist,excluding sleeves and gloves, must be blazeorange. Blaze orange includes a camouflagepattern of at least 50 percent blaze orangewithin each square foot.

TAGGINGA moose may not be transported or

possessed unless the site tag bearing thelicense number of the party taking the mooseand the year of its issue has been affixed tothe carcass in one of the following locations:1) between the tendon and the bone of a hind

leg and fastened around either the bone or thetendon; 2) around the base of either antler; or3) through a slit cut through either ear.

The tag must be fastened so it cannot bereadily removed from the moose at the site of the kill. A person may field dress or hang amoose at the site of the kill, but may notremove it from the site without the tag beingattached.

Moose may be skinned, quartered, orfurther divided before transportation andregistration. However, all edible meat and allother parts not left in the field must bepresented for registration at the same time,including that portion with the seal. Moosemust be registered prior to processing.

REGISTRATIONEach moose must be registered within 24

hours after the end of the season. Registrationstations are listed on page 13. Information onthe location of the kill (Township RangeSection), and date and time of kill will becollected. Remember to turn in one copy of your map with the kill location marked whenyou register your moose.

MOOSE HARVEST LOCATION MAPHunters are asked to turn in one of the two

maps you receive with the lead hunter packet.

Please mark your moose harvest location withan x and turn it into the registration station.GPS coordinates of the location are optional, but encouraged.


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TRANSPORTATION OF HEADS ORHIDES

A resident who has a license to take moosemay transport the head or hide of the animalwithin or out of the state for mounting or

tanning.

This mount, in the DNR headquarters in St. Paul, has a Boone and Crockett preliminary score of 197 2/8, number 3 in Minnesota state records. The bull was shot near Ely in 1906.

D N R S t a f f P h o

t o


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LocationWhite Bear Lake (White Bear Lake High SchoolSouth Campus, 3551 McKnight Rd., north of Hwy 694)St. Cloud Technical College, Rm. 2401540 Northway Dr., St. Cloud

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You must attend an orientation session beforehunting. The purpose of the orientation sessionsand their scheduling is to provide informationon equipment needs and care of moose meat,

and to make moose hunters aware of U.S. ForestService regulations for the Superior NationalForest and the Boundary Waters Canoe AreaWilderness (BWCAW). The earlier sessions alsogive hunters the opportunity to scout theirhunting zone before the hunt starts. Individuallicenses are validated at a mandatoryregistration - please bring your license with you!

The schedule below shows the locations, dates,and times of the orientation sessions. Huntersmay attend at any given time or location that isconvenient to them. All members of a party neednot attend at the same time, and those party

members not intending to hunt are not requiredto attend orientation sessions.

For more information on northeast orientationsessions and moose hunting, contact:

Tower Area Wildlife Manager

Tom Rusch (218) 753-2580 ext. 240Grand Marais Assistant Area Wildlife ManagerDave Ingebrigsten (218) 387-3034Eveleth Assistant Area ManagerJeff Hines (218) 744-7448 ext. 2224Intl Falls Area Wildlife ManagerFrank Swendsen (218) 286-5434Two Harbors Area Wildlife ManagerBob Kirsch (218) 834-1453St. Paul DNR, Toll-FreeOutstate (888) 646-6367 Metro (651) 296-6157

Note: Your must bring your license to the orientation session to have it validated.

MOOSE HUNTER ORIENTATION

Dates Times

Saturday, Sept 11

Saturday, Sept 11

Saturday, Sept 18

Saturday, Sept 25

9:00 a.m. - noon

9:00 a.m. - noon

9:00 a.m. - noon

9:00 a.m. - noon

Ely (Vermilion Community College, NE corner of town)

Two Harbors (Community Center 417 S. Ave facingwaterfront)


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Moose must be registered at one of the following registration stations within 24 hours after the endof the season and prior to processing the animal

NORTHEAST REGISTRATION STATIONS

MOOSE REGISTRATION

Ely Lucky Seven 24/7620 Sheridan St.

Finland Wildhurst Lodge and campgrounds 9 a.m.-10 p.m. Daily4 mi. North of Finland on Hwy. 1

Grand Marais Bucks Hardware Hank , Hwy. 61 6 a.m.-8 p.m. DailyVirginia Lucky Seven, Hoover Rd. 6 a.m.-8 p.m. M-Thurs.

6 a.m.-10 p.m. Fri.6 a.m.-8 p.m. Sat.6 a.m.-6 p.m. Sun.

Beaver Bay Beaver Bay Sports 9 a.m.-5 p.m. M-F

Hwy. 61 9 a.m.-2 p.m. Sat.Closed Sunday

Two Harbors Conoco Little Store Hwy. 61 5 a.m.-11 p.m.

* Orr Pelican Bay IGA 5 a.m.-8 p.m. Mon.-Thurs.Hwy. 53 5 a.m.-9 p.m. Sat.

5 a.m.-8 p.m. Sun.Eveleth At Your Convenience store 5:30 a.m.-11:30 p.m. Daily

Jen Hwy. 16 & Hwy. 53

Duluth Chalstroms Bait and Tackle 6 a.m.-8 p.m. M-Sat5067 Rice Lake Rd. (Hwy. 4) 6 a.m.-7 p.m. Sun

* This station may not be open. Contact station prior to trying to register a moose.


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Past moose hunts have been designed toharvest 5% of the herd in the northeast annu-ally.

Since 1998 success rates for moose huntsin the northeast have averaged 69%.

Average dressed weights of moose are:Adult bulls 500 to 900 lbs.Adult cows 400 to 600 lbs.Yearlings 300 to 500 lbs.Calves 200 to 300 lbs.

The moose rutting season in Minnesota begins in early September and extendsthrough late November, with the peak in late

September and early October. Under a 1988 agreement with the State of Minnesota, the Bois Forte, Grand Portage, andFond du Lac Chippewa Indian bands agreedto limit their moose harvest andconduct seasons at the same time as stateseasons. The agreement also called for thestate to make annual payments to the bands.Since that time, the Fond du Lac band hasdropped out of the agreement and now setsits moose seasons independent of the stateand other bands. The remaining Chippewa

bands in the moose range also set mooseseasons and quotas for band members onreservation lands separate from stateregulations.

The moose is the largest game animal inNorth America and the largest deer in theworld. Yet despite the large size of a moose,the vital area for making a quick and humanekill is relatively small. Study the followingdiagrams of moose anatomy and proper shotplacement carefully so you can make yourfirst shot count.

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MOOSEHUNT FACTS

MOOSEANATOMY

AND SHOTPLACEMENT


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MAKING THE SHOT

When shooting a moose, always aim for theheart-lung area (Figure 1). In addition to theseorgans, this area also contains the highestconcentration of blood vessels. Hits to thisarea will cause heavy bleeding that cannot bestopped, and death occurs quickly.

Hits to the heart cut off the blood supply tothe brain, and the animal becomesunconscious in seconds. Hits in the lungs arealso fatal, but the moose may travel aconsiderable distance before going down especially if pursued immediately. Most of the bleeding is internal. The animals movementmay cause the skin to move over the entryhole, preventing an obvious blood trail. Bloodfrom the arteries is bright red. If the hitincludes the lung area, the blood may also befrothy.

The visible amount of heart lung target areachanges depending on the position of themoose relative to the hunter (Figure 1). Allhunters, especially archers, should be awareof the location of the humerus, the large bone between the shoulder and the elbow. Whenthe moose is walking or running, this bonepartially protects the heart-lung area. In somepositions none of the target area is visible, sothe hunter must wait for the moose to move

and expose it. For archers, a moose facingaway at a 45-degree angle presents the bestaccess to the target area. This shot is notobstructed by ribs or shoulder bones.

Figure 1. The exposure of the heart-lung target areachanges depending on the position of the moose relative to the hunter.


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SHOTS TO AVOID

Hits to the liver and spleen may causeheavy bleeding, but the moose may still travela considerable distance after being shot.

Hits to the rumen (paunch) and intestinesare eventually fatal, but the moose may travela considerable distance and a hunterschances of recovering it are slim. Never takethese shots deliberately.

Do not try shots to the brain and spinalcord. These areas are small and difficult topick out on a moose. In addition, the brainis well-protected by heavy bone on bulls. Aclose miss can cause nonfatal wounding.

If the animals body is obstructed fromview, do not use the head position to guesswhere the target area may be. And all huntersshould avoid running shots. Archers shouldeven avoid shooting at a moose that iswalking quickly.

AFTER THE SHOT

Moose often give little or no indication thatthey have been hit. Unlike deer, moose maystand in one place until collapsing or moveoff and bed down. If the moose moves off,wait 30 minutes before following it to allowtime for the animal to bed down. Moose haveheavy hair which absorbs blood from thewound, so following a blood trail may bedifficult. Always assume youve made a hitand make every effort to recover the animal.


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The challenges of moose hunting do notstop once you have bagged the animal. In any but the easiest situations, field dressing andcare of the moose is a major task. The carcassmay be up to five times larger than a deer.The weather will be warmer and wetter thanduring November deer hunts. And the terrainover which the moose must be moved is

especially difficult.However, hunters are ethically and legally bound to ensure the meat of a game animal isnot wasted. Having the proper equipmentand a basic knowledge of meat handlingtechniques will help you get the meat to thedining table in good condition.

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS1) Cool meat quickly and age properly.Temperatures during moose season have a

direct bearing on what must be done to

preserve the meat. In late September to mid-October the average minimum temperaturesare 32-40 and the average maximum

temperatures are 54-64 across the Minnesotamoose range. This is warm weather, so youmust take extra precautions to ensure themeat stays cool.

To produce tender, tasty meat, the carcassshould first be cooled to under 40 as soon aspossible after the animal is killed. In acommercial cooling room at 38 it will take atleast 24 hours for a freshly killed and skinnedquarter of moose to reach the roomstemperature. Any situation with warmertemperatures will approach this cooling rateonly if you reduce the size of the individualmeat masses. Unless it is a calf moose, youneed to also age the meat to make it tender.Normally, an older animal should be agedfrom 7 to 14 days at 36-38 in a cooling room.The aging process begins as soon as ananimal is killed. At temperatures higher than36-38 meat will age faster. Above 40 it can be expected to age as much in 2-3 days as itwould in a week in a commercial coolingroom.

Because of the speed at which spoilage cantake place at body temperature, a mooseshould be dressed out immediately after it iskilled even in winter temperatures. Once thathas been done and you are within an hour ortwo of a commercial meat processor, youmight do no more than haul your moose in

one piece to that establishment. However,most moose hunters will not be able to gettheir moose into a cooling room in much lessthan 36 hours after killing the animal. Moose

FIELDDRESSINGAND CARE OFMEAT


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taken in the canoe country can easily be 72hours away from refrigeration.

It is absolutely essential to skin the moosethe same day it is killed. Moose hide and hairare excellent insulators that will preventproper cooling. Therefore, any moose thatcannot be placed in a commercial cool roomthe same day it is killed should be skinnedwithin a few hours. Skinning will also reducethe weight to be transported by 60 to 90pounds, unless you wish to save the hide.Adequate cooling under normal temperaturesalso requires that shoulders and hams beseparated from their respective quarters. Anymoose that cannot be refrigerated the sameday it is killed should be divided into piecesas described beginning on page 23.

The skinned and divided pieces of meatneed protection from dirt and flies. However,cooling should be accomplished before themeat is closely wrapped or confined in a boat,plane, or vehicle. It should be hung in theshade with good air circulation. It would be best for a moose shot and cut up one day to be cooled overnight before transportation tothe registration station begins. Cloth meatsacks or cheesecloth (see equipment section,page 21) are recommended for covering themeat (30 yards of cheesecloth required forgood coverage). Never stack pieces of meat

before chilling to below 40. Never use plasticfor covering meat except when placing in afreezer or as a very loose, ventilated cover for

rain protection.Plan to have your moose meat in

refrigeration within 3-4 days if nights areabove 45. If daytime temperatures are in the60-70 range the moose should be fully butchered and frozen within three days.

To avoid last-minute problems, makearrangements with a meat processor beforeyou leave home for your moose hunt.

2) Prevent dampness by keeping meat dry.Meat will sour faster if it gets wet and is

allowed to remain wet. The followingsuggestions will help you avoid that problem.The meat and the bags that contain it must bekept off damp ground. Cut brush (do not cuttrees) to lay meat on while butchering andcooling near campsites in the SuperiorNational Forest. When meat bags must betransferred during transportation, place themonly on dry surfaces such as rocks, logs, oryour other equipment. Air circulation aroundeach piece of meat must be maintainedthroughout the transportation to refrigeration.

Sometimes getting the meat wet isunavoidable, as when washing off contaminated pieces, when it is raining whileyou cut up the carcass, or if your moose fallsin water. Whenever meat gets wet, dry it off as soon as possible. Keep meat dry duringrain by putting it under cover such as a tent

or a tarp. Plan to have material of some sortalong for wiping the meat dry.Do not try to keep meat dry by wrapping


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19


with plastic or other waterproof material.Moisture from within the meat itself willcollect under the plastic. Any waterproof covering must allow full air circulation.

If you are traveling by canoe you will needsome way to keep your meat sacks off the bottom and some kind of canoe cover in caseof rain.

3) Keep the meat clean and untainted.The moose hunting season coincides fairly

well with the moose breeding season. Duringthis time a bull moose digs wallows in whichhe urinates and sprawls. The odor of anactive wallow can be detected from as far asseveral hundred feet. Therefore, if you do notskin your moose at once you should becareful that the hair does not touch meatsurfaces. Also, do not use cloth that hascovered unskinned parts of a moose to coverskinned meat.

When dressing out your moose, separatethe windpipe and esophagus by running aknife between them and then tie a knot in theesophagus to keep stomach juices fromflowing out.

Take care not to puncture the stomach orintestines. If you do, or if the moose has beengut-shot, wash out the body cavity afterdressing and wipe it dry.

The anus should be cut free from the body

and tied to prevent intestinal contents fromspilling out. Search for the bladder and tie itoff with a string to prevent spilling urine. If these precautions fail, clean soiled areas atonce. Blood clots and damaged meat should

be removed right after quartering to preventpremature spoilage of the good meat.

Take care to cover the meat or place it in avehicle so that dirt and exhaust fumes areexcluded while providing plenty of ventilation. Never stack pieces of meat beforechilling below 40F.

4) Keep flies off meatFlies are active during the day throughout

autumn. Fly eggs can develop rapidly andspoil the meat. The process of dressing out,skinning, and quartering or further divisionfor backpacking or canoe portages can takemany hours, and on a mild sunny day, flieswill soon arrive.

At this stage of handling, it is difficult tocover the meat with cheesecloth or meatsacks. Liberally sprinkling the moose with black pepper keeps flies away, but it coversup the hair and can damage the meat. A washof white vinegar will discourage flies and notharm the moose meat. The problem withvinegar is that a gallon weighs more than 8pounds. Enough pepper to keep flies awayweighs just a pound.

While meat is hung or transported duringthe day it should be covered to keep flies off.Cheesecloth (about 30 yards per moose), oldsheets, or special meat sacks will work. Thiscovering around the meat should be closed to

keep flies from crawling in, but it should beas loose as possible to let air circulate to cooland dry the carcass. A fly-proof tent coveringworks well for this.


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20


During the night when flies are inactive, thecovering should be removed to allow betterair circulation and chilling. Do not reuse anycloth for covering meat if it has been coveringhair. Flies will deposit eggs where bloodsoaks through a covering, so beware of reusing the other side of such cloth.Cheesecloth is too fragile for re-use to bepractical if you use it, leave it on.

EQUIPMENTMinnesota moose are bagged in locations

ranging from farm fields to remotewilderness. Regardless of the location, fielddressing and moving a moose is rarely easy.Therefore, the equipment recommendationsare essentially the same regardless of whereyou hunt. A party of four hunters shouldcarry the follow equipment:

Pack frames Preferably the freightertype with a load shelf, these are the best wayto move 500 pounds of moose meat from thefield. Even if you plan to use an All TerrainVehicle (ATV) to haul the animal, rememberthat the location where the moose is downedmay be accessible only by foot. Soft packs areunsuitable for carrying large chunks of moosemeat, because heavy loads are difficult to balance and carry.

Nylon rope This is used to lash the meat

to a pack frame or other carrier, and to holdthe moose in position when you field dress it.Carry at least 200 feet of 1/4- or 3/8-inch-diameter rope.

Meat sacks Sacks are used to keepinsects, dirt, and debris off the meat. You can buy inexpensive meat sacks from sportinggoods retailers or make your own frommuslin or cheesecloth. The sacks should beabout 30 inches wide and 40 inches long. Youwill need at least eight sacks.

Plastic trash bags Use 39-gallon bags tocover moose meat when transporting it in therain or to carry the liver, heart, and kidneys.Meat can spoil when contained in plastic, so be sure to keep the bags open and removethem immediately when they are not needed.Because these sacks tear easily, bring a goodsupply.

Tarps Use two lightweight, coated nylontarps, 10 foot by 10 foot in size, to cover meatin camp. Place the quarters on the tarp whenfield-dressing the moose.

Block and Tackle A small block andtackle may be needed to move the downedmoose to a place where you can field-dress it.Two lightweight sets generally work betterthan one heavy set.

Pepper Sprinkle a quarter-pound of black pepper or several cups of vinegar onthe meat as a fly repellent.

Saws Carry at least two bone saws,preferably one each of the bow and sabretypes. Be sure the saws are sharp before

leaving on the hunt. Bringing spare saw blades is a good idea. Some hunters use


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21


chain saw to field dress moose, but the resultis messy and you may taint the meat with oiland exhaust.

Knives Heavy butcher knives work bestfor separating joints or cutting through largemasses of muscle. Butcher knives should havea 5- or 6-inch blade. Carry at least two, so youcan work with one while the other is beingsharpened. You can also use butcher knives toclear brush in your working area.

Skinning knives are necessary to take off the hide. Bring at least two. Moose hide ismuch thicker than that of a deer and canquickly dull a knife.

Sharpeners Knife sharpeners allow youto touch up your knives as you work.Diamond sharpeners work with water ratherthan oil, making them somewhat easier to usein the field.

Lights Flashlights, headlamps, and camplanterns are needed if you shoot a moose inthe late afternoon, because it will be afterdark before you finish field dressing theanimal. Bring a sufficient supply of batteriesand lantern fuel.

Waders Hip boots or chest waders may be necessary if you shoot your moose in amarshy area. Try to avoid shooting a moosethat is standing in water.

Cloth Wiping cloths are needed to

remove water, debris, and blood from moosemeat, you, and your equipment. Use clothsthat are absorbent, and can be rinsed andwrung out.

Ice Use large ice chests to store the meatwhen you travel home after the hunt. Anentire, boned-out moose will require four tosix ice chests.

Packs Wear small day packs to carryfield-dressing equipment, food, water, andextra clothing. For deer hunters who areaccustomed to carrying little more than a gun,knife, and rope, this may seem excessive.However, not having the above items on handwhen you need them will greatly increase thedifficulty of field-dressing a moose.

Salt Use non-iodized salt to preserve themoose head for mounting and the hide fortanning. You will need about six pounds tosalt down the head and cape. To preserve theentire hide you will need an additional 12-15pounds. The salt supply can remain at yourvehicle.


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Step 1. Notify the other hunters in yourparty using a pre-arranged signal. Carefullyapproach the downed moose. If the animal isdead, most likely the eyes will be open andglazed. While standing clear to avoid beingkicked, prod the moose with a stick. If theanimal is still alive, finish it with a shot to thehead, neck, or heart. If the eyes do not glazeover within a couple of minutes, shoot themoose again. Do not shoot it in the head if you are planning to have the head mounted.

Step 2. Make sure to affix the seal to yourmoose before you move it from the site.Prepare the site for field dressing. Clear awayany brush which may interfere with yourwork. If the area is swampy, you may have tomove the moose to dry ground before you begin.

Step 3. Because of its thick hide and largesize, a moose cools slowly. Even with chillyfall temperatures, it takes nearly two days fora moose carcass to completely cool. Dontdelay the cooling process by wasting time before starting to field dress the moose. Get towork! Even with four hunters, it takes severalhours to complete the task.

Step 4. Roll the moose on its back. If

Figure 2. Cut around the arms and colon, and tie the anus off with a string.

STEP-BY-STEPFIELD CARE


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possible, get the front quarters higher thanthe rest of the carcass, which will make iteasier to remove internal organs. Use rope totie off the legs to nearby trees in order tosteady the carcass. If you are alone, roll theanimal on its right side. The attachment of thepaunch is on the left side of the body cavity,so it is easier to remove if you can reach itwithout probing under the entire weight of the paunch.

Step 5. Begin opening up the moose bycutting around the anus and colon, freeingthem from the tissues and bone that surroundthem (Figure 2). A long-bladed knife is bestfor this job. Tie the anus off with a string, sothe droppings wont spill on the meat. Onceyouve cut around the anus, you can freemost of the colon by pushing your handalong and around it.

Step 6. Have an assistant hold one hind legor tie the leg back so you can make the mainincision. Beginning between the hind legs, cutthrough the skin and thin muscles that coverthe abdominal cavity. Use your knife with thecutting edge up to avoid puncturing internalorgans (Figure 3). Take special care not topuncture the paunch. Pressing down on therumen with one hand while you cut will helpprevent accidental puncture. Continue cuttingforward to the breastbone. Cut through the

breastbone using a saw and continue the cutto the base of the neck. You have nowexposed the entire body cavity (Figure 4).

23


Figure 3. To avoid puncturing internal organs, hold your knife with the cutting edge up while pressing down on the rumen with your other hand.

Figure 4. Using a hand saw, cut through the breast bone and continue the incision to the base of the neck.


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Step 7. Cut completely around thediaphragm where it attaches to the rib cageand breast bone (Figure 5). Pry open the ribcage by either tying one front leg to the sideor having an assistant pull the front legs

apart. Cut off the esophagus and windpipe atthe neck and tie them off (Figure 6).

Step 8. By pulling back on the windpipeand esophagus you can remove the heart,lungs, liver, and finally the paunch, intestines,and kidneys. The colon and anus can bepulled through from the inside. Very littlecutting is necessary once you begin pullingthe organs out. Be careful not to cut thetenderloins along the backbone when freeingthe paunch and intestines. Set aside the heartand liver, allowing them to cool as quickly aspossible. See page 29 for recommendations oneating internal organs. Prop the carcass sothat blood drains from the body cavity. Openthe cavity using a stick to promote cooling.

Step 9. Now you must decide whether to:a) haul your moose intact; b) quarter the moose without skinning;c) skin the moose and quarter it; ord) skin the moose and cut it into pieces

smaller than quarters.Carefully consider which option will make iteasiest to haul the meat without undue strainto the hunters or risking spoilage. Thefollowing suggestions should help youdecide.

a) Haul your moose out whole only if youcan go to a commercial cool room on the sameday the moose is killed and if you can driveto the moose with the transport vehicle and amechanical loader.

b) Quarter your moose without skinningonly if there is time to get the moose quartersto a cool room on the same day, but there isno mechanical loader. You will probably beable to drag the quarters to a vehicle if the


Figure 5. Cut around the diaphragm where it attaches to the breast bone.

Figure 6. Cut off the esophagus and windpipe at the neck, and tie them off with string.

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terrain is gentle and the distance is no greaterthan one-half mile.

c) Skin and quarter your moose if it will be the next day before you can reach a coolroom. Skinning also allows you to save thehide.

d) It is necessary to skin the moose andcut it into pieces smaller than quarterswhenever: temperatures do not fall to 40 atnight or rise above 55 during the day; it willtake two days or more to reach a cool room;or the meat must be backpacked.

Step 10. Remove the legs and head. If youwish to make a head or antler mount, seepage 29 for further information about care of trophies. It is best to separate the head andneck at the point where the neck joins the body. Cut through all the hide and muscles toreach the spine, then disjoint the neck bycutting with a bone saw. Now cut throughthe hide on the top of the neck to a point between the antlers. Next use the cut to skinout the neck. Then cut through the neck mus-cles where the skull and vertebrae join andcut the head and neck apart with a bone saw.The neck section averages 40 pounds and isused for hamburger and stew meat.

The lower legs can be removed with just aheavy knife, if you can locate the joints. Look for them low on the knee bend and just below

the hock joint. Do not cut the hock tendon, because it is handy for hanging the quartersand is one of the places where your moosetag can be attached. After you cut through the

hide and ligaments at the joint, it willseparate if you exert enough pressure. Youmay find it easier to wait until the moose isquartered and skinned before removing thelower legs.

Step 11. Skinning before quartering isusually preferable, because it lowers the risk of spoilage. Also, skinning is easier when theanimal is still warm and fresh. However, if you decide not to skin your moose beforequartering, continue to Step 12.

Begin skinning by make a cut through thehide along the inside of each leg from wherethe lower legs were removed to the bodycavity incisions (Figure 7). Cut from inside thehide, which will keep your knife sharper andthe meat cleaner than cutting through the hairfrom the outside. The hide will easily pullaway from the body, and you can use a

Figure 7. Location of cuts to beginning skinning and gutting.

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curved blade skinning knife to free it where itsticks. Skin out the legs and both sides asmuch as possible, then roll the animal on oneside to skin along the back. Roll the animalthe other way, lying the carcass on the skinside of the hide, to complete the skinning.You will know have the carcass lying on thespread-out hide, which provides you with aclean working area.

Step 12. The procedure for quartering amoose is the same whether the hide is on orremoved from the carcass. However, cuttingis more difficult and messy if the hide is lefton. If you decide to cut the meat into smallerpieces to facilitate cooling, skip this step andproceed to Step 13, because the cuts aredifferent.

To begin quartering, cut the moose in half (crosswise) just behind the last rib. Stand thefront half neck end up and saw down thecenter of the backbone to separate the twofront quarters. To separate the hind quarters,saw through the pelvis first. Then stand the back half on the rump and saw down throughthe backbone. You now have four quartersand the neck piece (Figure S).

Step 13. This step begins with the moosegutted, skinned, and lying on the hide. Theaverage moose carcass will weigh about 400-500 pounds, but it can be moved quite easily

on the hide. Pull the carcass to one side of thehide so you dont have to stand on the hide.Two hunters can hold the carcass steadywhile a third pulls a front leg away from the

body so the fourth hunter can remove it witha cut between the leg and the chest. Continuecutting to remove the leg with the shoulder blade attached. Repeat the procedure on theother front leg. Each leg will weigh about 40-50 pounds.

The most effective way to cut the hamsfree of the pelvis is to locate the ball andsocket joint by moving the leg. This jointseparates quite easily once the muscles arecut. The hams will generally be somewhatlighter than the front quarters.

Boning out the ribs is the preferredmethod. First, cut away the flesh from the ribsall the way to the backbone on both sides. Tryto keep the meat in one piece, rather than

cutting off small pieces. Then score the joints between the ribs and backbone with your

Figure 8. Location of cuts for quartering.


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heavy knife and bend the ribs outward to break them free. You may instead saw themoff about 6 inches from the backbone. Younow have the back of the moose, with themeat cut from the ribs attached. Either bonethis out or cut this section into two or threepieces to make it easier to carry. You caneither saw through the backbone or use yourheavy knife to separate it at the vertebral joints

You now have eight or nine pieces of moose meat, each weighing from 40-70pounds. This represents about 60 percent of the animals total weight. By further boningout the meat, you can remove an additional50-75 pounds of bone. This is an importantconsideration if you must pack across severalportages or plan to carry out a trophy head.

MUSCLE CYSTSSome moose may carry small cysts in

some muscles. These cysts are usually lessthan one-half inch in diameter and filled witha clear fluid. The cysts contain the larval stageof a parasitic worm. Normal cookingprocedures will kill any parasites, but thecysts should be removed when meat isprocessed. Additional information will beprovided at orientation sessions.

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An adult cow weighs 900-1,000 pounds. When field dressed, it weighs 400-600 pounds.


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INTERNAL ORGANS AND OTHEREDIBLE PARTS

HEARTOn the moose heart, you may find cysts,

which come from a life stage of tapewormwhich infects the intestines of canines such asdogs and wolves. The cysts appear as smallwhitish balls the size of a pea. They may befilled with a clear fluid or be calcified andhave a yellow color. No stage of thetapeworm infects humans, but the cystsshould be sliced out. If there is a heavyinfection of cysts, the heart may be inedible.Approximately two percent of the moosetaken in northwestern Minnesota andapproximately 17 percent taken innortheastern Minnesota are infected withheart cysts.

LIVERThe giant liver fluke is a leechlike parasite

that can cause extensive liver damage. About51 percent of moose livers from northwesternMinnesota and 15 percent from the northeastare infected with flukes. You can find liverflukes by slicing through the liver. You maysee either live flukes or pockets of blackishmatter within light-colored pockets of tissue.Do not discard a liver because of color alone.

A wholesome liver may vary in color fromsandy to blackish red.

Moose livers sometimes carry the larvalstage of a parasitic worm found in both thedog and cat families. These cysts are usuallyless than one-half inch in diameter and filledwith a clear fluid surrounding the larva. If there are only a few cysts they may be cut outwith no harm to the liver. The cysts have beenfound in 24 percent of samples from thenorthwest and in 38 percent from thenortheast.

Note: Normal cooking procedures willkill any parasites.

Caution: Do not feed any raw, wildanimal organs to your pets. Parasites are asinfectious to dogs as they are to wildcarnivores, their usual hosts. Also, the eggs of a deer or moose lung parasite passed througha dog can infect humans.Other Edible Parts

Other edible parts not commonlyconsumed are the muzzle, tongue, kidneys,and testicles. Of this group, boiled moosetongue is especially delicious. The tongue can be removed most easily from the underside of the jaw. If you plan to have the headmounted, remove the tongue after the headhas been skinned. Otherwise, cut open theunderside of the jaw and cut the tongue freefrom its connections. Prepare as beef tongue.

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CARE OF TROPHIES

If you plan to have your moose headmounted, consult a taxidermist before thehunt for recommendations about caring foryour trophy in the field. Figure 9 showswhere to make the cuts to skin out the cape.You may wish to save just the antlers andmount them on a plaque. Moose hides may be tanned and made into leather products.

BUTCHERING AND PREPARATION

If you plan to have your moose meatcommercially butchered, make arrangementswith your butcher before the hunt. Butcheringa moose yourself is a lengthy, but rewardingtask. Whatever route you choose, make surethe meat is wrapped in airtight packages toprevent freezer burn and marked with thedate and cut of meat.

Moose meat generally has less fat contentthan beef. Many cooks prefer to add extra fator liquid when preparing moose meat, or touse a marinade to moisten the meat.Slowcooking recipes retain moisture andtenderize the meat. Properly prepared moosemeat has exceptional table qualities. Enjoythis flavorful reward of your hunt!

Figure 9. Approximate location of cuts to skin out the cape of a moose for a trophy


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SUNRISE/SUNSET TABLE

Nine hunting time zones are shown on themap below. Sunrise and sunset times to beused for hunting purposes in the zone titledIn Table are shown in the table to the right.To determine times for other zones, add orsubtract, as appropriate, the minutes shown atthe top of the map to the times shown in thetable.

Time Zone

DAY123456789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031

6:36 7:49

6:37 7:47

6:38 7:46

6:39 7:44

6:40 7:42

6:42 7:40

6:43 7:38

6:44 7:36

6:45 7:34

6:46 7:33

6:48 7:31

6:49 7:29

6:50 7:27

6:51 7:25

6:52 7:23

6:53 7:21

6:55 7:19

6:56 7:17

6:57 7:15

6:58 7:14

6:59 7:12

7:01 7:10

7:02 7:08

7:03 7:06

7:04 7:04

7:05 7:02

7:07 7:00

7:08 6:58

7:09 6:57

7:10 6:55

7:12 6:53

7:13 6:51

7:14 6:49

7:15 6:47

7:17 6:45

7:18 6:44

7:19 6:42

7:20 6:40

7:22 6:38

7:23 6:36

7:24 6:34

7:25 6:33

7:27 6:21

7:28 6:29

7:29 6:27

7:31 6:26

7:32 6:24

7:33 6:22

7:35 6:21

7:36 6:19

7:37 6:17

7:39 6:16

7:40 6:14

7:41 6:13

7:43 6:11

7:44 6:09

7:45 6:08

7:47 6:06

7:48 6:05

7:49 6:04

6:51 5:02

Rise SetAM PM

Rise SetAM PM

SEPT. OCT.