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2010 FALL EC Websites Development 1
System Development
Dr. John Sum
Institute of Technology Management
National Chung Hsing University
2010 FALL EC Websites Development 2
Reference
K.Laudon and J.Laudon, Management Information Systems, 9th ed., Prentice Hall, 2006.
2010 FALL EC Websites Development 3
OUTLINES
Websites, business processes and IS Review of IT and IS Changes in business and information
management Overview of system development Remarks in system development Exemplar website development
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Example 1: Travelocity.COM
Services support Car rental information Room rate enquiries, on-line hotel room booking Flight ticket enquires, on-line flight ticket booking Tour schedule enquires, on-line tour booking
Users General public (which customer segment) Administration (which departments, which roles) Technical support (Webmaster, etc) Suppliers?
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Website and Information System A website is simply a part of the company’s informati
on system
K.Laudon and J.Laudon, Management Information Systems, 9th ed., Prentice Hall, 2006
Definition: An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.
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Processes, IS and IT
Information technologies provide the infrastructure and support to build an information system.
Information Systems
Information Technologies
Business Processes
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Information Technologies
Software technologies Including operating systems and DBMS MS Words improves the quality of management reports Window XP controls operation of a computer JDK provides platform for developing web application
Hardware technologies Mobile phone support mobile data transfer 802.11 provides the standard for wireless local area
networks USB flash memory provides an alternative way to store
information
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Information Technologies
System development Object-oriented development Component-based development Unified modeling language
Other technologies Artificial Intelligence Parallel processing architecture Optimization algorithm
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Information Technologies
Bar code scanner (IO) Overhead project (IO) Camera (IO) Telephone (IO, Com.) FAX machine (IO, Com.) Computer (Terminal) Calculator (Calculation) Palm/PDA (IO, DB)
Mobile phone (Com.) Optic fibers (Com.) Virtual private network
(Com.) Internet (Com) Web technology (System) Mobile agent (System) Rational Rose UML
(Development)
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Information Technologies
Prog. Lang. Assembly C/C++ Java
JavaScript Java Servlet/Applet Java Network Programm
ing Visual Basic/VBScript Perl HTML/DHTML/XML
Operating Systems MS Window Unix Linux
Database System IBM DB2 MS Access Oracle Sybase MySQL
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Information Technologies
The world is moving. So, many new technologies are coming. Mobile computing Grid computing P2P networks (BT, Gnutella, SKYPE) Chinese computing Biometric Autonomic computing
Search IBM.COM for more
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Information Technologies
Mobile Computing A type of computing model in which the
computers can be networked together even the computers are moving anywhere.
How to connect? How to share resource?
Autonomic computing A type of computing model in which the system is
self-healing, self-configured, self-protected and self-managed.
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Information Technologies
Each technology has its own limitation Security problems Programming difficulties Training – programmer or user Version problem – Window 95/98/2000/XP User account support Transparency – Window versus Linux Maintenance and Support
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Information Technologies
Development team should have enough knowledge to select the appropriate technologies for the system.
Does a development team should learn all these technologies, such as Java, Ajax, RSS Feed, etc.?
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Types of Information Systems By management level (Conventional
Approach) Transaction processing system (operational) Management information system Decision support system Executive information system (Strategic)
Education levels and computer usage skills?
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Types of IS: Contemporary
Where should the “website” (or websites) be located?
What business process (or processes) should it support?
Business operations = Business logic = Business processes. All three terms will be used interchangeably.
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Conventional VS Contemporary Conventional
Designed in a way to fit in the operations of a business unit.
Different department will have a different system.
Scope of the system is smaller.
Analysis and design are simpler.
Easy to maintain.
Contemporary Designed in a way to fit in
the operations of the whole enterprise.
Processes or services oriented.
Scope of the system is huge.
Analysis and design are complicated ?
Difficult to maintain ?
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Changes in Information Management Factors leading to the changes
Business environment Management Practice Technologies Disaster Misc
These factors are always interrelated.
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Changes in Information Management Business environment
Moving towards Asia, then SE Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America
Global outsourcing, implying the need of SCM
Management Total quality management Customer satisfaction Cost-effective Service level
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Changes in Information Management Business environment
Where does the business move? Where are the markets? Where are the manufacturers?
Management What are the next management focus?
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Changes in Information Management Technologies
Wired to wireless Powerful PC, notebook, mobile phone, PDA iPhone, iPad
Disaster 911 Attack Earthquake Tsunami
Misc Energy, Water, Air, Food shortage Global warming Social responsibility
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Changes in Information Management Implications
Change in the information requirement Hourly data versus daily data Multiple languages
Change in culture and habit of using computer Hardcopy document versus web document Fixed line telephone versus Internet phone (Skype)
Change in the volume/speed of information flow Change in the cost structure of a company
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Changes in Information Management Implications
Business processes (e.g. supply chain) are defined in a manner of cross-boundary, and agile Customer-oriented thinking (customer controls everything) Customers and suppliers are users of the information Process definitions are getting complex System scope is increasingly complicated Reusable module is preferred
Need of disaster recovery plan Data backup Server backup
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Changes in Information Management Implications
Corporate social responsibility Green-design System optimization
Technologies are getting cheaper Profit margin is decreasing (Don’t expect too
much on earning) Install new system or using new technology is not
for making money, just for sustainability (survival).
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Business Environment
Suppliers Manufacturers Distributors Retailers Customers
Cash flow Product flow
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Business Environment (70’s – 90’s)
Suppliers Manufacturers Distributors Retailers Customers
Cash flow Product flow
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Business Environment (00’s – Present)
Suppliers Manufacturers Distributors Retailers Customers
Cash flow Product flow
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Business Environment (Beyond)
Suppliers Manufacturers Distributors Retailers Customers
Cash flow Product flow
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Technology Change
How much you know about the following buzzwords: EMU
E-Commerce E-Business, M-Business M-Taiwan, U-Taiwan
Distributed Computing Mobile Computing Peer-2-Peer Computing Grid Computing Cloud Computing
Autonomous Computing
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What Have Not Changes?
System is still in a supporting role (not a decision role) of a company.
System itself does not accounted for making money, but the products or services that the company provide.
System itself does not accounted for profitable, but the business processes that the system support.
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Key Concepts in Systems Development Initiating a systems development
Participants involved in a SD project Reasons for having a new system File the request for budgeting and development The request document should include
Reasons for having the new system, modification of the existing system
Management team for the system development Department in charge of the system The fit of the system to the company IS strategy Expected budget
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Key Concepts in Systems Development Information systems planning
Senior management based on the company need to evaluate and prioritize the requests from different departments
For each request, the proposal should include High level system requirement Feasibility analysis (Financially and technologically) Selection of system development model Objectives and schedule for SD
If the request is approved, then schedule when to release the budget and start the development
If the request is pending to approve (under review), the proposal will be filed for next meeting.
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Key Concepts in Systems Development Build the system (System Development)
(After budget has been approved) Detail analysis – Precise system requirements (user
accepted), a list of user acceptance tests System design – modules, interfacing amongst modules,
hardware requirements, programming language, OS Coding In-house testing – unit test, system test, stress test User acceptance test
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Participants in Systems Development Stakeholders
Individuals who either themselves or through the organization are beneficiaries of the systems development effort.
Users Individuals who interact with the system regularly
System Analyst Professional who specializes in analyzing and designing
business systems. Programmers
Individual responsible for modifying or developing programs to satisfy user requirements.
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Application of ITBusiness
Process
Staff,Clients
Management Team
SuppliersBusiness Process
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Information Systems PlanningThe translation of strategic and organizational goals into systems development initiatives.
Creative AnalysisThe investigation of new approaches to existing problems.
Critical and difficult task
PlanningWhat kind of person is capable to do this translation?
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Critical AnalysisThe unbiased and careful questioning of whether system elements are related in the most effective or efficient ways.
Critical and difficult task
One approach,not universal
Planning
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Planning
Design objectives Performance objectives
Quality or usefulness of the output The speed at which the output is generated
Cost objectives Development costs Costs related to the uniqueness of the system
application Fixed investments in hardware and related equipment On-going operating costs of the system
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Planning
Challenges We would like to have a website for IEC. We would like to have a website for IEC, which is
similar to the following: www.ucla.edu www.anderson.ucla.edu www.cism.kingston.ac.uk www.igec.umbc.edu
We would like to have a website for IEC, with design, outlook and functions similar to the above.
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System Development Model
Waterfall model Spiral Model Component-based Development Prototyping Rapid Application Development Others
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Systems InvestigationProblems and opportunities are identified
Systems AnalysisExisting systems and work processes are studied
Systems DesignDefines how the information system will do what it must do to solve the problem.
Waterfall Model
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Systems ImplementationSystem components are assembled and the new or modified system is placed into operation.
Systems Maintenance and ReviewEnsures the system operates and is modified to keep up with business changes.
Waterfall Model
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Operational PrototypeAccesses real data files, edits input data, makes necessary computations and comparisons, and produces real output.
Nonoperational PrototypeA mockup or model that includes output and input specifications and formats.
Prototyping
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Factors Affecting System Development Resource Constraint Analysis Project Schedule and Tracking Systems Configuration Management Selected Project Management Software Packages Use of Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools Systems Investigation Requirements Analysis Systems Analysis
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Project Schedule and Tracking Use of project management tools
Schedule Milestone Deadline Critical path Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) Gantt chart
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Systems Investigation
Identify potential problems and opportunities and consider them in light of the goals of the company.
It is the second round analysis. The first round analysis has been conducted during system planning.
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Systems Investigation Report A report that summarizes the results of the
systems investigation and the process of feasibility analysis and recommends a course of action.
The investigation is usually conducted by a system investigation team and a steering committee.
Steering committee is an advisory group consisting of senior management and users from the IS department and other functional areas.
Systems Investigation
2010 FALL EC Websites Development 69Table of Contents for a Systems
Investigation Report
Systems Investigation
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Requirements Analysis It is the third round analysis. An assessment used to determine the need
of the users, the stakeholders, and the organization.
Converting organizational goals into systems requirements
Requirement Analysis
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Systems Analysis External and
Internal Sources of Data
It is the forth and the last round analysis.
The analysis must be very precise.
The results will be used in system design.
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Data Collection To understand what
exactly the users needs
What data/information should be processed in the system, and what sort of interface design the users expect.
Steps in Data Collection
Systems Analysis
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Techniques Structured Interview Unstructured
Interview Direct Observation Questionnaires Statistical Sampling
Steps in Data Collection
Systems Analysis
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Data Analysis Manipulating the collected data so that it is
usable for the development team members who are participating in systems analysis.
Data ModelingA commonly accepted approach to modeling organizational objects and associations that employ both text and graphics.
Activity (Process) ModelingA method to describe related objects, associations, and activities.
Data Flow DiagramA diagram that models objects, associations, and activities by describing how data can flow between and around them.
Systems Analysis
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Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
Semantic Description of a Business Process
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Application FlowchartsCharts that show relationships among applications or systems.
Application Flowchart
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Grid ChartsA table that shows relationships among the various aspects of a systems development effort.
Grid Charts
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Systems Analysis Report
Strength and weaknesses of existing system from stakeholders’ perspective.
User/stakeholder requirements for the new system.
Organizational requirements. Description of what new information systems
should do to solve the problem
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Major Problems in SD
Communication gaps between the user (non-IT) and the developer (IT) No common language Lack of IT knowledge (non-IT) Lack of business sense (IT) Lack of mutual trust Lazy
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Solutions
User and developer should have a common ground knowledge General and essential IT knowledge General and essential business knowledge
Patient Quality assurance process
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Technically How?
Spend more time on requirement analysis
Documentation Project plan Quality plan Analysis model Design model Testing plan
Project schedule User manual Maintenance manual
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Who?
Requirement/System analysis Director, department manager, operational staff,
IT manager & programmer System design
Department manager, IT manager & programmer System Implementation
Department manager, operational staff, IT manager & programmer
System Maintenance & Review Operational staff & programmer
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Road map (1)
Service model Define the products or services to be provided by
the company. Identify target customers Identify suppliers
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Road map (2)
Revenue model Evaluate the size of the customer bases for each
product or service. Expected earning of each product or service Might need to analysis the cumulative figures and
presented in quarterly or yearly basis.
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Road map (3)
Business process model Interaction amongst customers, your company
and the suppliers Identify the roles (persons) who will take part in
each operation, such as data entry staff, customer service staff, clerk, department manager, and so on.
Optimize the business processes Refine IS requirement model if necessary
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Road map (4)
IS requirement model Identify which tasks within these operations can
be replaced by using IT Refine business model if necessary Identify the users of the system
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Road map (4)
Cost model Investment on the entire project Staff salary, rental fee, electricity & water bills,
insurance/pension IT equipments, leased line subscription fee,
maintenance cost Might need to analysis the cumulative figures and
presented in quarterly or yearly basis.
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Road map (6)
Profit & Lost analysis In quarterly or yearly basis Identify when is the break-even point
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Road map, why?
Traceable analysis model If there is any change on the service model,
IS requirement model, the effects can easily be identified.
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Effort Estimates
Planning Analysis Design Implementation
IndustryStandardFor Web 15% 20% 35% 30%Applications
TimeRequired 4 5.33 9.33 8in PersonMonths
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eBay-like website for on-line auction
Application Server
WAN
Database Server
Seller
Bidder
SellerSeller
Bidder
Bidder
Bidder
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J2SE
JVM Tomcat
CalculationEngine
DatabaseManager
SellerModule
BidderModule
AdministrationModule
SearchEngine
OS
Server
Network
User Interface
eBay-like website for on-line auction
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Review Questions
Select one website from Travelocity.COM, Global-Trade.COM, iSteelAsia.COM and Forbes.COM and describe the underlying information technologies being used to build that website.
What is the definition of an information systems? What are the differences between a website and an
information systems? What are the roles of “network technologies” playing
in business information system?
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Review Questions
Describe in your own words (1) why development team should have enough knowledge
to select the appropriate technologies for the system, and (2) should a development team learn all the latest
technologies? With an aid of diagrams, explain the differences
between an information system that is followed by conventional and contemporary design approaches.
Describe what Asia business environment has been changing since 1980’s, and its affect on the requirement of an information system.
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Review Questions
Describe in details the roles and responsibilities of each participant in a system development project?
Describe the purposes, the similarities and differences amongst creative analysis, critical analysis, feasibility analysis, requirement analysis, system analysis.
Describe what is waterfall model and the limitation of such development approach.
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Review Questions
With an aid of diagrams, describe in detail any 3 development approaches, and state their differences.
State any five reasons to initiate a development project.
With an aid of diagrams, describe the relationships amongst business processes, information systems and information technologies.
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Review Questions
In system analysis, data are collected for further analyzed. Describe in detail the techniques for which the data are collected, and in what situations the techniques can be applied. If necessary, you can add examples to help your discussion.
Data flow diagram is an analysis model describing the how data is processed. Describe, with an example, what are the four components
in a DFD. Describe in detail, step by step, how data flow diagrams
are obtained.
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Review Questions
DFD, application flowchart, grid charts and screen layouts are four analysis models obtained after system analysis. Describe what are the purposes to obtain such models.
Describe what are the tentative contents that should be included in the System Investigation Report and the System Analysis Report.
In the Road Map for system development, describe in detail what are the six issues that a system developer could follow in order to achieve a traceable analysis model.