©2010 Elsevier, Inc. Chapter 10 Multicellular Animals Dodds & Whiles

©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

Chapter 10

Multicellular Animals

Dodds & Whiles


FIGURE 10.1

The caddisfly larva, Psychoglypha sub-borealis, and the snail, Vorticifex effusa. The caddis larva is 1 cm long, and the snail is 0.5 cm long. Both are from Mare’s Egg Spring, Oregon.


FIGURE 10.2

Example freshwater cnidarians and structures (A–D) and sponges and structures (E–F). Organisms and structures and their approximate lengths are as follows: (A) Hydra, ~5 mm; (B) discharged and undischarged Hydra cnidocysts, the microscopic stinging structures that contain venom; (C) Cordylophora colony, 20 mm; (D) Craspedacusta medusa, ~1 cm; (E) a sponge colony growing on a stick, 20 cm; (F) spicules made of silicon from several species of sponges (about 50 μm each). (A, C–F reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; B from Smith, 2001).


FIGURE 10.3Representative rotifers (A–E), gastrotrichs (F–G), flatworms (H–J), and a nemertean (K), a nematode (L), and a nematomorphan (M). Organisms shown and their approximate lengths are as follows: (A) Gastropus, 0.3 mm; (B) Kellicottia, 0.6 mm; (C) Limnias, a tube-building rotifer, ~0.15 mm; (D) a colony of Sinantherina, colony diameter 2 mm; (E) Epiphanes, 0.6 mm; (F) Chaetonotus, 0.4 mm; (G) Stylochaeta, 0.4 mm; (H) Macrostomum, 2 mm; (I) Girardia (Dugesia), 10 mm; (J) Protostoma with proboscis extended, ~20 mm; (K) a nematode, 1 mm; (L) a horsehair worm, Nematomorpha, 10 cm. (A, B, D–H, and K, L reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; C and J from Smith, 2001).


FIGURE 10.4

Change in body form (cyclomorphosis) of the planktonic rotifer Keratella quadratica in successive generations in laboratory culture. (Reproduced with permission from Hutchinson, 1967).


FIGURE 10.5

Some representative mollusks (A–F) and annelids (G–J). Organisms shown and their approximate lengths are as follows: (A) a unionid mussel, Quadrula, 7 cm; (B) the Asiatic clam, Corbicula, 3 cm; (C) a zebra mussel, Dreissena on a stick, 3 cm; (D) Pomacea, 4 cm; (E) Planorbella, 3 cm; (F) the freshwater limpet, Ferrissia, 4 cm; (G) Branchiura, 10 cm; (H) Ceratodrilus, 3 mm; (I) Aeolosoma, ~6 mm; (J) Placobdella, 16 mm. (A–H and J reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich 2001; I reproduced with permission of Smith, 2001).


FIGURE 10.6

Zebra mussels foul a current meter that has just been removed from a lake. (Image courtesy of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).


FIGURE 10.7

A red-eye bass (Micropterus coosae) “attacking” the lure of a freshwater mussel (Lampsilis cardium). (A) View of the gravid gill that serves as a lure. After the fish bites the mantle (C), the glochidia are released in a cloud and the fish rapidly leaves (D). The mussel is about 6 cm long. (From Haag and Warren, 1999; images courtesy of Wendall Haag).


FIGURE 10.8

Pearl shell buttons and a Megalonaias nervosa mussel shell from the Mississippi River that was drilled for buttons. (Photograph by J. W. Grubaugh).


FIGURE 10.9

Some representative bryozoans and structures (A–D), a tardigrade (E), and water mites (F–H). Organisms and structures shown and their approximate lengths are as follows: (A) Hyalinella colony, ~2 cm wide; (B) Hyalinella zooids, 2.5 mm; (C) bryozoan statoblast, 1.4 mm; (D) Urnatella colony, 5 mm; (E) heterotardigrade, 0.3 mm; (F) generalized adult water mite, 1 mm; (G) generalized larval water mite, 0.5 mm; (H) a water mite feeding on an ostracod. (A, B, and H reproduced with permission of Smith, 2001; C–G reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001).


FIGURE 10.10

Some representative aquatic insects. (A) a semi-aquatic springtail (Collembola), 1 mm; (B) Baetis mayfly nymph (Ephemeroptera), 1 cm; (C) adult Hexagenia mayfly (Ephemeroptera), ~3 cm; (D) a damselfly larva (Odonata), Calopteryx, 1 cm; (E) a dragonfly nymph, Macromia (Odonata), ~5 cm; (F) an adult dragonfly, Macromia, ~8 cm; (G) a stonefly nymph, Isoperla (Plecoptera), 0.7 cm; (H) an adult stonefly, Clioperla, ~3 cm; (I) an alderfly larvae, Sialis (Megaloptera), 2 cm; (J) a spongilla fly larvae, Climacia (Neuroptera), 0.5 cm; (K) an adult backswimmer, Notonecta (Hemiptera), ~2.5 cm; (L) an adult giant water bug, Lethocerus (Hemiptera), ~7 cm. (A, B, and J reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; C, E, F, H, and L reproduced with permission from Borror et al., 1989; D, G, I, and K reproduced with permission of Hilsenhoff, 1991).


FIGURE 10.11

Some representative aquatic insects. (A) a midge larva, Chironomus (Diptera) 0.5 cm; (B) a syrphid fly larvae, Eristalis (Diptera) with respiratory siphon extended, ~5 cm; (C) a mosquito larvae, Anopheles (Diptera), ~1.5 cm; (D) a hydropsychid caddisfly larvae, Hydropsyche (Trichoptera), ~2 cm; (E) a caddisfly larva, Polycentropus, 1.5 cm; (F) an adult caddisfly, Macronemum, ~2.5 cm; (G) a whirligig beetle larva, Dineutus (Coleoptera), 1 cm; (H) a riffle beetle Stenelmis, 0.5 cm; (I) a hydrophilid beetle, Hydrophilus (Coleoptera), ~2.5 cm. (A–C, E, and H reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; D, F, and I reproduced with permission of Borror et al., 1998; G reproduced with permission of Hilsenhoff, 1991).


FIGURE 10.12

Caddisfly larvae cases illustrating diversity of materials used and form of construction, all about 1 cm long. (A) Philarctus, (B) Clostoeca, (C) Brachycentrus, (D) Helicopsyche, and (E) Platycentropus. (Reproduced with permission from Wiggins, 1995).


FIGURE 10.13

Some representative Crustacea. (A) calanoid copepod and nauplii, adult 0.5 mm; (B) the parasitic copepod, Lernea, ~7 mm; (C) cyclopoid copepod and nauplii, adult 0.5 mm; (D) the cladoceran, Leptodora, 3 mm; (E) Daphnia, 0.5 mm; (F) the ostracod, Candona with left valve carapace removed, 0.5 mm. (A and C–F reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001; B reproduced with permission of Smith, 2001).


FIGURE 10.14

Cyclomorphosis of adults of the cladoceran Daphnia retrocurva over a season in Bantam Lake, Connecticut, during 1945. Only body shape was traced. (From Brooks, 1946).


FIGURE 10.15

Some representative Crustacea. (A) a cave shrimp, Palaemonias, 2 cm; (B) the isopod, Caecidotea, 2 cm; (C) the crayfish, Cambarus, 10 cm; (D) the opossum shrimp, Mysis, 1 cm; (E) the amphipod Gammarus, 1 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 2001).


FIGURE 10.16

Some representative fishes. (A) lamprey, Petromyzon, 60 cm; (B) desert pupfish, Cyprinodon, 7 cm; (C) eel, Anguilla, 1 m; (D) bluegill, Lepomis, 20 cm; (E) bullhead, Ictalurus, 50 cm; (F) paddlefish, Polyodon, 2.5 m; and (G) alewife, Alosa, 40 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Eddy and Underhill, 1969).


FIGURE 10.17

Some representative fishes. (A) walleye, Stizostedion, 90 cm; (B) gar, Lepisosteus, 1.5 m; (C) sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus, 20 cm; (D) bowfin, Amia, 60 cm; (E) salmon, Salmo, 1 m; and (F) burbot, Lota, 90 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Eddy and Underhill, 1969).

Documents

©2010 Elsevier, Inc. Chapter 10 Multicellular Animals Dodds & Whiles