201 6 - PKF International · 201 6/17 . Norway. PKF Worldwide Tax Guide 2016/17 1 ... information on their country's taxes that forms the heart of this publication. ... withholding

2016/17

Norway

PKF Worldwide Tax Guide 2016/17 1

FOREWORD A country's tax regime is always a key factor for any business considering moving into new markets. What is the corporate tax rate? Are there any incentives for overseas businesses? Are there double tax treaties in place? How will foreign source income be taxed? Since 1994, the PKF network of independent member firms, administered by PKF International Limited, has produced the PKF Worldwide Tax Guide (WWTG) to provide international businesses with the answers to these key tax questions. As you will appreciate, the production of the WWTG is a huge team effort and we would like to thank all tax experts within PKF member firms who gave up their time to contribute the vital information on their country's taxes that forms the heart of this publication. The PKF Worldwide Tax Guide 2016/17 (WWTG) is an annual publication that provides an overview of the taxation and business regulation regimes of the world's most significant trading countries. In compiling this publication, member firms of the PKF network have based their summaries on information current on 30 April 2016, while also noting imminent changes where necessary. On a country-by-country basis, each summary such as this one, addresses the major taxes applicable to business; how taxable income is determined; sundry other related taxation and business issues; and the country's personal tax regime. The final section of each country summary sets out the Double Tax Treaty and Non-Treaty rates of tax withholding relating to the payment of dividends, interest, royalties and other related payments. While the WWTG should not to be regarded as offering a complete explanation of the taxation issues in each country, we hope readers will use the publication as their first point of reference and then use the services of their local PKF member firm to provide specific information and advice. Services provided by member firms include: Assurance & Advisory;

Financial Planning / Wealth Management;

Corporate Finance;

Management Consultancy;

IT Consultancy;

Insolvency - Corporate and Personal;

Taxation;

Forensic Accounting; and,

Hotel Consultancy. In addition to the printed version of the WWTG, individual country taxation guides such as this are available in PDF format which can be downloaded from the PKF website at www.pkf.com

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IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER This publication should not be regarded as offering a complete explanation of the taxation matters that are contained within this publication. This publication has been sold or distributed on the express terms and understanding that the publishers and the authors are not responsible for the results of any actions which are undertaken on the basis of the information which is contained within this publication, nor for any error in, or omission from, this publication. The publishers and the authors expressly disclaim all and any liability and responsibility to any person, entity or corporation who acts or fails to act as a consequence of any reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this publication. Accordingly no person, entity or corporation should act or rely upon any matter or information as contained or implied within this publication without first obtaining advice from an appropriately qualified professional person or firm of advisors, and ensuring that such advice specifically relates to their particular circumstances. PKF International Limited (PKFI) administers a family of legally independent firms. Neither PKFI nor the member firms of the network generally accept any responsibility or liability for the actions or inactions of any individual member or correspondent firm or firms. PKF INTERNATIONAL LIMITED JUNE 2016 © PKF INTERNATIONAL LIMITED All RIGHTS RESERVED USE APPROVED WITH ATTRIBUTION

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STRUCTURE OF COUNTRY DESCRIPTIONS A. TAXES PAYABLE

COMPANY TAX CAPITAL GAINS TAX BRANCH PROFITS TAX VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) FRINGE BENEFITS TAX (FBT) SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONS LOCAL TAXES OTHER TAXES

B. DETERMINATION OF TAXABLE INCOME

DEPRECIATION STOCK / INVENTORY CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES DIVIDENDS INTEREST DEDUCTIONS LOSSES FOREIGN SOURCED INCOME INCENTIVES

C. FOREIGN TAX RELIEF D. CORPORATE GROUPS E. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS F. WITHHOLDING TAX G. EXCHANGE CONTROLS H. PERSONAL TAX

OTHER TAXATION I. TREATY AND NON-TREATY WITHHOLDING TAX RATES ON DIVIDENDS FROM NORWAY

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MEMBER FIRM City Name Contact Information Oslo Rolf Arentz-Hansen +47 465 00 764 [email protected] [email protected] BASIC FACTS Full name: Kingdom of Norway Capital: Oslo Main languages: Norwegian Population: 5.2 million (2013 PRB) Major religion: Christianity Monetary unit: Norwegian Krone (NOK) Internet domain: .no Int. dialling code: +47 KEY TAX POINTS • The tax rate on income in Norway has been reduced from 28 % in 2014, via 27 % in 2015, to

25 % in 2016. The tax rate is planned to be reduced to 22 % in 2018. To offset the shortfall in revenues, tax on dividends are increased correspondingly, keeping the combined tax on company revenue and dividends at approximately the same level, between 46.5 and 47.0 %.

• Company tax is payable by Norwegian resident companies on income from all sources. Non-resident companies pay tax on income sourced in Norway.

• There is no separate capital gains tax. Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and capital losses are treated in the same way as trading losses.

• A credit is available for overseas tax payable against Norwegian tax on the same income. Foreign tax on business income may be deducted as an alternative to taking a tax credit.

• Group companies cannot file consolidated tax returns. Where there is more than 90 % common ownership, income can be transferred between resident companies as a means of off-setting profits with losses within the group.

• The arm's length principle generally applies to transactions between related parties. • Withholding tax must be deducted from dividends paid to non-residents, although there is no

withholding on dividends paid to corporate shareholders resident in and performing real economic activities in the EEA. Interest and royalties are not subject to withholding tax.

• Income tax in payable by residents on income derived from all sources. Non-residents only pay tax on Norwegian-sourced income.

A. TAXES PAYABLE COMPANY TAX Company tax is payable by Norwegian resident companies on non-exempt income derived from all sources. Non-resident companies are required to pay tax on income sourced in Norway. A company is treated as resident if it has its central management and control or head office located in Norway and, for all practical purposes, a company registered in Norway is also considered a resident. The company tax rate on income is 25 % (down from 27% for 2015). The tax year is usually the calendar year, although this can be deviated from in certain circumstances, such as to align with non-Norwegian parent company's financial year. The tax year follows the financial year. Tax is payable in four instalments in the year following the tax year. The first two instalments on 15 February and 15 April, are based on the last tax assessment, normally being the year before the tax year. The balance after the final tax assessment is payable in two

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instalments, three and eight weeks after the final tax assessment is made, but not earlier than 20 August. Company tax returns must be filed by the end of May for the preceding tax year ). It is possible to get an agreed postponement. CAPITAL GAINS TAX There is no separate capital gains tax. Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and capital losses are treated in the same way as trading losses. However, gains on the disposal of shares of resident companies are exempt from tax (and losses on such disposals are not deductible). 3% of dividends received from companies that are tax residents in EEU is taxed as ordinary income unless the receiving part holds more than 90% of the shares and voting power in the company paying the dividend. BRANCH PROFITS TAX There is no separate branch profits tax in Norway. Non-resident companies carrying on a business in Norway are taxed on the profits of that business in the same way as resident companies. VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) VAT is levied on the sale of most merchandise and services and on imported goods and services. The VAT rate is 25 % (15 % on food, 10 % on passenger transport, broadcasting, cinema tickets, sports events, leisure parks and experience centre tickets and letting of rooms in hotels, motels and tourist cabins, etc.). Some goods are exempt but VAT on the purchase of materials and goods is still deductible for these businesses. This also applies to exports, newspapers, certain periodicals and international transportation. Other areas are exempt without any credit for input tax. This is the case for health services and financial services. FRINGE BENEFITS TAX (FBT) Both residents and non-residents are taxed on fringe benefits. The value of the benefits is taxed as the top slice of employment income. The highest marginal tax rate is 47.2 %. SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTIONS Employers are liable to pay social security contributions relating to salaries and benefits paid to their employees. The fee levied is 14.1 % in central areas. Lower rates are available for certain employees in areas in the north of Norway. Social security tax is payable at a rate from 5.1 % to 11.4 % for individuals, see ‘H. Personal Tax; Other Taxation’ below. LOCAL TAXES Property taxes in some urban areas are levied at a maximum 0.7 % of the tax value of the property. OTHER TAXES Real estate transactions are subject to 2.5 % Stamp Duty. B. DETERMINATION OF TAXABLE INCOME The taxable income of a company is determined by ascertaining assessable income and then subtracting all allowable deductions. Generally, to be deductible, losses and expenses must relate to producing the assessable income. Some items such as entertainment expenses and gifts are specifically non-deductible. Only realised expenses are deductible. Special rules apply to the

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categories listed below. DEPRECIATION Book depreciation is not allowable for tax purposes. Assets with an expected life of more than three years and costing more than NOK 15,000 should be depreciated on a declining-balance method using the following maximum rates:

Description Rate (%)

Office machinery 30

Purchased Goodwill 20

Trucks, trailers, buses, taxis and vehicles for disabled persons 20 (22) 1

Cars, agricultural tractors, machinery, tools, instruments etc. 20 (30) 2

Ships, drilling platforms, vessels, etc. 14

Aeroplanes 12

Power stations, power lines 5

Industrial buildings, hotels, restaurants 43

Office buildings 2

Technical installations in buildings 10

NOTES: 1 Trucks, trailers, buses: 22 % from 2015 2 First-year additional 10 % depreciation 3 Buildings and installations with an economic life less than 20 years, 10 %. Buildings for farm

animals, 6 % STOCK / INVENTORY All trading stock held at the beginning of the tax year and at the end of the tax year must be taken into account when determining taxable income. Stock is valued at cost without regard to real value. Work in progress and finished products are valued at direct variable cost of materials and labour. Real value is not taken into account. Accepted valuation method is FIFO not average cost or LIFO. CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES See text above. DIVIDENDS Dividends are not deductible for income tax purposes for the dividend paying company. Dividends received from other Norwegian companies are tax-exempt under the participation exemption. However, 3 % of the dividend is added to the recipient's taxable income unless it holds more than 90% of the shares and voting power in the company paying the dividend. See also “H. Personal Tax” below

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INTEREST DEDUCTIONS All interest costs on business debt are deductible. As from 2014, there is a 'thin capitalisation' limitation applicable for companies that has net interest expense (interest expense less interest income from both external and from related parties) above NOK 5 million. Net interest expense exceeding 25 % of taxable EBlTDA is non-deductible to the extent there is related-party interest expenses. Interest on debt guaranteed by a related party is in this context regarded as related-party interest expense. Non-deductible interest expense after this rule can be carried forward for 10 years. There is no carry-forward of unused allowable interest expense. Additional rules apply in oil and gas production. LOSSES Losses may be carried forward. Losses may generally not be carried back but, when a company liquidates, the losses of the year of liquidation may be offset against profits of the two preceding years. There are certain limitations on the usage of losses carried forward after sale or merger of a company and after a company has ceased operating a line of business. FOREIGN SOURCED INCOME Norway has rules designed to ensure that profits sourced in low tax countries are included in the controlling Norwegian company's taxable income. Generally, income from a foreign company will be included if 50 % or more of the company is owned or controlled by Norwegians. A low tax jurisdiction applies where the tax payable is less than two-thirds of the tax that would have been payable in Norway. INCENTIVES Generally, there are no special incentives, although research and development credits are granted to small and medium sized companies under qualifying circumstances. C. FOREIGN TAX RELIEF Deductions are available for foreign tax paid or, as an alternative, a credit may be available against Norwegian tax payable on that income. D. CORPORATE GROUPS Group companies cannot file consolidated tax returns. Under special circumstances, taxable income can be transferred between companies residing in Norway. The requirement is that there is more than 90 % common ownership of the companies. E. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Transfer pricing should be based on an arm's length principle. Norwegian tax law gives the tax authorities the power to raise assessments if transactions between the taxpayer and associated companies are not based on an arm's length principle. F. WITHHOLDING TAX Withholding taxes must be deducted from dividends paid to non-residents at a rate of 25 %, although there is no withholding on dividends paid to corporate shareholders resident in and performing real economic activities in the EEA. Interest payments and royalties are not subject to withholding taxes. See section “I. Treaty and non-Treaty withholding tax rates on dividends from Norway” below for the

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applicable withholding tax rates. G. EXCHANGE CONTROLS Most exchange controls were phased out in 1990. However, all imports of capital in cash exceeding NOK 25,000 should be reported to the Bank of Norway. Other transfers of capital need not be reported. H. PERSONAL TAX Income tax is payable by Norwegian residents on income derived from all sources world-wide. Non-residents are only required to pay tax on Norwegian-sourced income. Residency is determined by domicile or where the individual has spent, or intends to spend, more than six months of the tax year. Under almost all Norwegian tax treaties, foreign-earned income is exempt from Norwegian tax. Where there is no treaty, credit for foreign taxes is given up to the amount of Norwegian tax on foreign income. Income tax is payable on assessable income less allowable deductions. Assessable income includes business income, employment income, certain capital gains, rent and interest income. Some expenses incurred in earning the assessable income are deductible. Some actual expenses can be replaced by standard deductions. The general combined rate of the national and municipal income taxes is 25%. A lower rate of 21.5% applies for the counties of Finnmark and Nord-Troms. A personal allowance of NOK 76,250 is available to jointly assessed married couples and for single persons with dependents. The allowance for single persons without dependents and married persons assessed separately is NOK 51,750. OTHER TAXATION All income from capital is taxable at 25 %. However, the value of dividends chargeable to tax is reduced by an amount representative of a risk-free return on the invested capital. The rate was 0.6 % for the 2015 tax year. The rate is published in January in the year following the tax year. However, new form 2016 is that dividends and gains and losses from sale of shares and other investments are multiplied by a factor of 1.15 to arrive at the taxable amount. An additional progressive national income tax is payable on "gross personal income" (which includes gross income from employment or self-employment, including pensions). With effect from 1 January 2016 the rates of the national income tax are:

Taxable income (NOK) Rate (%)

0 – 159,800 0

159,801 – 224,900 0.44

224,901 – 565,400 1.77

565,401 – 909,500 10.7

From 909,500 13.7 In addition, social security taxes are paid. Employees pay 8.2 % of gross salary income. For self-employed individuals the rate is 11.4 %. For persons below the age of 17 years, or above the age of 69 years, the rate is 5.1 %. Wealth tax is charged on the net tax value of assets above NOK 1,400,000 at a rate of 0.85%. Property transferred by gift or on death after 31 December 2013 is no longer subject to inheritance tax.

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I. TREATY AND NON-TREATY WITHHOLDING TAX RATES ON DIVIDENDS FROM NORWAY

Ordinary Rates

(%)

Parent / Subsidiary

(%) 1

Parent / Subsidiary Rate Requirements

(%)

Non-tax treaty countries: 25 25 Treaty countries: Albania 15 5 Argentina 15 10 Australia 15 15 Austria 15 0

Azerbaijan Republic 15 10 30% capital participation and an investment of at least $ 100,000

Bangladesh 15 10 10% capital participation Barbados 15 5 10% capital participation Belgium 15 5 Benin 20 20 Brazil 25 25 Bulgaria 15 15 Canada 15 5 10% voting power Chile 15 5 25% voting power China 15 15 Croatia 15 15 Cyprus 15 0 10% capital Czech Republic 15 0 10% capital Denmark 15 0 10% capital Egypt 15 15 Estonia 15 5 Faroe Islands 15 0 10% capital Finland 15 0 10% capital France 15 0/5 25% capital/10% capital Gambia 15 5 Georgia 10 5 10% capital Germany 15 0 Greece 20 20 Greenland 15 5 10% capital Hungary 10 10 Iceland 15 0 10% capital India 10 10 Indonesia 15 15 Israel 15 5 50% voting power Italy 15 15 Ivory Coast 15 15 Jamaica 15 15 Japan 15 5

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Ordinary Rates

(%)

Parent / Subsidiary

(%) 1


(%)

Kazakhstan 15 5 10% capital Kenya 25 15 10% capital Korea 15 15 Latvia 15 5 Lithuania 15 5

Luxembourg 15 5 Not Luxembourg except holding companies

Macedonia 15 10 Malawi 15 5 10% capital Malaysia 0 0 Malta 15 15 Mexico 15 0 Morocco 15 15

Nepal 15 5/10 At least 25% / 10% of the share capital

Netherlands 15 0 Netherlands Antilles 15 5 New Zealand 15 15 Pakistan 15 15 Philippines 25 15 10% voting power

Poland 15 0 Company holding 10% of the capital for at least 2 years

Portugal 15 10

Qatar 15 5 Company holding 10% of the capital

Romania 10 10 Russia 10 10 Senegal 16 16 Sierra Leone 5 0 50% voting power Singapore 15 5 Slovak Republic 15 5

Slovenia 15 00 Company holding 15% of the capital

South Africa 15 5 25% capital participation Spain 15 10 Sri Lanka 15 15 Sweden 15 0 10% capital Switzerland 15 0 10% capital Tanzania 20 20 Thailand 15 10 10% capital Trinidad and Tobago 20 10 Tunisia 20 20

Turkey

15

5

20% capital (if dividend is exempt from tax for the recipient in its state of residence) or if derived by the Norwegian Government pension

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Ordinary Rates

(%)

Parent / Subsidiary

(%) 1


(%)

fund Uganda 15 10 Ukraine 15 5 United Kingdom 15 5 10% voting power United States 15 15 Venezuela 10 5 10% capital participation

Vietnam 15 5/10 At least 70% / 25% of the share capital

Zambia 15 15 Zimbabwe 20 15

NOTES: 1 Unless otherwise indicated, the reduced treaty rates given in this column apply if the recipient

company owns at least 25 % of the capital in the Norwegian company. The rate for Non-tax treaty countries should be used if the shareholder has not provided proof for tax-residency in a tax-treaty country. This means, in general, that the reduced rates cannot be used if the shares are held in nominee accounts. A shareholder in a tax treaty country who has been deducted the 25 %, may apply for a refund of the excess taxes withheld.

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201 6 - PKF International · 201 6/17 . Norway. PKF Worldwide Tax Guide 2016/17 1 ... information on their country's taxes that forms the heart of this publication. ... withholding