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DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OFJIGS & FIXTURES FOR YOKE MACHINING

BITS ZC423T: Project Work

by

ANBUSELVAN.R

Id No.200918TS010

Project Work work carried out at

AL JABER PRECISION ENGINEERING L.L.C Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCEPILANI (RAJASTHAN)

March 2012

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DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OFJIGS & FIXTURES FOR YOKE MACHINING


by

ANBUSELVAN.R

Id No.200918TS010

Project Work work carried out at

AL JABER PRECISION ENGINEERING L.L.C Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Submitted in partial fulfillment of B.S. Engineering Technologydegree Under the Supervision of

MR. FOLANE SAHEBRAO SHAMRAOSENIOR PLANNING ENGINEER

AL JABER PRECISION ENGINEERINGAbu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCEPILANI (RAJASTHAN)

March 2012

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Work entitled DESIGN AND

MANUFACTURING OF JIGS AND FIXTURES FOR YOKE

MANUFACTURING and submitted by ANBUSELVAN.R having ID-No.

200918TS010 for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of

B.S.Engineering Technology degree o of BITS, embodies the bonafide

work done by him under my supervision.

______________________Signature of the Supervisor

FOLANE SAHEBRAO SHAMRAO AL JABER PRECISION ENGINEERING L.L.C Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Place: ABU DHABI

Date: 26-03-2012

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Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani

Work-Integrated Learning Programmes Division

Second Semester 2011-2012


BITS ID No : 200918TS010

NAME OF THE STUDENT : ANBUSELVAN R

EMAIL ADDRESS : [email protected]

STUDENTS EMPLOYING : AL JABER PRECISION ENGINEERING,ORGANIZATION & LOCATION Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

SUPERVISORS NAME : MR. FOLANE SAHEBRAO SHAMRAO

SUPERVISORS EMPLOYING : AL JABER PRECISION ENGINEERING,ORGANIZATION & LOCATION Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

SUPERVISORS EMAIL ADDRESS: [email protected]

PROJECT WORK TITLE : DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF JIGS & FIXTURES FOR YOKE MACHINING

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ABSTRACT

The use of jigs and fixtures plays a major role in modern production

engineering. This project tries to give a machining solution for AL JABER PRECISION

ENGINEERING L.L.C specialized in total solution with in manufacturing and material

handling technology. To be more competitive in the market, many companies are

trying to speed up the manufacturing process and quote more attractive prices.

Therefore, we have identified a need for Jigs and Fixtures support in the production

in order to reduce the lead time and ensure a high level of accuracy and rate of

production. The basic methods for determining the requirements and configuration of

these devices are described. The project was successfully carried out in Al Jaber

Precision Engineering L.L.C, Abu Dhabi and jig and fixture was handed over toproduction in good working condition and using regularly. I hope this project will help

to design engineers and production engineers with an overview of the jigs and

fixtures design and manufacturing process. I am glad to submit the detailed project

report of Design and manufacturing of Jigs & Fixtures for yoke machining

Broad Academic Area of Work: CAD & CAM

Key words

CAD = Computer Aided Design

CAM = Computer Aided Manufacturing

CNC = Computerized Numerical Control

AWS = American Welding Society

L.L.C = Limited Liability Company

Signature of the Student Signature of the Supervisor

ANBUSELVAN.R MR. FOLANE SAHEBRAO SHAMRAO

Place: Abu Dhabi Place: Abu DhabiDate: 26/03/2012 Date: 26/03/2012

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BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING PROGRAMMES DIVISIONSecond Semester 2011-2012

ID No. : 200918TS010

NAME OF THE STUDENT : ANBUSELVAN R

EMAIL ADDRESS : [email protected]

NAME OF THE SUPERVISOR : MR. FOLANE SHAEBRAO SHAMRAO

PROJECT WORK TITLE : DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OFJIGS AND FIXTURES FOR YOKEMACHINING

S No. Evaluation Component Excellent Good Fair Poor1. Final Project Work Report2. Final Seminar and Viva-Voce

S.No. Evaluation Criteria Excellent Good Fair Poor1 Technical/Professional Competence2 Work Progress and Achievements3 Documentation and expression4 Initiative and Originality5 Research & Innovation6 Relevance to the work environment

Please ENCIRCLE the Recommended Final Grade: Excellent / Good / Fair / Poor

Supervisor Additional Examiner

NameMR. FOLANE SAHEBRAO SHAMRAO MR. PALANI KUMARA SWAMY

Qualification AMIE (INDIA) MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

Designation SENIOR PLANNING ENGINEER PLANT & COMMERCIALMANAGER

EmployingOrganization & Location

AL JABER PRECISION ENGINEERINGLLC., ABUDHABI, U.A.E AL JABER IRON & STEELFOUNDRY LLC., ABUDHABI,U.A.E

Phone Number 0097125020658 0097125541524Mobile Number 00971507169924 009715061992429Email Address [email protected] [email protected]

Place & Date 26-03-2012 26-03-2012

BITS Z BITS ZC423T Project Work EC-3 Final Evaluation

Remarks of the Supervisor:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to sincerely thank my Supervisor Mr. FOLANE

SAHEBRAO SHAMRAO and additional Examiner Mr. PALANI KUMARA SWAMY,Plant &Commercial Manager, Al Jaber Iron &Steel foundry L.L.C, Abu Dhabi, United

Arab Emirates for their valuable guidance and timely advice in preparing the project.

I would like to thank my colleagues in my team for their support during the

preparation of the project.

I would also like to thank entire BITS - Pilani Team for offering such wonderful

opportunities for us to prepare a project, which would help us and our organization in

future.

I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my several well wishers who

helped me a lot in preparing the project.

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Table of Contents

Chapter Title Page

Chapter 1 Company overview1.1 Introduction to group 01

1.2 Products 01

Chapter 2 Project Objectives2.1 Project Location 022.2 Necessity of the project 02

Chapter 3 Jigs & fixtures overview

3.1 Overview 033.2 Jigs 043.3 Fixture 053.4 Why use jig & Fixture 06

Chapter 4 Jigs & Fixtures design

4.1 Design process 074.2 Elements of fixture 084.3 Importance of fixture manufacturing 094.4 General requirements of a fixture 114.5 Fixture design fundamentals 124.6 Fixture design 124.7 Fixture design criteria 134.8 Fixture design procedure 134.9 Locating principles 14

4.10 Clamping Principles 154.11 Basic principles of clamping 154.12 Types of clamps 164.13 Automation in fixture design 164.14 Novel Clamping System Design 17

Chapter 5 selected Component for project work

5.1 Component description 185.2 Selected component (Four Stub Anode Yoke) 195.3 Assembled view of fixture without component 20

5.4 Fixture Model Assembled view (with component) 215.4 Proposed Fixture drawings 22-275.5 Component in use (actual picture) 28

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Chapter 6 Manufacturing process of fixture

6.1 Manufacturing Process 296.2 Inspection 296.3 Assembly 296.4 Trail run with fixture 29

6.5 Handing over 306.6 Prefabrication process (actual photo) 316.7 Welding Process 326.8 Machining process 336.9 Final assembly of fixture 346.10 Actual component before machining 356.11 Component machining 366.12 Component machining without fixture 376.13 Component with fixture 376.14 Finished products 38

Chapter 7 Jigs Design

7.1 Proposed Jig design 397.2 Advantages of Jigs & Fixtures 397.3 Jigs Drawings 40-467.4 Jig Photos 47-49

Chapter 8 Design Economy

8.1 Design Economy 508.2 Estimating tool cost and productivity 508.3 Calculating labor expense 518.4 Calculating the cost per part 51

8.5 Formula sheet 52

Summary 54

Conclusions & Recommendations 55

Reference 56

Abbreviations 56

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List of Photos

Photos Descriptions Page

1 During Pre fabrication 312 During Pre fabrication 31

3 V blocks 32

4 During inspection 32

5 Ready for marching 33

6 After machining 33

7 Trail test 34

8 Trail Test 34

9 Un machined component 3510 Un machined component 35

11 Component machining 37

12 Component machining 37

13 Component without fixture 38

14 Component with fixture 38

15 Finished product 39


17 Jig assembly 4718 Bush assembly 47

19 Stopper assembly 48

20 Jig during use 48

21 Jig assembly 49


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List of Drawings

Drawings Descriptions Page

1 Four Stub Anode yoke 18

2 Fixture Parts drawings 22

3 Fixture parts drawings 23

4 V block fabrication details 24

5 V block fabrication details 25

6 Base plate details 26

7 Base frame details 27

8 Jig assembly drawing 40

9 Jig plate drawings 41

10 Jig assembly drawings 42



13 Jig bush details 45

14 Jig bush drawings 46

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List of Flow Charts

List of Figures

Figure Description PageNo

01 Component Model 19

02 Fixture Model 20

03 Fixture Assembled View 21

04 Component in use 28

Flow

chartDescription

Page

no

1Effect of setting and handling

time chart No: 110

2 Fixture design 12

3 Jigs &Fixtures design 30

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1

CHAPTER -1

1. COMPANY OVERVIEW:

1.1. Introduction

Based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Al Jaber Group (AJC) operatesin many dimensions:

AJC constructs and develops some of the most important infrastructure,buildings and the industrial sites.

AJC owns and operates some of the largest industries in the Middle East. AJC operates some of the largest fleet of equipment, cranes and ships. AJC hosts a multi-faceted portfolio of leading brands. Under the leadership of its founder, H.E. Obaid Khaleefa Jaber Al

Murri, AJC grew to become one of the largest diversified groups of companies in the Middle East.

Al Jaber Precision Engineering is a division of Al Jaber group andleading Fabrication and erection company for Architectural and structuralsteel in the UAE. Also it is the only company in the UAE that has a machineshop capable of handling products up to 22 meters in length and 3.5 metersin diameter along with a well equipped fabrication shop that complies withmany international recognized standards such as ISO 9001:2000, API...etc.And handle mega electro-mechanical projects from design to completeassembly.

1.2. Products :

Fabrication or many kinds or architectural and structural steel

Architectural and Structural steel Storage tanks Pressure Tanks, Silos, ...etc Boxes, Pontoons, etc...

Mechanical works:

Gears and gearboxes Mandrels and shafts

Overhead cranes Tools for aeronautic industries. Pump repair (mechanical repairs only) Engineering Parts of Machineries and Equipments. Concrete & Plastic Pipe Moulds (Mandrels) Dumpers: 1.5 to 5 tons.

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2

CHAPTER -2

2. PROJECT OVERVIEW :

2.1 Project Location

Al Jaber Precision Engineering has used rotary table and machine table usedfor machining of yokes for many years. Every month the delivery time becomes agreat task for the production department. As well as the demand also increasedevery month almost double the quantity. So we decide to go for a special toolwhich will give more production rate as well as same accuracy. Mainly Jig andFixtures are used in the machine shop for mass production of the components.Here we are going to use the fixture for three step yoke machining. Increase theproduction rate by limited availability.

2.2 Necessity for the Project:

Mass production methods demand a fast and easy method of positioning workfor accurate operations on it.

Jigs and fixtures are production tools used to accurately manufactureduplicate and interchangeable parts.

Jigs and fixtures are specially designed so that large numbers of componentscan be machined or assembled identically, and to ensure interchangeability of components.

The economical production of engineering components is greatly facilitated bythe provision of jigs and fixtures.

The use of a jig or fixture makes a fairly simple operation out of one whichwould otherwise require a lot of skill and time.

Both jigs and fixtures position components accurately; and hold componentsrigid and prevent movement during working in order to impart greaterproductivity and part accuracy.

Jigs and fixtures hold or grip a work piece in the predetermined manner of

firmness and location, to perform on the work piece a manufacturingoperation.

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3

CHAPTER -3

3.1 Jig & Fixtures Overview

Over the past century, manufacturing has made considerable progress. Newmachine tools, high-performance cutting tools, and modern manufacturing

processes enable today's industries to make parts faster and better than everbefore. Although work holding methods have also advanced considerably, the basicprinciples of clamping and locating are still the same.

Mass production methods demand a fast and easy method of positioning workfor accurate operations on it. Jigs and fixtures are production tools used toaccurately manufacture duplicate and interchangeable parts. Jigs and fixtures arespecially designed so that large numbers of components can be machined orassembled identically, and to ensure interchangeability of components. Theeconomical production of engineering components is greatly facilitated by theprovision of jigs and fixtures. The use of a jig or fixture makes a fairly simpleoperation out of one which would otherwise require a lot of skill and time. Both jigsand fixtures position components accurately; and hold components rigid and preventmovement during working in order to impart greater productivity and part accuracy.Jigs and fixtures hold or grip a work piece in the predetermined manner of firmnessand location, to perform on the work piece a manufacturing operation.

A jig or fixture is designed and built to hold, support and locate everycomponent (part) to ensure that each is drilled or machined within the specifiedlimits. The correct relationship and alignment between the tool and the work piece ismaintained. Jigs and fixtures may be large (air plane fuselages are built on pictureframe fixtures) or very small (as in watch making). Their use is limited only by jobrequirements and the imagination of the designer. The jigs and fixtures must. beaccurately made and the material used must' be able to withstand wear and theoperational (cutting) forces experienced during metal cutting. Jigs and fixtures mustbe clean, undamaged and free from chips and grit Components must not be forcedinto a jig or fixture. Jigs and fixtures are precision tools. They are expensive toproduce because they are made to fine limits from materials with good resistance towear. They must be properly stored or isolated to prevent accidental damage, andthey must be numbered for identification for future use.

Jigs and fixtures are devices used to facilitate production work, makinginterchangeable pieces of work possible at a savings in cost of production. A jig is aguiding device and a fixture a holding device. Jigs and fixtures are used to locate and

hold the work that is to be machined. These devices are provided with attachmentsfor guiding, setting, and supporting the tools in such a manner that all the workpieces produced in a given jig or fixture will be exactly alike in every way. Theemployment of unskilled labor is possible when jigs and fixtures can be used inproduction work. The repetitive layout and setup (which are time-consumingactivities and require considerable skill) are eliminated. Also, the use of thesedevices can result in such a degree of accuracy that work pieces can be assembledwith a minimum amount of fitting.

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4

3.2 JIGS

A jig is a special device that holds, supports, or is placed on a part to bemachined. It is a production tool made so that it not only locates and holds the workpiece but also guides the cutting tool as the operation is performed. Jigs are usuallyfitted with hardened steel bushings for guiding drills or other cutting tools.

A jig is any of a large class of tools in woodworking, metalworking, and someother crafts that help to control the location or motion (or both) of a tool. Sometypes of jigs are also called templates or guides. The primary purpose for a jig is forrepeatability and exact duplication of a part for reproduction. An example of a jig iswhen a key is duplicated the original is used as a jig so the new key can have thesame path as the old one. Since the advent of automation and CNC machines, jigsare often not required because the tool path is digitally programmed and stored inmemory.

The most-common jigs are drill and boring jigs. These tools are fundamentallythe same. The difference lies in the size, type, and placement of the drill bushings.Boring jigs usually have larger bushings. These bushings may also have internal oilgrooves to keep the boring bar lubricated. Often, boring jigs use more than onebushing to support the boring bar throughout the machining cycle.

Jig that expedites repetitive hole center location on multiple interchangeableparts by acting as a template to guide the twist drill or other boring device into theprecise location of each intended hole center. In metalworking practice, typically ahardened bushing lines each hole on the jig to keep the twist drill from cutting the

jig.

Jigs or templates have been known long before the industrial age. There aremany types of jigs, and each one is custom-tailored to do a specific job. Many jigsare created because there is a necessity to do so by the tradesmen. Some are toincrease productivity, to do repetitious activities and to do a job more precisely.Because jig design is fundamentally based on logic, similar jigs used in differenttimes and places may have been created independently.

Specialized industry applications have led to the development of specializeddrill jigs. For example, the need to drill precisely located rivet holes in aircraftfuselages and wings led to the design of large jigs, with bushings and liners installed,contoured to the surface of the aircraft. A portable air-feed drill with a bushingattached to its nose is inserted through the liner in the jig and drilling isaccomplished in each location.

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5

3.3 FIXTURES

A fixture is a device for locating, holding and supporting a workpiece during amanufacturing operation. It is a production tool that locates, holds, and supports thework securely so the required machining operations can be performed.

Fixtures have a much-wider scope of application than jigs. These workholdersare designed for applications where the cutting tools cannot be guided as easily as adrill. With fixtures, an edge finder, center finder, or gage blocks position the cutter.Examples of the more-common fixtures include milling fixtures, lathe fixtures,sawing fixtures, and grinding fixtures. Moreover, a fixture can be used in almost anyoperation that requires a precise relationship in the position of a tool to a workpiece.

Fixtures are essential elements of production processes as they are requiredin most of the automated manufacturing, inspection, and assembly operations.Fixtures must correctly locate a workpiece in a given orientation with respect to acutting tool or measuring device, or with respect to another component, as for

instance in assembly or welding. Such location must be invariant in the sense thatthe devices must clamp and secure the workpiece in that location for the particularprocessing operation. There are many standard work holding devices such as jawchucks, machine vises, drill chucks, collets, etc. which are widely used in workshopsand are usually kept in stock for general applications.

Fixtures are normally designed for a definite operation to process a specificworkpiece and are designed and manufactured individually. Jigs are similar tofixtures, but they not only locate and hold the part but also guide the cutting tools indrilling and boring operations. These work holding devices are collectively known as

jigs and fixture. Set blocks and feeler or thickness gauges are used with fixtures to

reference the cutter to the work piece. A fixture should be securely fastened to thetable of the machine upon which the work is done. Though largely used on millingmachines, fixtures are also designed to hold work for various operations on most of the standard machine tools.

Fixtures vary in design from relatively simple tools to expensive, complicateddevices. Fixtures also help to simplify metalworking operations performed on specialequipment. Fixtures are most often identified by the machine tool where they areused. Examples include mill fixtures or lathe fixtures. But the function of the fixturecan also identify a fixture type. So can the basic construction of the tool. Thus,although a tool can be called simply a mill fixture, it could also be further defined asa straddle-milling, plate-type mill fixture. Moreover, a lathe fixture could also bedefined as a radius-turning, angle-plate lathe fixture. The tool designer usuallydecides the specific identification of these tools. It, use set blocks and thickness, orfeeler, gages to locate the tool relative to the workpiece.

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3.4 Why use Jig & Fixtures

There is a tendency to throw newer technologies at all parts that requiremanufacturing. Especially NC machines, robotic handling, and special purposemachinery-the reasons cited for doing this are highly pervasive:

Automatic process Repeatability of process Semi-skilled operators

But in many instances the very reasons for promoting these manufacturingprocesses cause expense. These are not very cost efficient mechanisms forproduction because

Expensive machinery with a high overhead Operations chosen are not totally appropriate for non-NC applications (i.e no

profiling)

Special propose machines have little or no flexibility if the product linechanges Expensive tooling Tying up a machine that could be used for more suitable work Extensive pre-machining required such as fixtures, programming, installation

and space requirements. Not fast enough for high volume due to tool changing and a lack of

multipurpose tooling Taking up valuable machining time at a high cost Some require power clamping that in itself requires compressors

In place of these expensive machines we have the ability to use Jigs and Fixtures toboth prevent the need for the expensive and difficult setups and to make theoperation simple. This allows us to

Utilize inexpensive machine tools with low overheads Utilize unskilled/ semi-skilled labor Make the process foolproof, easy to load using ordinary tools or special

purpose tools High repeatability, cheap Process

Both NC and Jig and Fixture design rely on fairly expensive design and /orprogramming skills, however, the cost of manufacturing thousands of parts will

always make the creation of jigs and Fixtures feasible, often working out to less thannew cents per part. Fixtures are used on all processes requiring effective locationand clamping. These include all machining operations, most welding and inspectionrequirements and assembly operations. In the scope of Jigs on other hand supportthe workpiece and also guide the tool for hole operations. Of the two tools, jigs areless used than fixtures. Manufacturing then, fixtures are ubiquitous in all modernmanufacturing and assembly. This courses main objective is to design effectivetooling to economize the manufacturing process.

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7

CHAPTER -4

4.1 Design process

I. Draw the part model: Keep it simple because they are only going to be usedfor relationship purposes, so filets and rounds, ribs and the like are not reallyrequired unless you are using the model for other operations such as sales orNC programming. On the other hand make sure that the positions of the holesand machined surfaces are correct. We have Metric pars so that model iscreated in Millimeters. The part can be created in its finished (post machined)form or using various configurations (Solidworks) that represent the stages atwhich the part is manufactured.

II. Start with the locators - using the part model start an assembly and place orcreate various location devices using the standard rules. These locators andrests can be created in place within the assembly or part files and theninserted into the assembly. The major advantage to in place creation will beif the part model is changed. The locators will update automatically. Anotherpoint is that we can create parts in both metric and inch system regardless of the part template used.

III. Place the drill bushings in the correct location. Try to conform to the rules of bushing placement and size also considers placing them with preferred sizesin mind. Bushing sizes must be from the standard sizes or manufacturing of special bushings.

IV. Determine the clamping techniques, this may be an integral part of thelocation device, but make sure that you clamp over the support mechanismsor into the locators.

V. Build up the tool body around the locator, clamps and drilling bushings.Decide how each of the details (clamps, locators and buttons) are attached tothe body this can be threaded, press fir or doweled and cap screwed. But noglue please expects it may require attaching some softer material pad toprevent damage to the part.

VI. Create a full Bill of Materials.VII. Fully dimension and tolerance each detail part. Try to stay with preferred

sizes whenever we can. There will be some instances when this is not possiblebut for most dimensions you will be able to comply with this. Use standardtemplate drawings to ensure that all of the information is consistent as far asfonts, text heights, line thickness and dimension variable are concerned. Onlycreate one drawings file that contains both assembly and detail drawings.

VIII.

Make sure the property information is maintained so that the title blockinformation updates correctly. Use a standard naming convention so that theparts are all titled similarly within the Bill of materials. Make use of thevarious property variable to output what you need.

IX. Go back and make any changes. it is very likely that the process will show ayou areas where you think improvement can be made. If you think they areworthwhile then go ahead but in the end make mind up, stick with andcomplete the design.

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8

4.2 Elements of Fixtures

Generally, all fixtures consist of the following elements:

Locators

A locator is usually a fixed component of a fixture. It is used to establish andmaintain the position of a part in the fixture by constraining the movement of thepart. For work pieces of greater variability in shapes and surface conditions, a locatorcan also be adjustable.

Clamps

A clamp is a force-actuating mechanism of a fixture. The forces exerted bythe clamps hold a part securely in the fixture against all other external forces.

Supports

A support is a fixed or adjustable element of a fixture. When severe partdisplacement/deflection is expected under the action of imposed clamping andprocessing forces, supports are added and placed below the work piece so as toprevent or constrain deformation. Supports in excess of what is required for thedetermination of the location of the part should be compatible with the locators andclamps.

Fixture Body

Fixture body, or tool body, is the major structural element of a fixture. Itmaintains the spatial relationship between the fixturing elements mentioned above,viz, locators, clamps, supports, and the machine tool on which the part is to beprocessed.

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4.3 Importance of Fixtures in Manufacturing

Modern manufacturing aims at achieving high productivity to reduce unit cost.This necessitates workholding devices to be efficient, i.e. to increase the rate of loading and unloading to speed up the manufacturing cycle time. If t is the total timein seconds or minutes required for producing a part, thenQ = 1/t is the number of pieces produced in unit time, or the production rate.

Considering the fact that the total manufacturing time is usually composed of:T=tm+th Where tm is the actual machining time and th is the setting up and

handling time, hence, the production rate is given by:Q=1/tm+th piece per unit timeSupposing Qt is the ideal production rate whereby there is no handling time

loss for a given machining operation, hence we have:

Q=

Now

The variation of h with respect to Q, is shown in Chart for the various values of t h For an operation with a value of tm = th, h is 0.5 whereas, if th = 2 tm, h is 0.33and the production rate is reduced. Chart shows how tm and th affect productionrate. It is clear from Chart that

(a) For a given tm, reduction of th increases Q , (b) For a given th, reduction of tm enhances Q .

The use of fixtures has twofold benefits. It eliminates individual marking,positioning and frequent checking before machining operation starts, therebyresulting in considerable saving in set-up time. In addition, the usage of work-holding devices saves operator labour through simplifying locating and clampingtasks and makes possible the replacement of skilled workforce with semi-skilledlabour, hence effecting substantial saving in labour cost which also translates intoenhanced production rate.

Furthermore, the use of well-structured fixtures with higher locating andclamping rigidity would allow for increase in cutting speeds and feeds, therebyreducing t,, hence improving production rate.

Besides improving the productivity in terms of the rate of production, there arealso other benefits accrued through the use of fixtures. They are:

(a) Increases machining accuracy because of precise location with fixtures,(b) Decreases expenditure on quality control of machined parts as fixtures

facilitate uniform quality in manufacturing,(c) Widens the technology capacity of machine tools and increases the versatility

of machining operations to be performed,(d) Either fully or partly automates the machine tool.

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10

Chart NO: 1

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4.4 General Requirements of a Fixture

In order to maintain the workpiece stability during a machining process, anoperational fixture has to satisfy several requirements to fully perform its functionsas a workholding device. The following constraints must be observed while designinga viable fixture:

Deterministic location

A workpiece is said to be kinematically restrained when it cannot move withoutlosing contact with at least one locator. The workpiece is constrained by a set of appropriately placed locators so that it is presentable for the machining operation.Locating errors due to locators and locating surfaces of the workpiece should beminimized so as to accurately and uniquely position the workpiece within themachine coordinate frame.

Total constraint

A workpiece should be fully constrained at all times to prevent any movement.Clamps should provide locking forces to hold the workpiece in place -once it islocated. A totally restrained part should be able to remain in static equilibrium towithstand all possible processing forces or disturbance. A necessary and sufficientcondition to warrant workpiece stability is to satisfy the condition of force closure.

Contained deflection

Workpiece deformation is unavoidable due to its elastic/plastic nature, and theexternal forces impacted by the clamping actuation and machining operations.Deformation has to be limited to an acceptable magnitude in order to achieve thetolerance specifications.

Geometric constraint

Geometric constraint guarantees that all fixturing elements have an access to thedatum surface. They also assure that the fixture components do not interfere withcutting tools during a machining operation.

In addition to these requirements, a fixture design should have desirablecharacteristics such as quick loading and unloading, minimum number of components, accessibility, design for multiple cutting operations, portability, lowcost, etc.

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4.5 Fixture Design Fundamentals

Fixture design consists of a number of distinct activities: fixture planning, fixturelayout design, fixture element design, tool body design, etc. They are listed in Chartin their natural sequence, although they may be developed in parallel and notnecessarily as a series of isolated activities in actual execution.

Fixture design deals with the establishment of the basic fixture concepts: Fixture layout is an embodiment of the concepts in the form of a spatialconfiguration of the fixture, Fixture element design is concerned with the concrete details of the locators,clamps and supports, Tool body design produces a structure combining the fixture elements in thedesired spatial relationship with the machine tool.

4.6 Fixture Design

Fixture planning is to conceptualism a basic fixture configuration throughanalyzing all the available information regarding the material and geometry of theworkpiece, operations required, processing equipment for the operations, and theoperator. The following outputs are included in the fixture plan:

Fixture type and complexity Number of workpieces per fixture Orientation of workpiece within fixture Locating datum faces Clamping surfaces Support surfaces, if any

Flow chart: 1

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4.7 Fixture Design Criteria

The following design criteria must be observed during the procedure of fixturedesign:

Design specifications Factory standards Ease of use and safety Economy

4.8 Fixture Design Procedure

In the design of a fixture, a definite sequence of design stages is involved. Theycan be grouped into three broad stages of design development.

Stage One deals with information gathering and analysis. These include productanalysis such as the study of design specifications, process planning, examining the

processing equipment and considering operator safety and ease of use. In this stage,all the critical dimensions and feasible datum areas are examined in detail.

Stage Two involves the consideration of clamping and locating schemes. Aclamping scheme is devised in such a way that it will not interfere with the tools orcutters and are fully compatible with proposed locating surfaces or areas. Thelocating scheme, using standard elements such as pins, pads, etc. is designed to beconsistent with clamping and tool-guiding arrangements.

Stage Three is the design of the structure of the fixture body frame. This isusually built around the workpiece as a single element which links all the otherelements used for locating, clamping tool-guiding, etc. into an integral frame work.

The above procedures are quite general and can be modified depending on therelative importance of the various elements in providing for the required accuracy of the workpiece to be located and secured into the fixturing device. With the popularadaptation of modular fixturing elements, the fixture body frame is usually astandard block with fixed arrays of locating and fixing holes or slots. It becomes amatter of selecting the most suitable body frame to accommodate the variouselements, provide good support of the workpiece and access to cutters and tools.

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4.9 Locating Principles

One of the principal purposes of a machining fixture is to locate the workpiecesurfaces for performing a machining operation. This is usually done with respect to anurnber of factors to be considered such as the reference datum, supporting

surfaces, features that are likely to obstruct the tool movement or access direction,etc. In general, the following surfaces should be distinguished:

Active surfaces

These are surfaces to be machined, i.e. surfaces which are subjected to theaction of cutting tools.

Supporting and locating surfaces

These are surfaces by means of which the workpiece is to be located with respectto set-to-size cutting tools.

Clamping surfaces

Clamping surfaces are subjected to the clamping forces for obtaining invariantlocation. Clamping surfaces are usually not finish-machined surfaces as clampingmarks could damage the finish.

Datum surfaces

Datum surfaces are reference surfaces where the dimensions are to bemaintained and measured.

Free surfaces

Free surfaces are surfaces not involved in the set-up for the particular machiningoperation.

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4.10 Clamping Principles

In every machining operation, clamping of workpieces is an essentialrequirement. A clamp can be defined as a device for providing an invariant location withrespect to an external loading system. In other words, the process of clamping induces a

locking effect which, through frictional or some other forms of mechanism, provides astability of location which cannot be changed until and unless external loading is able toovercome the locking effect. Hence, when a cutting force is producing a load or momenton the workpiece, it is necessary that a sufficient clamping force must be exerted towithstand such actions. The creation and retention of locking effect against externalloads are the principal objectives of any locking devices.

The generalized requirements of locking elements can be summarized as: To provide a suitable locking for achieving the stability of the location To produce sufficient frictional effects for the above purpose but without

causing any undesirable effects to the workpiece such as distortion or surfacedamage.

It is also essential that the idle time involving loading, locking, unlocking andunloading of workpieces should be minimized as much as possible to reduce theoverall set-up and non-machining time. Certain additional requirements aretherefore to be fulfilled with respect to clamping devices:

The clamping devices must be easy to manipulate manually or otherwise,These devices must be quick-acting so as to reduce time for setting theclamping and simultaneous locating,

They must be low-cost so that their application in small lot sizes is economical.

4.11 Basic Principles of Clamping

Orientation of Locators vis-a-vis Clamping Force

It is necessary in all clamping devices that the clamping forces hold theworkpiece in its located position and should not cause any positional displacement orexcessive distortion under the action of the clamping forces.

Clamping forces should be directed towards supporting and locating elements onoverhanging or thin sections of the workpiece. In addition, the force should betransmitted to the rigid sections of the body frame of the fixture.

Cylindrical workpieces located in V-blocks can be clamped using another V-block,making a 4-point clamping, or clamped in a 3-jaw chuck, in a 3-point clampingconfiguration. The latter is usually more common, especially in turning operations.

Effect of External Forces on the Clamping Action

Clamping elements can be classified in accordance with their force-deflectioncharacteristics. There are two broad sub-divisions, viz.:

Type I : clamping elements in which the elastic deformation increases withclamping force, such as screws, levers, cams, etc.,

Type 11 : clamping elements in which the clamping force assumes a constantvalue independent of the elastic deformation at the contact surfaces such as

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fixtures operated with hydraulic or pneumatic pressures. Within the elastic region, clamping elements based on elastic deformation, i.e.

Type I clamps, would exhibit a linearly increasing clamping force in proportion to thedeformation of the clamping element, if the workpiece or the locator is assumed tobe rigid. If the workpiece or locator deforms, it will cause a relaxation of theclamping element and the clamping force will decrease. A limiting case arises when

the clamping is lost and the force becomes zero. In Type I1 clamps, the clamping force remains constant at pre-set valuesand is independent of workpiece and locator deformation. This type of clamping device is therefore more reliable and would not relax over time.

4.12 Types of Clamps

Clamping elements may be either manually operated or actuated by pneumatic,hydraulic or a combination of other power facilities. They are also classifiedaccording to the mechanism by which a mechanical advantage is attained. The twobasic classes include:

Application of inclined plane theory, i.e. wedges, screws, cams, etc.,Application of lever principle, i.e. levers, toggles, etc.

Manual clamping of workpieces has the following disadvantages:

Each workpiece is clamped with varying force, It is difficult to determine the required force for reliable clamping,Fatigue of operator due to manual clamping takes place, Time required to actuate manual clamping is longer compared to power-actuatedclamping, Comparatively small amount of force is available without large force amplificationdevices.

Pneumatic and hydraulic clamping devices have eliminated most of the abovedisadvantages but at much higher cost as well as greater demand for spacerequirement and maintenance. Justification would be a balance between cost,efficiency, accuracy, operator safety and comfort. As will be explained in thesubsequent sections of this book, clamping with such devices forms the basis of variable-force clamping, which is very useful in controlling the intensity of theclamping force during a machining operation and helps to reduce workpiecedeformation.

4.13 Automation in Fixture Design

With the advent of CNC machining technology and the capability of multi-axismachines to perform several operations and reduce the number of set-ups, thefixture design task has been somewhat simplified in terms of the number of fixtureswhich would need to be designed. However, there is a need to address the fasterresponse and shorter lead-time required in designing and constructing new fixtures.The rapid development and application of Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) hasadded to the requirement for more flexible and cost-effective fixtures. Traditionalfixtures (dedicated fixtures) which have been used for many years are not able tomeet the requirements of modern manufacturing due to the lack of flexibility and low

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reusability. The replacement of dedicated fixtures by modular and flexible fixtures iseminent in automated manufacturing systems, due to much smaller batch sizes andshortened time-to-market requirement.

Modular fixtures are constructed from standard fixturing elements such as base-plates, locators, supports, clamps, etc. These elements can be assembled togetherwithout the need of additional machining operations and are designed for reuse afterdisassembly. The main advantages of using modular fixtures are their flexibility andthe reduction of time and cost required for the intended manufacturing operations.Automation in fixture design is largely based on the concept of modular fixtures,especially the grid-hole-based systems, due to the following characteristics:

Predictable and finite number of locating and supporting positionswhich allow heuristic or mathematical search for the optimumpositions,

Ease in assembly and disassembly and the potential of automatedassembly using robotic devices,

Relative ease of applying design rules due to the finite number of element combinations

4.14 Novel Clamping System Design

A good fixture design is critical to the quality of the finished workpiece in termsof dimensional accuracy, form precision and surface finish. One of the essentialconsiderations in designing a good workable fixture is the generation of clampingconfiguration that includes the clamp placement, clamping sequence, and clampingintensities. Placing the clamps in wrong positions may disturb the equilibrium of theworkpiece on the locators, resulting in the lost position of the part. Likewise, usingan inadequate clamping intensity may give rise to slippage andlor lift-off of theworkpiece during the machining process. On the other hand, an application of excessive clamping forces would result in excessive deflection and high contactdeformation of the workpiece. In short, a poor clamping layout could cause the finalaccuracy of the workpiece to be out of the specified tolerances and bring aboutunnecessary rejects.

A less addressed research area is the performance of a fixture during machiningin terms of its dynamic response and deformation. The issue is to guaranteemachining accuracy through the proper control of workholding operation duringmachining. Therefore, a best approach to the fixturing problem is to integrateoptimal fixture design with optimum fixturing execution in a unified approach.

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CHAPTER 5

5.1 Selected Component for project work

Component description

Name: Four stub anode yoke

Material: Carbon steel (BS3100 Grade A1)

Weight: 475 kg

Used Industries: Aluminum melting industries

In electrolytic furnaces in an aluminum work, the current is supplied with anodes.

The anodes comprise an aluminum rod which over a steel yoke with steel studs is

moulded into an anode block. The difference in linear expansion of the carbon anode

and the steel yoke or spider of the anode rod at high temperatures in the reduction

cell means that the yoke expands more than the anode, bending the stubs which are

anchored in the anode block. Stubs become bent inwards just above the iron

thimble, changing the geometry of the yoke, and stubs can no longer be correctly

located in the anode holes during subsequent Roding. Ultimately the stubs will no

longer fit into the holes.

Drawing: 1 Four stub Anode Yoke

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5.2 Selected component (Four Stub Anode Yoke)

Figure: 1 Component Model and shows the machining areas

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5.3 Assembled view of Fixture without component

Figure: 2 Shows the Fixture assembly view (Without component)

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5.4 Proposed Fixture Model Assembled view (with component)

Figure: 3 Fixture assembled view with component

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5.5 Proposed Fixtur

Drawing: 2

22

e Drawings

Fixture parts drawings for material cut

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Drawing

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: 3 Fixture parts details drawings

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Drawi

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g: 4 V Block fabrication details

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Drawin

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gs: 5 V Block fabrication details

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Drawin

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: 6 Base plate fabrication details

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Drawing

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: 7 Base frame fabrication details

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5.5 Component in use (Actual Picture)

Figure: 4 Component in use

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CHAPTER -6

6.1 Manufacturing Process

We have used SOLDWORKS software for design and modeling of the fixture. Cutthe raw materials to required profile and shape we used much CAM software likeTOPS 100, Uni graphics (NX), Burney and Master Cam.

Here we have done the manufacturing process in two phases.1. Fabrication and welding of base frame, locators and supports2. Machining of base frame, supports and bushings

Here we have used our fabrication facilities to fabricate the fixture as per ourrequirements. Welding process used the American Welding society standards formaterial preparation and electrode selection. Mild steel plates are used for all theconstructions of the fixture. Our machine shop facilities are utilized for machining of the fixture parts and the frames.

We start the fabrication process from pre fabrication (Material cutting). Aftercompleted the CAD design, CAD drawings convert to CAM drawings and the CAMdrawings sent CNC cutting machines for material cut. The machines operator will cutthe material as per the requirements with help of CAM software. Once the materialcut completed it will goes to stage inspection. After inspection approval its goes tofabrication and machining process.

During Fabrication AWS Procedures followed for welding electrode selection andwelding process. During machining we take care about dimensions control andtolerances for proper assembly. We have given a slot step for locating with table bedslotted guideways. Which is giving reputability while fix with machine bed.

6.2 Inspection

After the fabrication and machining of the fixture its go to the inspection processto make sure dimension and tolerance are according to the standards andrequirements. After the conformation its goes to assembly or it will go to re work if required.

6.3 Assembly

After completing the final inspection its goes to assembly section to assembly thefixture with component. Make sure about the supports, stoppers positions to ensurebefore clamp the component.

6.4 Trail run with fixture

Load the fixture with component on the boring machine table with guide withlocating pin with table guideways which will give parallel with spindle axis formachining of both faces. Then start machining with standard parameters andobserve the spindle cutting force and vibration of the spindle and spindle head. If find any vibration or any other abnormal sounds to be rectified.

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6.5 Handing over the fixture for production

After verifying the machining performance and productivity we have handed overthe fixture for mass production. Monitoring and measuring the performance andtraining the operators for continuous improvement.

Flow chart: 2 Fixture design criteria

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6.6 During Pre Fabrication (ctual Photos)

Photo: 1 Pre fabrication (Material cut)

Photo: 2 Pre fabrications (Material cut)

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6.7 During Welding

Photo: 3 V blocks welding completed

Photo: 4 during inspection

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6.8 During Machining

Photo: 5 Ready for machining

Photo: 6 after machining

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6.9 Final assembly with component

Photo: 7 loaded with milling machine for trail test

Photo: 8 loaded with milling machine for trail test is going on

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6.10 Actual component before machining machining

Photo: 9 Yoke stub without machining

Photo: 10 Un machined yoke

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6.11 During component machining

Photo: 11 handed over the fixture for production

Photo: 12 Production is going on Component

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6.12 Without fixture single piece machining

Photo: 13 Yoke without fixture

6.13 With fixture

Photo: 14 with fixture

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6.14 Finished product

Photo: 15 finished product

Photo: 16 finished component

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CHAPTER 7

7.1 Proposed Jig Design

We have proposed a drill jig for drilling job and we have taken a componentwhich is used for tower crane booms. The material is mild steel. The angle to be dril

Required to drill the holes in both ends and center too. So I have advised the drill jigconcept for production. The concept CAD drawings are follows.

7.2 Advantages of Jigs &Fixtures

Generally, Jigs and fixtures have many advantages like the productivity,interchangeability and so on.

Productivity

Jigs and fixtures eliminate individual marking, positioning and frequent checkingwhich is reduce operation time and increases productivity.

Interchangeability

Jigs and fixtures facilitate uniform quality in manufacture. There is no need forselective assembly. Any type of machining center would fit properly in assembly andall similar components are interchangeable.

Skill Reduction

Jigs and fixtures simplify locating and clamping of the workpieces. Tool guidingelements ensure correct positioning of the tools with respect to the workpieces.These are no need for skillful setting of the workpiece or tool. Any average person

can be trained to use jigs and fixtures. The replacement of skilled workman withunskilled labor can effect substantial saving in labor cost.

Cost reduction

It increases productivity with the help of increased cutting parametersadvantages of clamping rigidity.

It is reduced the handling time and reduced man power.

It makes the manufacturing process and eliminates many operations likemarking, setting, and stage inspections.

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7.3 Jigs drawings

Drawing: 8 Jigs assembly drawings

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Drawing: 9 Jig plate drawings

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Drawing: 11Jigs assembly drawings

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Drawing: 13 Jigs Bush details

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Drawing: 14 Jigs bush drawings

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Photo: 17 Jigs assembly

Photo: 18 bush assembly

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Photo: 19 stopper assembly

Photo: 20 Jigs during use

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Photo: 21 Jigs assembly

Photo: 22 finished product

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CHAPTER-8

8.1 Design Economy

The demands of modern industries for maximum productivity at minimal cost area challenge to the tool designer. In addition to developing design for efficient andaccurate jigs and fixture the tool designer is responsible for finding way to keep thecost of special tools as low as possible. To do this, he must know and apply designeconomy.

Design economy begins with tool designer idea and carried through to thecompletion of the tool. Design details should be carefully studied to find ways toreduce cost and still maintain part quality. The tool designer is aided in this task byfollowing principles of economic design.

8.2 Estimating tool cost and productivity

The simplest and most direct way to determine the cost of a tool design is to addthe total cost of material and labor needed to fabricate the tool. This must be donecarefully so that no part or operation is forgotten. One method is to label each partof the tool (Table 1.1) and list the materials in a separate part list .then using a costwork sheet (1.2) the time allowed for each machining operation include time forsetup.

The next step is estimating is calculating the number of parts per hour the toolwill produce. The simplest method is to divide 1 hour by the single-part time or thetime it takes to load, machine and unload each part .Expressed as a formula this,calculation becomes

Ph = 1/S

Where

Ph = parts per hour

S= Single part time

We have used the following chat to convert standard clock time from hours, minutesand seconds into decimal hours for easier calculation.

1 hour = 1.0 hour

hour = 0.5 hour

hour = 0.25 hour

6 minutes= 0.1 hour

1 second = 0.000277 hour

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Example: How many parts per hours will a jig produce if machining time is 0.0137hour and it take 0.0127 hour to load the part and another 0.0127 hour to unload it.

P= 1/s

P= 1/ 0.0137 +0.0127 + 0.0127

P= 1/0.0391

P= 25.57 parts per hour.

8.3 Calculating labor expense

Labor is the single most expensive factor in manufacturing. If labor expenses canbe reduced, so can overall production cost jigs and fixture reduced machining.

8.4 Calculating the cost per part

A comparison of tool costs or labor expenses cannot give the tool designerenough information to determine the true economic potential of a design. Foraccuracy, he must calculate how much the design is worth in terms of totalproduction and cost per part. The formula for finding this value is

CP = cp+ L/ LS where

Cp = cost per part

Tc = Tool cost

L = Cost of labor

Ls = Lot size

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8.5 Formula sheet

Production

Ph= Parts per hour

S = Single part time

Includes load time and unload time

Labor Expense

L = Cost of labor

LS = lot size

Ph = Parts per hour

W = Wage rate

L = Ls/ Ph X W

Cost per Part

Cp = Cost per part

Tc =Tool cost

L =Cost of labor

Ls= Lot size

CP = TC+ L / Ls

Total savings Economical Production

Ts = Total savings

Ls = Lot size

Cp1 = Cost per part First tool

Cp2 = Cost per part second tool

Ts= Ls x (Cp1-cp2)

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Production alternative

Ts = Total savings

Ls = Lot size

Cp1 = Cost per part First tool

Cp2 = Cost per part second tool

Tc = Tool cost

Ts= Ls x (Cp1-cp2)- Tc

Break even point

Bp = Break even point

Tc = Tool cost

Cp1= First cost per part

Cp2 = Second cost per part

BP = TC/ (Cp1-Cp2)

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Summary

This project is aimed to provide the machining repeatability and high

productivity with out distortion due to clamping and machining forces.

After introduced the Jig & Fixture the productivity of the both component hasbeen increased. The main goal is design a tool which will support to increase the

productivity with a simple material and pieces and no complication design and

manufacturing process.

Simple to manufacturing

Simple to maintenance

High reliability

High Performance

Safety Keep all designs simple and uncomplicated

Use performed materials where possible

Always use standard components

Reduce or eliminate secondary operation

Do not use overly light tolerances

Simplify tool drawings

Performing an economic analysis helps the designer consider a variety of tool alternative to find the most efficient and cost effective design.

Estimating the tool cost and productivity

Calculating the values necessary to determine the best tooling alternatives

Preparing a comparative analysis of the tooling alternatives

The project is fully supported by Al Jaber Precision Engineering management and

Production and Design Department. I have used my concepts, ideas and technical

knowledge during design, manufacturing, assembly and trail testing. Finally its

satisfied the all aspects of indented purpose. I hope that we have done a good job in

a professional manner.

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Conclusions & Recommendations

Conclusions:

Use of jigs and fixture directly influence the quality of performance of theoperation. It improves efficiency of work by eliminating production of poor qualityproducts and reducing the product cycle time. Design of jigs and fixtures trulydepends on the type of operation and machine tool to be used for that operation.The use of jig and fixture involve locating the workpiece is right position on themachine tool. The meaning of location is determining the points on the work where itshould be supported to restrain all the motions so that the work can be done withoutany problem. Along with the fixtures jigs are used to guide the tool movement duringan operation. These are made of hardened steel, wear resistant and corrosionresistant steel. Different types are jigs are used for different types of operations.

I could say that this project will help to improve production rate and fulfil theintention of Jig & Fixture function and satisfying the requirements. The tool isperforming well with unique features along with many tangible and intangible

benefits. I have advised to measure and monitor the performance for continuousimprovements.

I sincerely thankful to the management, staff for their support and theguidance I got from my managers and colleagues who have helped me to completethe project with in time.

Recommendations:

This project is just an example of a small and simple tool how helpful for

manufacturing process. I would like to recommend that it is possible to apply

improvements in order to increase the performance and productivity, as well as

decrease the costs. The same way design a tool for material handling and storage

process which will give remarkable improvement. Currently, for loading and

offloading being carried out by with the help of over head crane and fork lifter which

is to be eliminated. Loading and offloading method must be replaced by an easy,

simple and fast mechanism. If required I shall give a proposal for the same.

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REFERENCES

Jigs and Fixtures by ALBERT A.DOWD and FRANK W.CURTIS McGraw-hill

book Company. Inc

Jig And Fixture Design by Franklin D.Jones, The Industrial Press

ABBREVIATIONS:

CAD = Computer Aided Design

CAM = Computer Aided Manufacturing

CNC = Computerized Numerical Control

AWS = American Welding Society

L.L.C = Limited Liability Company

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Checklist of items for the Final Project Work Report

This checklist is to be duly completed, verified and signed by the student.

1Is the final report properly hard bound? (Spiral bound or Soft bound or Perfect

bound reports are not acceptable.)

Yes

2 Is the Cover page in proper format as given in Annexure A?Yes

3 Is the Title page (Inner cover page) in proper format?Yes

4 (a) Is the Certificate from the Supervisor in proper format?(b) Has it been signed by the Supervisor?

Yes

Yes

5 Is the Abstract included in the report properly written within one page? Have thetechnical keywords been specified properly?

Yes

Yes

6 Is the title of your report appropriate? The title should be adequately descriptive,precise and must reflect scope of the actual work done.

Yes

7 Have you included the List of abbreviations / Acronyms?Uncommon abbreviations / Acronyms should not be used in the title.Yes

8 Does the Report contain a summary of the literature survey? Yes

9

Does the Table of Contents include page numbers?

(i). Are the Pages numbered properly? (Ch. 1 should start on Page # 1)

(ii). Are the Figures numbered properly? (Figure Numbers and Figure Titles should be

at the bottom of the figures)

(iii). Are the Tables numbered properly? (Table Numbers and Table Titles should be

at the top of the tables)

(iv). Are the Captions for the Figures and Tables proper?

(v). Are the Appendices numbered properly? Are their titles appropriate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

10 Is the conclusion of the Report based on discussion of the work?Yes

11

Are References or Bibliography given at the end of the Report?

Have the References been cited properly inside the text of the Report?

Is the citation of References in proper format?

Yes

Yes

Yes

12

Is the report format and content according to the guidelines? The report should not be a

mere printout of a Power Point Presentation, or a user manual. Source code of software

need not be included in the report.

Yes

Declaration by Student:

I certify that I have properly verified all the items in this checklist and ensure that the report is in properformat as specified in the course handout.

Documents

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