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Vernizzi & Vernizzi & Olvera de la Cruz, NU, 2009NU, 2009
2009 NSF Nanoscale Science and 2009 NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Grantees ConferenceEngineering Grantees Conference
December 7December 7--9, 20099, 2009
www.nseresearch.orgwww.nseresearch.org
Nanotechnology at NSF
M.C. RocoNational Science Foundation
and National Nanotechnology Initiative
NSF's Nanoscale Science and Engineering Grantees Conference December 7, 2009
“Vision for nanotechnology in the next decade” (2001-2010)
Systematic control of matter on the nanoscale will lead to a revolution in technology and industry- Change the foundations from micro to nano in
knowledge, industry, medicine, sustainability, ..- Create a general purpose technology (similar IT)
Adopt nanotechnology definition for the R&D programMore important than miniaturization itself: More important than miniaturization itself: Novel properties/ phenomena/ processes/ natural threshold Unity and generality of principles Most efficient length scale for manufacturing, biomedicine Show transition from basic phenomena and components to
system applications in 10 areas
Book, Springer, 2000
MC Roco, 3/11/1999
Ne w
area
ENVIRONMENT
ELECT R O N I C S
MANUFACTURING
SECURITY
HEALTH
CARE
TRANSPORT
INSTRUMENTS
ENERGY
InfrastructureWorkforcePartnerships
MATERIALSNS&E integration for general purpose technology
~ ~ 20112011 ~ ~ 20202020Direct measurements; Science-based design and processes;
Collective effects; Create nanosystems by technology integration
New disciplinesNew industriesSocietal impact
Foundational interdisciplinary research at nanoscale~ ~ 20012001 ~ ~ 20102010Indirect measurements, Empirical correlations; Single principles, phenomena, tools; Create nanocomponents by empirical design2000
2020
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
CREATING A NEW FIELD AND COMMUNITY IN TWO FOUNDATIONAL STEPS (2000~2020)
Mass application of nanotechnology after ~ 2020
Introduction of New Generations of Products and Productive Processes (2000-2020)
Timeline for beginning of industrial prototyping and nanotechnology commercialization
11stst:: Passive nanostructures (1st generation products)Ex: coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics
22ndnd: Active nanostructures Ex: 3D transistors, amplifiers, targeted drugs, actuators, adaptive structures
33rdrd: NanosystemsEx: guided assembling; 3D networking and new hierarchical architectures, robotics, evolutionary
44thth: Molecular nanosystems Ex: molecular devices ‘by design’, atomic design, emerging functions
~ 2010
~ 2005
20002000
Incr
ease
d C
ompl
exity
, Dy
nam
ics, T
rans
disc
iplin
arit y
~ 20152015--20202020
CMU
Converging technologies Ex: nano-bio-info from nanoscale, cognitive technologies; large complex systems from nanoscale
Reference: AIChE Journal, Vol. 50 (5), 2004
DOCTA
DHS
NRC
FDA
CPSCITC
USPTO
NIOSH
DOC BIS
USDAFS
DOEd
DOL
NSF
DOEDOD
NASA
NIST
NIHOMBOSTP
EPA
DOT
DOTr
DOJ
ITIC
DOS
USDA
National Nanotechnology
Initiative Collaborative, multi-agency, cross-cut program
among 25 Federal agencies USGS
2009 Nanotechnology Regional, State, and Local Initiatives (34)
CA NanoSystem Institute (CNSI)
Northern CA
Nano Initiative
Connecticut Innovations
Girvan Institute
MA
Nanotechnology Initiative
OK
Nano-technology Initiative (ONI)
IN
Birck Nanotechn.
Center
CO
Nano-Technology Initiative
AR
Nanotechnology Cluster
NanoBusines
s Alliance
NanoBusines
s Alliance
Albany Nanotech
TX
Nano- technology
Initiative
MA Technology
Transfer Center
WV Nano Initiative
Southwest Nano
Consortium; AZ, CO, NM, TX, no.
Mex.
Southwest Nano
Consortium; AZ, CO, NM, TX, no.
Mex.
Mid Atlantic
Nanotech Alliance (MANA)
PA, NJ, DE
Mid Atlantic
Nanotech Alliance (MANA)
PA, NJ, DE
KS
Technology Enterprise
Corporation
Maine Technology Institute
MS
Technology Alliance
MN
Nano
ND
Centers of Excellence
The OH
Nano- Network
OR
Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute (ONAMI)
PA
Nanomaterials Commercialization
Center
Utah
Science, Tech., and Research
Initiative (USTAR)
nanoSTAR Institute, VA
Nanoelectronics Research Initiative
NC
Nanotechnology
Greater Washington
Nanotech Alliance
GA Tech
Marcus Nanotechnology Building
Multi state/regionalNational outreach
NNI nets: NSF -
10DOE -
1NIH -
4 NIST -
2
North AL Nanotechnology Organization
http://www.nano.gov/html/funding/businessops.html#RSLI
MA
Techn. Development Corporation
TX
Emerging Technologies
FundMC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
2009 NNI Context: Congress
• HR 5940, AN ACT To authorize activities for support of nanotechnology research and development.
• S. 1482: To reauthorize the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, THE SENATE, July 21, 2009Mr. Kerry, Ms. Snowe, Mr. Rockfeller, Mr. Pryor, and Mr. Wyden,
• Required each year: NNI Annual Report, Budget Request, and list accomplishments
• Required each 3 years:Strategic Plan, PCAST and Academies reports on NNI
• Ad-hoc evaluations: GAO (2007, 2009), nano-EHS results
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Context: NSTC/OSTP and OMB
• Memorandum for NSTC Principals of August 4, 2009: 3 Nanoscale Science and Engineering signature initiatives; increasing nano-EHS investment
• NSTC/NSET Subcommittee meetings each month, and periodical reporting to OSTP
• Four NSET/WGs on nano- EHS, interaction with industry, public participation, and international
• NNI annual report with list of outcomes
• OMB cross-cut budget for NNI each year MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
A STRATEGY FOR AMERICAN INNOVATION- U.S., White House paper, September 20, 2009 -
“ Administration is committed to strengthening and focusing investments in our world-class nanotechnology research and development pipeline; targeting support for nanotechnology transfer and facilitating commercial start-ups; and cross-disciplinary training and education of scientists and engineers in the new-generation workforce. This will enable us to capitalize on our investments and stay at the cutting edgeof this rapidly growing technology.”
MC Roco, Nov. 9 2009
Time line for the number of NSF awards, number of journal articles (ISO), and number of patents (USPTO) on nanoscale science and engineering
published between 1991 and 2008 (searched by keywords title & abstract) Percentage of NSE Awards/Patents/Papers
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
NS
F-N
SE
Aw
ard
/ Pap
er /
Pate
nt P
erce
ntag
e
Top 20 Journals' Nano Paper Percentage
3 Selected Journals' Nano Paper Percentage
Title-claim Search's Nano Patent Percentage
NSF Nano New Award Percentage
Proportion of nanotechnology contents in NSF awards, ISO papers and USPTO patents (1991-2009)
Searched by keywords in the title and abstract/claims
All journals 4.5%
USPTO patents 1.5%
NSF grants ~ 11%
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Nanotechnology-related SCI papers per year
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,00019
91
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year
SCI p
aper
s
All SCI papersSCI papers with the 1st author from the USSCI papers with at least one author from the US
WORDWIDE NUMBER OF NANOTECHNOLOGY SCI ARTICLES
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Total number of nanotechnology applications per year
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
Num
ber o
f Pat
ent A
pplic
atio
ns
All applicationsNon-overlapping applications
WORDWIDE NUMBER OF NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENT APPLICATIONS
Year All applications Non-overlapping
1991 224 224
2000 1,197 1,153
2008 12,776 10,067
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
2000-2008Worldwide annual growth rate = 34.5%
010002000300040005000600070008000
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
mill
ions
$ /
year
W. EuropeJapanUSAOthersTotal
Context Context –– Nanotechnology in the WorldNanotechnology in the WorldNational government investments 1997National government investments 1997--2007 2007 (estimation NSF)(estimation NSF)
NNI Preparation(vision / benchmark)
1st Strategic Plan(passive nanostructures)
2nd Strategic Plan(active ns. & systems)
Seed funding(1991 - )
Country / Region
Gov. Nano
R&D 2007 ($M)
Specific Nano
R&D 2007 ($/Capita)
USA 1500 5.0EU-25 ~1450 4.0Japan ~ 980 7.5China ~ 350 0.3Korea ~ 315 6.0Taiwan ~ 110 4.5
MC. RocoIndustry R&D ($7.3B) has exceeded national government R&D ($6.5B) in 2007
2000-2009Changing international context:
government funding
Changing national investmentFY 2010 NNI Budget Request - $1,640 million
Fiscal Year NNI2000 $270M2001 $464M2002 $697M2003 $862M2004 $989M2005 $1,200M2006 $1,303M2007 $1,425M2008 $1,491M2009 $1,650M
Request 2010 $1,636M
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
NNI ($ million)3-D Column 2
NNI / R&D ~ 1/4 of the world R&D
+ $140M (ARRA/stimulus) = $1,790M
20012001--20102010
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
NSF – discovery, innovation and education in Nanoscale Science and Engineering (NSE)
www.nsf.gov/nano , www.nano.govFY 2010 Budget Request $423M– Fundamental research ~ 5,000 active projects – Establishing the infrastructure - 26 large centers, 2 user facilities, teams– Training and education >10,000 students and teachers/y; ~ $30M/y
Fiscal Year NSF2000 $97M2001 $150M2002 $199M2003 $221M2004 $254M2005 $338M2006 $344M2007 $373M2008 $389M2009 $397M
Request 2010 $423M
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
NSE ($M)3-D Column 2
+ $108M (ARRA / stimulus) = $505M
20012001--20102010
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
NSE: Role of EngineeringEngineering has a leading role in NSE because:
- nanotechnology deals with systems at nanoscale- integrative, interdisciplinary- transforming tool
Collaboration with NSF Directorates: MPS, CISE, BIO, GEO, SBE, HERAlso, NNI - 24 departments and agencies (DOE,DOD, NASA, NIH, NIST, EPA, etc.)
Changing engineering disciplines (research, education, relevance)
2000 $97M $30.0M2001 $150M $55.3M2002 $199M $86.3M2003 $221M $94.4M2004 $254M $108.9M2005 $338M $127.8M2006 $344M $127.8M2007 $373M $137.2M2008 $389M $137.2M2009 $397M $140.0M
R 2010 $413M $148M
050
100150200250300350400450
2000 2000 2006 2009
NSE ($M)ENG ($M)
+ $35M (ARRA / stimulus) = $175M
20012001--20102010
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Top 15 institutions by NSE Active Amount in FY 2009
$0
$5,000,000
$10,000,000
$15,000,000
$20,000,000
Northw
ester
nPurd
ueU of
Wisc
onsin
UC Berkele
yCorn
ellU of
Colo
rado
U of M
assU of
Mich
igan
U of M
innU of
Illino
isUCLA
U of Tex
asU of
Pen
nGA Tec
h
U of W
ashin
gton
Institution
Nan
o A
CTI
VE
Am
t.
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Top 15 institutions by the Number of Active NSE Awards in FY 2009
100
9083 82
74 72 70 69 66 64 62 61 60 60 59
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Purdue
GA Tech
U of M
ichiga
nU of
Illino
isNort
hwes
tern
U of M
innU of
Texas
Penn S
tate
Arizon
a Stat
eU of
Florida
Cornell
U of W
iscon
sinUC Berk
eley
MIT
U of W
ashin
gton
Institution
No.
AC
TIVE
Aw
ards
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
No. NSE ACTIVE Awads by State (FY 2009)
528
359328 321
284
247
176 168 166 155 152 151125 117 116
102 102 93 90 89 8769 69 66 57 53 51 41 40 40 38 37 37 36 35 33 29 27 25 20 19 19 16 16 14 11 11 8 8 6 5 1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
State
No
AC
TIVE
Aw
ards
NSE ACTIVE Awards Amount by State (FY 2009)
$0
$20,000,000
$40,000,000
$60,000,000
$80,000,000
$100,000,000
State
Nan
o A
CTI
VE A
mt.
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
AK - 2.5; AL - 68.4; AR - 35.8; AZ - 75.1; CA - 548.7; CO - 135.6; CT - 46.9; DC - 38.2; DE - 26; FL - 94.7; GA - 75.3; HI - 1.6; IA - 30; ID - 12.5; IL - 280.4; IN - 116.6; KS - 19.3; KY - 37.4; LA - 34.4; MA - 363.6; MD - 82.3; ME - 5.9; MI - 105.9; MN - 80.9; MO - 40.2; MS - 26.3; MT - 10.3; NC - 116.8; ND - 16.1; NE - 41.2; NH - 14.2; NJ - 100.4; NM - 31.3; NV - 11.9; NY - 418.8; OH - 145.3; OK - 33.5; OR - 34.6; PA - 273.4; PR - 32.2; RI - 37.4; SC - 34.8; SD - 23.3; TN - 46.8; TX - 225.2; UT - 28.3; VA - 83.8; VT - 7.2; WA - 59.7; WI - 106.6; WV - 8.7; WY - 3.3
AK - 2.5
68.4 75.3
HI - 1.6
30.0
12.5
280.4116.6
19.3 37.4
34.4
----------MA - 363.6
35.8
--------MD - 82.3
5.9
105.9
80.9
40.2
26.3
10.3
116.8
16.1
41.2
75.1
-------------NH - 14.2
------------------NJ - 100.4
31.3
11.9
418.8
145.3
33.5
34.6
273.4
PR - 32.2
548.7
-----RI - 37.4
34.8
23.3
46.8
225.2
28.3 83.8
---------------------VT - 7.2
59.7
106.6
135.6
8.7
3.3
------------CT - 46.9
--------------------------DC - 38.2------------DE - 26
94.7
Total Amt. FY01-09 ($10^6)<= 12.5 12.5 - 3030 - 38.2 38.2 - 80.980.9 - 116.8 116.8 - 548.7
Total Amount for NEW NS&E Awards FYs 2001 – 2009 by State ($M)
StateNEW FY
2001-2009 Rank
CA $549M 1
NY $419M 2
MA $364M 3
IL $280M 4
PA $273M 5
TX $225M 6 MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
AK - 3.96; AL - 13.03; AR - 13.14; AZ - 14.04; CA - 14.59; CO - 28.02; CT - 13.24; DC - 56.31; DE - 31.56; FL - 5.58; GA - 8.89; HI - 1.33; IA - 10.06; ID - 9.57; IL - 21.55; IN - 17.55; KS - 5.81; KY - 8.21; LA - 7.73; MA - 53.67; MD - 17.98; ME - 4.62; MI - 10.46; MN - 14.29; MO - 7.15; MS - 6.28; MT - 11.53; NC - 13.41; ND - 20.42; NE - 22.31; NH - 10.79; NJ - 10.63; NM - 16.36; NV - 5.96; NY - 24.65; OH - 11.54; OK - 11.43; OR - 9.78; PA - 21.75; PR - 6.92; RI - 46.36; SC - 10; SD - 21.99; TN - 8.21; TX - 10.15; UT - 11.34; VA - 12.81; VT - 11.25; WA - 9.86; WI - 21.07; WV - 4.39; WY - 6.78
AK - $3.96
$13.03$8.89
HI - $1.33
$10.06
$9.57
$21.55 $17.55
$5.81 $8.21
$7.73
------MA - $53.67
$13.14
------MD - $17.98
$4.62
$10.46
$14.29
$7.15
$6.28
$11.53
$13.41
$20.42
$22.31
$14.04
------NH - $10.79
------------------NJ - $10.63
$16.36
$5.96
$24.65
$11.54
$11.43
$9.78
$21.75
PR - $6.92
$14.59
-------RI - $46.36
$10.00
$21.99
$8.21
$10.15
$11.34$12.81
---------------------VT - $11.25
$9.86
$21.07
$28.02$4.39
$6.78
---------CT - $13.24
----------------------DC - $56.31------------DE - $31.56
$5.58
PerCapita ACTIVE Amt. FY01-09<= 6.78 6.78 - 1010 - 11.43 11.43 - 14.2914.29 - 21.75 21.75 - 56.31
Per Capita Total Amount for NEW NS&E Awards FYs 2001–2009 by State ($/ capita / 9 years)
State$ per capita per 9 yrs
Rank
DC $56.3 1
MA $53.7 2
RI $46.4 3
DE $31.6 4
CO $28.0 5
NY $24.7 6 MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
AK - 6
113 250
HI - 9
111
28
569 259
62 78
109
-----------MA - 584
100
--------MD - 239
20
352
176
137
51
26
307
32
70
232
---------------NH - 37
------------------NJ - 234
89
36
788
394
84
81
671
PR - 36
1,149
--------RI - 169
121
24
147
583
90 335
---------------VT - 18
167
190
248 20
16
------------CT - 155
------------------DC - 72------------------DE - 84
334
No. NEW Awds. FY 01 - 09<= 32 32 - 8181 - 121 121 - 232232 - 335 335 - 1149
Total Number of NEW NS&E Awards FYs 2001 – 2009 by State
StateNEW FY
2001-2009 Rank
CA 1149 1
NY 788 2
MA 584 3
TX 583 4
PA 671 5
IL 569 6 MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Nationwide Impact
Ten Nanoscale Science and Engineering networks with national outreach
Nanotechnology Center Learning and Teaching (2004-) 1 million students/ 5yrNanoscale Informal Science Education Network (2005-) 100 sites/ 5yrNetwork for Nanotechnology in Society (2005-) Involve academia, public, industryNanotech Applications and Career Knowledge (2008- ) – nat. technology educ.National Nanomanufacturing Network (2006-) 4 NSETs , DOD centers, and NISTEnvironmental Implications of Nanotechnology (2008-) with EPA
Network for Computational Nanotechnology (2002-) > 90,000 users/ 2008National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (2003-) 4,600 users/ 2007
NSEC Network (2001-) 19 research & education centers MRSEC Network (2001-) 6 new research & education centers since 2000 MC Roco,
Dec. 7 2009
TOOLS
TOPICAL
GENERAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
• For 2-year Community and Technical Colleges; and 4-year Univ. and Colleges
• Created 6 nanotechnology capstone courses 18 credits - lectures, labs., with notes available
• Spin-off regional centers: Dakota Community College; the University of Minnesota; and the University of New Mexico.
Director: Steve Fonash
NSF National Center for Nanotechnology Applications and Career Knowledge (NACK)
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Nanotechnology in 2008, still in an earlier formative phase of development
Characterization of nanomodules is using micro parameters and not internal structure
Measurements and simulations of a domain of biological or engineering relevance cannot be done with atomic precision and time resolution of chemical reactions
Manufacturing Processes – empirical, synthesis by trial and error, some control only for one chemical component and in steady state
Nanotechnology products are using only rudimentary nanostructures (dispersions in catalysts, layers in electronics)incorporated in existing products or systems
Knowledge for risk governance – in formationMC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
FY 2009 NS&E Priorities Research AreasFY 2009 NS&E Priorities Research Areas (1)
The long-term objective is building a foundation of fundamental research to understand and restructure matter at nanoscale in all areas of S&E
A. Scientific challenges- New theories at nanoscale
Ex: transition from quantum to classical physics, collective behavior, for simultaneous phenomena
- Non-equilibrium processes- Designing new molecules with engineered functions- New architectures for assemblies of nanocomponents- The emergent behavior of nanosystems
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Discovery of Nanoscale RepulsionFederico Capasso, Harvard University
A repulsive force arising at nanoscale was identified similar to attractive repulsive Casimir-Lifshitz forces.
As a gold-coated sphere was brought closer to a silica plate -a repulsive force around one ten-billionth of a newton was measured starting at a separation of about 80 nanometers.
For nanocomponents of the right composition, immersed in a suitable liquid, this repulsive force would amount to a kind of quantum levitation that would keep surfaces slightly apart
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
C. Moon et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 4, (2009)
Creating the World’s Smallest LettersHari Manoharan, NSF – 0425897, NSEC Stanford U.
A STM is used to position CO molecules on a copper (111) surface and to read out by 2D illumination the molecular holographic encoding spelling the letters SU of size about 1 nm (0.8 by 1.5 nm) in 3D
The letters with features as small as 3 A are formed in the interference pattern generated by the 2D surface state electrons from the (111) face of the copper crystal and confined by the CO molecules acting as local gates (quantum holographic encoding)
1 nmMC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
How to Teleport Quantum Information from One Atom to Another
Chris Monroe, University of Maryland, NSF 0829424
Teleportation to transfer a quantum state over a significant distance from one atom to another was achieved.Two ions are entangled in a quantum way in which actions on one can have an instant effect on the other
Experiments have attempted to teleport states tens of thousands of times per second. But only about 5 times in every billion attempts do they get the simultaneous signal at the beam splitter telling them they can proceed to the final step.
Teleportation carries information between entangled atoms.
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Designing molecules for hierarchical selfassemblingDesigning molecules for hierarchical selfassembling
EX: - Biomaterials for human repair: nerves, tissues, wounds (Sam Stupp, NU)
Example 4th generation (in research)
- New nanomachines, robotics - DNA architectures (Ned Seeman, Poly. Inst.)- Designed molecules for self-assembled porous walls (Virgil Percec, U. PA)- Self-assembly processing for artificial cells (Matt Tirrell, UCSB)- Block co-polymers for 3-D structures on surfaces (U. Mass, U. Wisconsin)
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
FY 2009 NS&E Priorities Research AreasFY 2009 NS&E Priorities Research Areas (2)
B. Development of nanotechnology- Tools for measuring and restructuring
with atomic precision and time resolution of chemical reactions
- Understanding and use of quantum phenomena- Understanding and use of multi-scale selfassembling- Nanobiotechnology – sub-cellular and systems approach- Nanomanufacturing hybrid, on site- Systems nanotechnology
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
4D Microscope Revolutionizes the Way We Look at the Nano World
A. Zewail, Caltech, and winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Use of ultra short laser flashes to observe fundamental motion and chemical reactions in real-time (timescale of a femtosecond, 10-15s), with 3D real-space atomic resolution.
Allows for visualization of complex structural changes (dynamics, chemical reactions) in real space and real time. Such visualization may lead to fundamentally new ways of thinking about matter
http://ust.caltech.edu/movie_gallery/
Nanodrumming of graphite, visualized with 4D microscopy.
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
FY 2009 NS&E Priorities Research AreasFY 2009 NS&E Priorities Research Areas (3)
C. Integration of nanotechnology in application areas- Replacing electron charge as the information carrier
in electronics - Energy conversion, water filtration
/ desalinization using new principles
- Efficient nanomanufacturing and sustainable environment- Nano-bio interfaces between the human body
and manmade devices- Nano-informatics for better communication and
nanosystem design
SEM micrographs of membranes (UIUC)
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Excited Atoms to Advance Quantum ComputingMark Saffman, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Use a single atom to control another atom: potential to create working logic devices, similar to transistors in an electronic circuit, which could eventually be used in a quantum computer.
Experiment performed to prove Rydberg blockade effect for quantum logic gates. End-on view of high numerical aperture
custom lens system used to trap and image single atoms.
Nature Physics, 2009 MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI)
36
NRI Mission: Demonstrate novel computing devices capable of replacing the CMOS FET as a logic switch in the 2020 timeframe.
To meet these goals, NRI pursues five research vectors:
• NEW DEVICE: Device with alternative state vector
• NEW WAYS TO CONNECT DEVICES: Non-charge data transfer
• NEW METHODS FOR COMPUTATION: Non-equilibrium systems
• NEW METHODS TO MANAGE HEAT: Nanoscale phonon engineering
• NEW METHODS OF FABRICATION: Directed self-assembly of devices
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
• Quantum information science (IT; Nano and subatomic physics; System approach for dynamic/ probabilistic processes, entanglement and measurement)
• Eco-bio-complexity (Bio; Nano; System approach for understanding how macroscopic ecological patterns and processes are maintained based on molecular mechanisms, evolutionary mechanisms; interface between ecology and economics; epidemiological dynamics)
• Neuromorphic engineering (Nano, Bio, IT, neurosc.)• Cyber-physical systems (IT, NT, BIO, others)• Synthetic & system biology (Bio, Nano, IT, neuroscience)• Cognitive enhancers (Bio, Nano, neuroscience)
Converging science and technology -Examples of new transdisciplinary domains
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Every major ecosystem is under threat at different time scales: food, water, risk of climate
change, energy, biodiversity, mineral resources
The World is NOT Currently Achieving Sustainable Development
Nanotechnology may offer efficient manufacturing with less resources, less waste, better functioning products
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
From FY 2009 NSF priority research areas From FY 2009 NSF priority research areas (4)(4)
Societal dimensions of nanotechnology- Understanding and sustainable ENV, including research
for natural/ incidental/ manufactured nanomaterials Key nano- EHS priorities at NSF - New instrumentation for nanoparticle characterization and nanotoxicity - Transport phenomena and physico- chem.- biological processes - Nano-bio interface: ecological and human health implications - Predictive models for interaction of nanomat. with cells/living tissues - Separation of nanoparticles from fluids - Safety of manufacturing nanoparticles
- Earlier formal and informal education - Social issues and public engagement
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
NNI Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Budget
Expenditures on “primary purpose” EHS research have grown from $35M in FY 2005 to a requested $87.7M
million in FY 2010, cumulative total $351M
0102030405060708090
100
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
$ m
illi
on
s
Year
NNI / R&D ~ 1/2 of the world R&D MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
$0
$10
$20
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY2010 R
Inve
stm
ent (
$M)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Per
cent
age
Environmental, Health, and Safety Formal and Informal Education
Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Percentage Societal Dimensions
Nanomanufacturing safety added in 2003
Focus on future nano generations
added in 2006
NSF Investment in Nanotechnology Implications
for Safety and SocietyNew CEIN
in 2006Focus on
nanosystems >2010
EPA 2003
NIEHS 2004
DOE, FDA 2005Other agencies enter
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
NSE program emphasis in FY 2010
Increased focus on complex, large nanosystems Three-dimensional measurements and simulations of domains of
engineering relevance with good time resolution Nanoelectronics, magnetics and photonics (~ $100M / yr) Converging science, engineering and technology from the nanoscale (in
manufacturing, information systems, medicine, environment) R&D themes on sustainable development (energy, water, food, climate) Expanded joint research program addressing societal implications of
nanotechnology: nano-EHS; nano-ELSI, partner with other agencies Earlier educational programs and teaching materials, including for K-12,
by remote access to NSF educational networks (NU, NISE, NNIN) Expand partnerships of academic researchers with industry, medical
facilities and states through GOALI, PFI and other programsMC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Possible areas of increased NSF investment in 2010
Conceptual challenges: Theory for nanoscale phenomena; Nano-architecture and networking; Emerging behavior of nanostructures and nanosystems; Use of quantum in devices; Multi-scale self-assembling
Planning for NNI Signature Initiatives: nanoelectonics for 2020 and beyond, nanotechnology for regenerating human body, catalysts, nanomanufacturing for sustainable development
Nano-EHS (EPA-NSF-USDA solicitation; EU partner) “Fate, Transport and Behavior of Engineered Nanomaterials in Selected Environmental and Biological Matrices” (deadline Feb. 2, 2010)http://www.epa.gov/ncer/rfa/2010/2010_star_nano.html
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education solicitationMC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Evaluations
PCAST: 2005, 2008, (2011) Academies, NRC: 2002, 2005, 2008, (2011) OSTP, OMB, Congress - annually GAO: 2007, 2009 NSF
NSE COV: 2006NSECs: (2010)International calibration and ten years ahead, WTEC: (2010)Topical NSE meetings sponsored by NNI, NSF
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
Estimation of Annual Implications of Federal Investment in Nanotechnology R&D (2008)
* The corresponding R&D was about 10 times smaller in1998.
** Est. taxes 20%
$1.5B* federal R&D: NNI
~$1.9B industry R&D
$B industry operating cost
~$70B** Final Products
~140,000Jobs***
~$14B Taxes
~$1.9B ind. R&D
*** Est. $500,000/yr/job
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
FY 2009 NSF’s Grantees Meeting
• Reviews of selected NSE awards: NIRT, NSEC . . Keynotes, posters and panels to facilitate exchanges, partnerships, and research planning
• Overviews from the EPA, NIH and NIST Canada and Mexico
• Strengthen NSE trans-disciplinary community Prepare for increased complexity in research and knowledge integration
MC Roco, Dec. 7 2009
www.nsf.gov/nanoor link www.nano.gov