2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Post-Harvest Handling and Marketing of African Indigenous Vegetables

•Author

•Ojiewo C

•Guga Y.

•Tenkouano A.

•Yang RY

•Image here

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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AVRDC In Africa….since 1992

UzbekistanKorea

TaiwanLaos

Thailand

IndonesiaSolomon

Islands

India

Syria?

Madagascar

Tanzania

Mali Niger

Cameroon

VietnamHonduras?

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Vegetable R&D in Africa

Collaborative Network for Vegetable Research and Development in Eastern and Southern Africa (CONVERDS, SADC)

focus on human resource development and networking for delivery of promising products and techniques – about 6000 alumni from 30+ countries

assembly of diverse array of indigenous vegetables – about 2000 accessions

Light structure - basic field facilities and small research team

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Achievements – Variety releasesCrop Varieties released CountryTomato 17

(Kiboko, Meru, Tanya, Tengeru 97, Little Cherry, Creeper, Big Red, Xin,

Mbambande, Khama, Xin, Samtom 13, Samtom 14, Samtom 15, MST20/13, Xina,

Tropiva 3)

Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, Cape Verde, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi

Vegetable soybean

4(Edamame1, VSS1, VSS2, <AGS292>)

Sudan, Zimbabwe, Mauritius

African eggplant

2(Tengeru White, DB3)

Tanzania

Okra 1(ARP1, BARI Dhirosh)

Tanzania, Uganda(BEN, BKF, CIV, GAM, MLI, SNL)

African nightshade

1(Giant Nightshade)

Kenya

Cowpea 1(Tumaini)

Kenya

Pepper 4(F1 Forever, Remington, CRI-Shito Adope,

CRI-MakoNtoos)

Senegal, Ghana, South Africa

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Increasing productivity over the past 7 years due to new lines/ varieties by AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center and NARS partners (MAFS, 2005)

+ 40%

Major national impacts: Tanzania

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Develop and Promote a

Vegetable Business Route to Health and Wealth

Use our Science

and Networks

No or little access to improved varieties

and foundation seed thereof has been a major impediment to the development of a viable private vegetable seed industry in Sub-Sahara Africa

Going Further to Deliver - Working Hypothesis

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Seeds Systems and Other Vegetable R&D Thrusts

Seed Systems

Markets (Consumers – Nutrition & Health)

Vari

ety

D

eve

lopm

ent

Var

iety

Rel

ease

Seed

Cer

tifica

tion

Effi

cient

& S

afe

Pro

duct

ion

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Selling Testing Not InvolvedPartner Seed Companies

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Untapped Opportunities

• 75% of all seed companies in Asia sell varieties which include some germplasm originating from AVRDC

• African seed companies being supported for selection, breeding and seed production

Alfa Seed Co (Tanzania, South Africa)East African Seed Co (Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda)

Kibo Seed Co (Tanzania)Mt. Elgon Seed Co (Uganda)SeedCo (Zimbabwe, Malawi)Simlaw Seed Co (Kenya)Tropicasem (Senegal)Victoria Seed Co (Uganda)

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Economic Value of Vegetables (Kakamega market, Kenya)

Produce Category Types of produce

Type of merchant

Quantity (%)

Value

(%)

Cereals 4 M2 6 8

Roots/Tubers 6 M2+M1 18 14

Grain Legumes 2 M2 17 23

Oil crops 4 M2 4 12

Fruits 12 M2+M1 5 5

Exotic vegetables 10 M2+M1 44 32

ALVs 10 F+M1 6 6

TOTAL 48 - 100 100

Source: Onyango, 2002

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Contribution of Vegetables to Exports(Kenya,2006)

CommodityCommodity Production Production (Ha)(Ha)

Export Export Volumes Volumes (Kgs)(Kgs)

Export Values Export Values (Billion Kshs)(Billion Kshs)

FlowersFlowers 2,4242,424 86,48086,480 23,56123,561

VegetablesVegetables 222,731222,731 61,34861,348 17,82317,823

FruitsFruits 152,522152,522 15,40515,405 1,7371,737

TotalTotal 377,677377,677 163,233163,233 43,12043,120

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Yearly Cost of compliance with GlobalGAP standards

Cost incurred by individual farmer Cost incurred by exporter per farmer

Requirement Cost (KSh)   Requirement Cost (KSh)

Application as a legal business & for water permit per year

1,600 Internal audits 530

Toilet and bathroom 12,500 Pre audits (paid once) 1,250

Grading shed 1,500 Certification audits 1,650

Fertilizer & chemical store 7,500 Capacity building 2,333

Waste & pesticide disposal pit 3,250 MRLs testing 875

Charcoal cooler 1,500 Water analysis 28

Office 667 Soil analysis 28

First aid kit 900 Organic fertilizer test 33

Sprayer equipments 6,575 Quality controller salary 417

Harvesting buckets 195 Technical assistant salary 1,250

Record keeping 420

Total 36,607

(508 US$)

Total 8,394

(115 US$)

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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For farmers For farmers near cities, it is near cities, it is difficult to find difficult to find a reliable but a reliable but unpolluted unpolluted water source water source thus thus compromisingcompromisingvegetable vegetable consumer consumer healthhealth

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Health risk reduction is possible at critical control points

• Typical faecal coliform concentration on wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana: 106 to 107

per 100 gm of fresh lettuce• Improved practices can reduce at the:

– Farm level: 2 - 4 log units of E. coli– Market level: ≥ 1 log units– Kitchen level: 2 - 3 log units

• And also

– Farm level: 50 - 80% of the worm eggs

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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•Addressing important issues:

• Job creation

• Reduced seasonality

• Safer vegetables for consumers

• Improved marketing systems

•Addressing important issues:

• Job creation

• Reduced seasonality

• Safer vegetables for consumers

• Improved marketing systems

•Peri-urban Vegetable Production

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Aflatoxin B1 levels in different grades of chilli samples from AP South India

Sample grade (chilli)

Number analyzed

No. of samples with aflatoxin B1 in the range (g/kg)

0 <10 11-30 31-30 51-100 >100

Grade 1 42 21 16 3 1 1 0

Grade 2 38 13 10 6 3 4 2

Grade 3 44 3 21 4 3 2 11

Cold store

15 12 2 0 1 0 0

Powders 43 26 12 1 0 3 1

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Sources of Indigenous Vegetables

• Home gardens main source in Eastern Africa

• But: in Tanzania 20% purchased (rural sample!)

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Relative importance of IV in total food expenditure

• In Eastern Africa relative importance of IV decreases with increasing food expenditures

• Important food source for the very poor

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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•African eggplant in local markets

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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•African Leafy vegetables in Informal Markets

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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•High Value Markets

•A. Nightshade and amaranth

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Drying methods affects Carotenoid content in African nightshades

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

β-Carotene Lutein Violaxanthin Neoxanthin

Con

tent

(ug/

g dr

y w

t)

Freeze dry

Boiling

Oven dry

Sun dry

Sun dry/ shade

dccdc

bb

aa

aa

a

a

a

a

e

c

b

b

b

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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•Transport

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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A Lack of Post-harvest storage & processing:Up to 50% of vegetable crops are lost from field to shelf

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Micronutrient contents of selected commonly consumed and indigenous vegetables

Ranges Tomato Cabbage Moringa Amaranth AibikaSweet potato

leaf

-Carotene,mg 0.0 - 22 0.40 0.00 15.28 9.23 5.11 6.82

Vit C, mg 1.1 - 353 19 22 459 113 82 81

Vit E, mg 0.0 - 71 1.16 0.05 25.25 3.44 4.51 4.69

Iron, mg 0.2 – 26 0.54 0.30 10.09 5.54 1.40 1.88

Folates, g 2.8 – 175 5 ND 93 78 177 39

Antioxidant activity, TE

0.6 - 82,000 323 496 2858 394 560 870

•Data source: AVRDC Nutrition Lab

•Ranges: including >100 vegetable species

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Important Indigenous Vegetable Crops in Africa

Ethiopian mustard(Brassica carinata)

Pumpkin(Curcubita pepo)

African eggplant(Solanum aethiopicum)

Amaranth(Amaranthus cruentus)

Moringa(Moringa Olifera)

Spider-plant

(Gynandropsis gynandra)Jute mallow(Corchorus olitorius)

Sunhemp(Crotolaria ochroleuca)

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Precursors - Nutritional Kits

Awareness & Promotion:

Training in growing, processing, preservation and cooking

Tanzania (2007) - 8000 seed packs distributed

Home Gardens (6 m x 6 m):

170 to 250 kg of vegetables produced over a year

Seed Production:

28 seed companies in ESA engaged alongside AVRDC

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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African Vegetable Dishes --Nutrition Improved Recipes

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Need for quality control post harvest

Inadequate grading

Inadequate washing

Inadequate packaging

Lack of cold storage

Lack of essential infrastructure

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Improving food supply by reducing postharvest loss

Reducing postharvest losses for fresh produce is an integral part of sustainable agricultural development

95% 5%

Percentage of funding provided for horticultural development efforts over the past 30 years

Increasing production

Reducing postharvest

loss

•Source: Kader and Rolle 2004

2008Global

Strategic Planning

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Value Chains ….. also a Chain of Values

$$$$

Safe Production

(GAP)

Healthy Living

High return (Income, Social Capital) on investment (Labor, Time, Water, Land, Inputs)

2008Global

Strategic Planning

www.avrdc.org