2008 Book of Discipline - Part II: Doctrinal Stds & Our Theological Task, (pgs 41-86)

7/31/2019 2008 Book of Discipline - Part II: Doctrinal Stds & Our Theological Task, (pgs 41-86)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2008-book-of-discipline-part-ii-doctrinal-stds-our-theological-task-pgs 1/46

]at| II

L@O\TINAJ _\ANLATL_ ANL @XT

\BH@J@KIOAJ \A_E1

· 1=1. _HO\I@N 1“@XT L@O\TINAJ BHTI\AKH

Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s }t`ghss |bh bis|`tio Obtis|ian gai|b in K`l*inoatna|h in Chsxs Obtis| g`t `xt sajwa|i`n anl hwht a| {`te in bxfanbis|`ty in |bh B`jy _}iti|. Jiwink in a o`whnan| `g ktaoh xnlht |bhJ`tlsbi} `g Chsxs Obtis|* {h }at|ioi}a|h in |bh gits| gtxi|s `g K`l’s o`f&ink thikn anl }tay in b`}h g`t i|s gxjj thajia|i`n `n hat|b as in bhawhn.

@xt bhti|akh in lò|tinh anl `xt }thshn| |bh`j`kioaj |ase gòxsx}`n a thnh{hl ktas} `g |bh s`whthikn|y `g K`l anl `g K`l’s j`wh inObtis| afil |bh o`n|inxink otishs `g bxfan hris|hnoh.

@xt g`thdhats in |bh gai|b thaggitfhl |bh anoihn| Obtis|ian fhs&sakh as g`xnl in |bh a}`s|`jio {i|nhss hwhn as |bhy a}}jihl i| anh{ in|bhit `{n oitoxfs|anohs.

\bhit }thaobink anl |haobink {hth kt`xnlhl in _oti}|xth* ing`tfhl dy Obtis|ian |tali|i`n* hnjiwhnhl in hr}htihnoh* anl |hs|hl dy thas`n.

\bhit jad`ts ins}ith anl ing`tf `xt a||hf}|s |` o`nwhy |bh sawinkk`s}hj |` `xt {`tjl {i|b i|s nhhls anl as}ita|i`ns.

@xt O`ff`n Bhti|akh as Obtis|ians

Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s sbath a o`ff`n bhti|akh {i|b Obtis|ians `ghwhty akh anl na|i`n. \bis bhti|akh is kt`xnlhl in |bh a}`s|`jio {i|nhss

1. \bh Cxlioiaj O`xnoij txjhl in 19;4 |ba| ajj sho|i`ns `g ]at| II hroh}| · 1=? {hth‚jhkisja|iwh hnao|fhn|s anl nhi|bht }at| `g |bh O`ns|i|x|i`n n`t xnlht |bh Ths|tio|iwhTxjhs‖ "shh Cxlioiaj O`xnoij Lhoisi`n ?82).

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|` Chsxs Obtis| as _awi`t anl J`tl* {biob is |bh s`xtoh anl fhasxth`g ajj wajil Obtis|ian |haobink.

Gaohl {i|b liwhtsh in|ht}th|a|i`ns `g |bh a}`s|`jio fhssakh* jhal&hts `g |bh hatjy obxtob s`xkb| |` s}hoigy |bh o`th `g Obtis|ian dhjihg in`tlht |` hnsxth |bh s`xnlnhss `g Obtis|ian |haobink.

\bh lh|htfina|i`n `g |bh oan`n `g Obtis|ian _oti}|xth anl |bhal`}|i`n `g hoxfhnioaj othhls sxob as |bh g`tfxja|i`ns `g Nioahaanl Obajohl`n {hth `g ohn|taj if}`t|anoh |` |bis o`nshnsxaj }tòhss._xob othhls bhj}hl }thshtwh |bh in|hkti|y `g |bh obxtob’s {i|nhss* sh| d`xnlatihs g`t aooh}|adjh Obtis|ian lò|tinh* anl }tòjaifhl |bh dasio hjhfhn|s `g |bh hnlxtink Obtis|ian fhssakh. \bhsh s|a|hfhn|s

`g gai|b* aj`nk {i|b |bh A}`s|jhs’ Othhl* o`n|ain |bh f`s| }t`finhn|gha|xths `g `xt hoxfhnioaj bhti|akh.

\bh ]t`|hs|an| thg`tfhts `g |bh sir|hhn|b anl shwhn|hhn|b ohn&|xtihs lhwishl nh{ o`nghssi`naj s|a|hfhn|s |ba| thi|hta|hl ojassioajObtis|ian |haobink in an a||hf}| |` tho`wht |bh ax|bhn|io didjioaj {i|&nhss. \bhsh lòxfhn|s aggitfhl |bh }tifaoy `g _oti}|xth anl }t`&wilhl g`tfaj lò|tinaj s|anlatls |bt`xkb |bhit s|a|hfhn|s `g hsshn&|iaj dhjihgs `n fa||hts sxob as |bh {ay `g sajwa|i`n* |bh Obtis|ian jigh*anl |bh na|xth `g |bh obxtob.

Fany lis|ino|iwhjy ]t`|hs|an| |haobinks {hth |tansfi||hl in|`Xni|hl Fh|b`lis| xnlhts|anlinks |bt`xkb lò|tinaj g`tfxja|i`nssxob as |bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n `g |bh Obxtob `g Hnkjanl anl |bh Bhi&lhjdhtk Oa|hobisf `g |bh Thg`tfhl |tali|i`n.

Wati`xs lò|tinaj s|a|hfhn|s in |bh g`tf `g othhls* o`nghssi`ns `g dhjihg* anl at|iojhs `g gai|b {hth `ggioiajjy al`}|hl dy obxtobhs ass|anlatls `g Obtis|ian |haobink. N`|{i|bs|anlink |bhit if}`t|anoh*|bhsh g`tfaj lò|tinaj s|anlatls dy n` fhans hrbaxs|hl ax|b`ti|a&

|iwh Obtis|ian |haobink.\bh s|anlatls |bhfshjwhs ini|iajjy hfhtkhl gt`f a fxob {ilht

d`ly `g Obtis|ian |b`xkb| anl }tao|ioh* anl |bhit gxjjht siknigioanohxng`jlhl in |bh {ti|inks `g |bh obxtob’s |haobhts. _`fh {ti|inks bawh}t`whl sif}jy |` dh la|hl dhnobfates in |bh s|`ty `g |bh obxtob’so`n|inxink fa|xta|i`n.

Dy o`n|tas|* s`fh shtf`ns* |tha|ishs* ji|xtkihs* anl byfns bawhkainhl o`nsilhtadjh }tao|ioaj ax|b`ti|y in |bh jigh anl |b`xkb| `g |bhobxtob dy wit|xh `g |bhit {ilh anl o`n|inxink aooh}|anoh as gai|bgxjhr}`si|i`ns `g Obtis|ian |haobink. N`nh|bhjhss* |bh dasio fhasxth `gax|bhn|ioi|y in lò|tinaj s|anlatls* {bh|bht g`tfajjy hs|adjisbhl `tthohiwhl dy |tali|i`n* bas dhhn |bhit gilhji|y |` |bh a}`s|`jio gai|b

· 1=1 L@O\TINAJ _\ANLATL_ ANL @XT \BH@J@KIOAJ \A_E

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kt`xnlhl in _oti}|xth anl hwilhnohl in |bh jigh `g |bh obxtob|bt`xkb |bh ohn|xtihs.

Dasio Obtis|ian Aggitfa|i`ns

[i|b Obtis|ians `g `|bht o`ffxni`ns {h o`nghss dhjihg in |bh |ti&xnh K`l“Ga|bht* _`n* anl B`jy _}iti|. \bis o`nghssi`n hfdtaohs |bh didjioaj {i|nhss |` K`l’s ao|iwi|y in otha|i`n* hno`f}asshs K`l’s kta&oi`xs shjg&inw`jwhfhn| in |bh ltafas `g bis|`ty* anl an|ioi}a|hs |bho`nsxffa|i`n `g K`l’s thikn.

\bh otha|hl `tlht is lhsiknhl g`t |bh {hjj&dhink `g ajj otha|xths

anl as |bh }jaoh `g bxfan l{hjjink in o`whnan| {i|b K`l. As singxjotha|xths* b`{hwht* {h bawh dtèhn |ba| o`whnan|* dho`fh hs|tankhlgt`f K`l* {`xnlhl `xtshjwhs anl `nh an`|bht* anl {thaehl bawò|bt`xkb`x| |bh na|xtaj `tlht. [h s|anl in nhhl `g thlhf}|i`n.

[h b`jl in o`ff`n {i|b ajj Obtis|ians a gai|b in |bh fys|hty`g sajwa|i`n in anl |bt`xkb Chsxs Obtis|. A| |bh bhat| `g |bh k`s}hj`g sajwa|i`n is K`l’s inoatna|i`n in Chsxs `g Naath|b. _oti}|xth {i|&nhsshs |` |bh thlhhfink j`wh `g K`l in Chsxs’ jigh anl |haobinks* bisa|`nink lha|b* bis thsxttho|i`n* bis s`whthikn }thshnoh in bis|`ty* bis|tixf}b `wht |bh }`{hts `g hwij anl lha|b* anl bis }t`fishl th|xtn.Dhoaxsh K`l |txjy j`whs xs in s}i|h `g `xt {ijjgxj sin* K`l cxlkhs xs*sxff`ns xs |` th}hn|anoh* }atl`ns xs* thohiwhs xs dy |ba| ktaohkiwhn |` xs in Chsxs Obtis|* anl kiwhs xs b`}h `g jigh h|htnaj.

[h sbath |bh Obtis|ian dhjihg |ba| K`l’s thlhf}|iwh j`wh isthajihl in bxfan jigh dy |bh ao|iwi|y `g |bh B`jy _}iti|* d`|b in}hts`naj hr}htihnoh anl in |bh o`ffxni|y `g dhjihwhts. \bis o`f&fxni|y is |bh obxtob* {biob |bh _}iti| bas dt`xkb| in|` hris|hnoh g`t

|bh bhajink `g |bh na|i`ns.\bt`xkb gai|b in Chsxs Obtis| {h ath g`tkiwhn* tho`noijhl |` K`l*

anl |tansg`tfhl as }h`}jh `g |bh nh{ o`whnan|.‚Jigh in |bh _}iti|‖ inw`jwhs lijikhn| xsh `g |bh fhans `g ktaoh

sxob as }tayink* gas|ink* a||hnlink x}`n |bh saotafhn|s* anl in{atlshatobink in s`ji|xlh. I| ajs` hno`f}asshs |bh o`ffxnaj jigh `g |bhobxtob in {`tsbi}* fissi`n* hwankhjisf* shtwioh* anl sòiaj {i|nhss.

[h xnlhts|anl `xtshjwhs |` dh }at| `g Obtis|’s xniwhtsaj obxtob{bhn dy al`ta|i`n* }tòjafa|i`n* anl shtwioh {h dho`fh o`n&g`tfhl |` Obtis|. [h ath ini|ia|hl anl ino`t}`ta|hl in|` |bis o`ffx&ni|y `g gai|b dy Da}|isf* thohiwink |bh }t`fish `g |bh _}iti| |ba| th&otha|hs anl |tansg`tfs xs. \bt`xkb |bh thkxjat ohjhdta|i`n `g B`jy

@XT L@O\TINAJ BHTI\AKH · 1=1

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O`ffxni`n* {h }at|ioi}a|h in |bh tishn }thshnoh `g Chsxs Obtis| anlath |bhthdy n`xtisbhl g`t gai|bgxj lisoi}jhsbi}.

[h }tay anl {`te g`t |bh o`fink `g K`l’s thajf anl thikn |` |bh{`tjl anl thcìoh in |bh }t`fish `g hwhtjas|ink jigh |ba| `whto`fhslha|b anl |bh g`tohs `g hwij.

[i|b `|bht Obtis|ians {h tho`knih |ba| |bh thikn `g K`l isd`|b a }thshn| anl gx|xth thaji|y. \bh obxtob is oajjhl |` dh |ba|}jaoh {bhth |bh gits| sikns `g |bh thikn `g K`l ath ilhn|igihl anlaoen`{jhlkhl in |bh {`tjl. [bhthwht }hts`ns ath dhink falh nh{otha|xths in Obtis|* {bhthwht |bh insikb|s anl ths`xtohs `g |bh k`s}hjath dt`xkb| |` dhat `n |bh jigh `g |bh {`tjl* K`l’s thikn is ajthaly

hggho|iwh in i|s bhajink anl thnh{ink }`{ht.[h ajs` j`è |` |bh hnl |ifh in {biob K`l’s {`te {ijj dh gxj&

gijjhl. \bis }t`s}ho| kiwhs xs b`}h in `xt }thshn| ao|i`ns as inliwilx&ajs anl as |bh Obxtob. \bis hr}ho|a|i`n sawhs xs gt`f thsikna|i`n anlf`|iwa|hs `xt o`n|inxink {i|nhss anl shtwioh.

[h sbath {i|b fany Obtis|ian o`ffxni`ns a tho`kni|i`n `g|bh ax|b`ti|y `g _oti}|xth in fa||hts `g gai|b* |bh o`nghssi`n |ba|`xt cxs|igioa|i`n as sinnhts is dy ktaoh |bt`xkb gai|b* anl |bh s`dhtthajia|i`n |ba| |bh obxtob is in nhhl `g o`n|inxaj thg`tfa|i`n anlthnh{aj.

[h aggitf |bh khnhtaj finis|ty `g ajj da}|ihl Obtis|ians {b`sbath ths}`nsidiji|y g`t dxijlink x} |bh obxtob anl thaobink `x| infissi`n anl shtwioh |` |bh {`tjl.

[i|b `|bht Obtis|ians* {h lhojath |bh hsshn|iaj `nhnhss `g |bhobxtob in Obtis| Chsxs. \bis tiob bhti|akh `g sbathl Obtis|ian dhjihgginls hr}thssi`n in `xt byfn`ly anl ji|xtkihs. @xt xni|y is aggitfhlin |bh bis|`tio othhls as {h o`nghss `nh b`jy* oa|b`jio* anl a}`s|`jio

obxtob. I| is ajs` hr}htihnohl in cìn| whn|xths `g finis|ty anl in wati&`xs g`tfs `g hoxfhnioaj o``}hta|i`n.

N`xtisbhl dy o`ff`n t``|s `g |bis sbathl Obtis|ian bhti|akh* |bh dtanobhs `g Obtis|’s obxtob bawh lhwhj`}hl liwhtsh |tali|i`ns |ba|hnjatkh `xt s|`th `g sbathl xnlhts|anlinks. @xt aw`{hl hoxfhnioajo`ffi|fhn| as Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s is |` ka|bht `xt `{n lò|tinajhf}bashs in|` |bh jatkht Obtis|ian xni|y* |bhth |` dh falh f`thfhaninkgxj in a tiobht {b`jh.

Ig {h ath |` `gght `xt dhs| kig|s |` |bh o`ff`n Obtis|ian |thasxty*{h fxs| faeh a lhjidhta|h hgg`t| as a obxtob |` s|tiwh g`t oti|ioaj shjg&xnlhts|anlink. I| is as Obtis|ians inw`jwhl in hoxfhnioaj }at|nhtsbi}|ba| {h hfdtaoh anl hrafinh `xt lis|ino|iwh bhti|akh.


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@xt Lis|ino|iwh Bhti|akh as Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s

\bh xnlhtjyink hnhtky `g |bh [hsjhyan |bh`j`kioaj bhti|akh

s|hfs gt`f an hf}basis x}`n }tao|ioaj liwini|y* |bh if}jhfhn|a|i`n`g khnxinh Obtis|iani|y in |bh jiwhs `g dhjihwhts.

Fh|b`lisf lil n`| atish in ths}`nsh |` a s}hoigio lò|tinaj lis&}x|h* |b`xkb |bhth {as n` jaoe `g |bh`j`kioaj o`n|t`whtsy. HatjyFh|b`lis|s ojaifhl |` }thaob |bh soti}|xtaj lò|tinhs `g |bh Obxtob`g Hnkjanl as o`n|ainhl in |bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n* |bh B`fijihs* anl|bh D`è `g O`ff`n ]tayht.

\bhit |ase {as n`| |` thg`tfxja|h lò|tinh. \bhit |ases {hth |`

sxff`n }h`}jh |` hr}htihnoh |bh cxs|igyink anl sano|igyink ktaoh `gK`l anl hno`xtakh }h`}jh |` kt`{ in |bh en`{jhlkh anl j`wh `gK`l |bt`xkb |bh }hts`naj anl o`t}`ta|h lisoi}jinhs `g |bh Obtis|ianjigh.

\bh |btxs| `g |bh [hsjhyan f`whfhn| anl `g |bh Xni|hl Dth|bthnanl Hwankhjioaj Assòia|i`n {as ‚|` thg`tf |bh na|i`n* }at|ioxjatjy|bh Obxtob* anl |` s}thal soti}|xtaj b`jinhss `wht |bh janl.‖

[hsjhy’s `tihn|a|i`n |`{atl |bh }tao|ioaj is hwilhn| in bis gòxsx}`n |bh ‚soti}|xth {ay `g sajwa|i`n.‖ Bh o`nsilhthl lò|tinaj fa|&|hts }tifatijy in |htfs `g |bhit siknigioanoh g`t Obtis|ian lisoi}jhsbi}.

\bh [hsjhyan hf}basis x}`n |bh Obtis|ian jigh“gai|b anl j`wh}x| in|` }tao|ioh“bas dhhn |bh bajjfate `g |b`sh |tali|i`ns n`{ino`t}`ta|hl in|` \bh Xni|hl Fh|b`lis| Obxtob. \bh lis|ino|iwhsba}h `g |bh [hsjhyan |bh`j`kioaj bhti|akh oan dh shhn in a o`ns|hjja&|i`n `g lò|tinaj hf}bashs |ba| lis}jay |bh otha|ink* thlhhfink* anlsano|igyink ao|iwi|y `g K`l.

Lis|ino|iwh [hsjhyan Hf}bashs

Aj|b`xkb [hsjhy sbathl {i|b fany `|bht Obtis|ians a dhjihg inktaoh* cxs|igioa|i`n* assxtanoh* anl sano|igioa|i`n* bh o`fdinhl |bhfin a }`{htgxj fannht |` otha|h lis|ino|iwh hf}bashs g`t jiwink |bhgxjj Obtis|ian jigh. \bh Hwankhjioaj Xni|hl Dth|bthn |tali|i`n* }at|iox&jatjy as hr}thsshl dy ]bijji} [ijjiaf @||htdhin gt`f a Thg`tfhl daoekt`xnl* kawh sifijat lis|ino|iwh hf}bashs.

Ktaoh }htwalhs `xt xnlhts|anlink `g Obtis|ian gai|b anl jigh. Dyktaoh {h fhan |bh xnlhshtwhl* xnfhti|hl* anl j`wink ao|i`n `g K`lin bxfan hris|hnoh |bt`xkb |bh hwht&}thshn| B`jy _}iti|. [bijh |bhktaoh `g K`l is xnliwilhl* i| }thohlhs sajwa|i`n as ‚}thwhnihn|


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ktaoh*‖ o`n|inxhs in ‚cxs|igyink ktaoh*‖ anl is dt`xkb| |` gtxi|i`n in‚sano|igyink ktaoh.‖

[h assht| |ba| K`l’s ktaoh is fanighs| in ajj otha|i`n hwhn |b`xkbsxgghtink* wi`jhnoh* anl hwij ath hwhty{bhth }thshn|. \bh k``lnhss `gotha|i`n is gxjgijjhl in bxfan dhinks* {b` ath oajjhl |` o`whnan| }at|&nhtsbi} {i|b K`l. K`l bas hnl`{hl xs {i|b likni|y anl gthhl`fanl bas sxff`nhl xs |` ths}`nsidiji|y g`t `xt jiwhs anl |bh jigh `g|bh {`tjl.

In K`l’s shjg&thwhja|i`n* Chsxs Obtis|* {h shh |bh s}jhnl`t `g `xt|txh bxfani|y. Hwhn `xt sin* {i|b i|s lhs|txo|iwh o`nshqxhnohs g`tajj otha|i`n* l`hs n`| aj|ht K`l’s in|hn|i`n g`t xs“b`jinhss anl ba}&

}inhss `g bhat|. N`t l`hs i| lifinisb `xt aoo`xn|adiji|y g`t |bh {ay{h jiwh.

Lhs}i|h `xt dtèhnnhss* {h thfain otha|xths dt`xkb| in|` dhink dy a cxs| anl fhtoigxj K`l. \bh ths|`ta|i`n `g K`l’s ifakh in `xtjiwhs thqxiths liwinh ktaoh |` thnh{ `xt gajjhn na|xth.

]thwhnihn| Ktaoh“[h aoen`{jhlkh K`l’s }thwhnihn| ktaoh* |bhliwinh j`wh |ba| sxtt`xnls ajj bxfani|y anl }thohlhs any anl ajj `g`xt o`nsoi`xs if}xjshs. \bis ktaoh }t`f}|s `xt gits| {isb |` }jhashK`l* `xt gits| kjiffht `g xnlhts|anlink o`nohtnink K`l’s {ijj* anl`xt ‚gits| sjikb| |tansihn| o`nwio|i`n‖ `g bawink sinnhl akains| K`l.

K`l’s ktaoh ajs` a{aehns in xs an hatnhs| j`nkink g`t lhjiwhtanohgt`f sin anl lha|b anl f`whs xs |`{atl th}hn|anoh anl gai|b.

Cxs|igioa|i`n anl Assxtanoh“[h dhjihwh K`l thaobhs `x| |` |bhth}hn|an| dhjihwht in cxs|igyink ktaoh {i|b aooh}|ink anl }atl`ninkj`wh. [hsjhyan |bh`j`ky s|thsshs |ba| a lhoisiwh obankh in |bh bxfanbhat| oan anl l`hs òoxt xnlht |bh }t`f}|ink `g ktaoh anl |bh kxil&anoh `g |bh B`jy _}iti|.

In cxs|igioa|i`n {h ath* |bt`xkb gai|b* g`tkiwhn `xt sin anlths|`thl |` K`l’s gaw`t. \bis tikb|ink `g thja|i`nsbi}s dy K`l|bt`xkb Obtis| oajjs g`t|b `xt gai|b anl |txs| as {h hr}htihnoh thkhn&hta|i`n* dy {biob {h ath falh nh{ otha|xths in Obtis|.

\bis }tòhss `g cxs|igioa|i`n anl nh{ dit|b is `g|hn thghtthl |` aso`nwhtsi`n. _xob a obankh fay dh sxllhn anl ltafa|io* `t ktalxajanl oxfxja|iwh. I| fates a nh{ dhkinnink* yh| i| is }at| `g an `nkìnk}tòhss. Obtis|ian hr}htihnoh as }hts`naj |tansg`tfa|i`n aj{ayshr}thsshs i|shjg as gai|b {`teink dy j`wh.

@xt [hsjhyan |bh`j`ky ajs` hfdtaohs |bh soti}|xtaj }t`fish |ba|{h oan hr}ho| |` thohiwh assxtanoh `g `xt }thshn| sajwa|i`n as |bh_}iti| ‚dhats {i|nhss {i|b `xt s}iti| |ba| {h ath obijlthn `g K`l.‖


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_ano|igioa|i`n anl ]htgho|i`n“[h b`jl |ba| |bh {`nlht `gK`l’s aooh}|anoh anl }atl`n l`hs n`| hnl K`l’s sawink {`te*

{biob o`n|inxhs |` nxt|xth `xt kt`{|b in ktaoh. \bt`xkb |bh }`{ht`g |bh B`jy _}iti|* {h ath hnadjhl |` inothash in |bh en`{jhlkh anlj`wh `g K`l anl in j`wh g`t `xt nhikbd`t.

Nh{ dit|b is |bh gits| s|h} in |bis }tòhss `g sano|igioa|i`n. _ano|i&gyink ktaoh lta{s xs |`{atl |bh kig| `g Obtis|ian }htgho|i`n* {biob[hsjhy lhsotidhl as a bhat| ‚badi|xajjy gijjhl {i|b |bh j`wh `g K`lanl nhikbd`t‖ anl as ‚bawink |bh finl `g Obtis| anl {ajeink as bh{ajehl.‖

\bis ktaoi`xs kig| `g K`l’s }`{ht anl j`wh* |bh b`}h anl hr}ho|a&

|i`n `g |bh gai|bgxj* is nhi|bht {attan|hl dy `xt hgg`t|s n`t jifi|hl dy`xt gtaij|ihs.

Gai|b anl K``l [`tes“[h shh K`l’s ktaoh anl bxfan ao|iwi|y{`teink |`kh|bht in |bh thja|i`nsbi} `g gai|b anl k``l {`tes. K`l’sktaoh oajjs g`t|b bxfan ths}`nsh anl lisoi}jinh.

Gai|b is |bh `njy ths}`nsh hsshn|iaj g`t sajwa|i`n. B`{hwht* |bhKhnhtaj Txjhs thfinl xs |ba| sajwa|i`n hwilhnohs i|shjg in k``l{`tes. G`t [hsjhy* hwhn th}hn|anoh sb`xjl dh aoo`f}anihl dy

‚gtxi|s fhh| g`t th}hn|anoh*‖ `t {`tes `g }ih|y anl fhtoy.D`|b gai|b anl k``l {`tes dhj`nk {i|bin an ajj&hno`f}assink|bh`j`ky `g ktaoh* sinoh |bhy s|hf gt`f K`l’s ktaoi`xs j`wh ‚sbhladtàl in `xt bhat|s dy |bh B`jy _}iti|.‖

Fissi`n anl _htwioh“[h insis| |ba| }hts`naj sajwa|i`n aj{aysinw`jwhs Obtis|ian fissi`n anl shtwioh |` |bh {`tjl. Dy cìnink bhat|anl banl* {h assht| |ba| }hts`naj thjiki`n* hwankhjioaj {i|nhss* anlObtis|ian sòiaj ao|i`n ath thoi}tòaj anl fx|xajjy thing`toink.

_oti}|xtaj b`jinhss hn|aijs f`th |ban }hts`naj }ih|y5 j`wh `g K`l

is aj{ays jinehl {i|b j`wh `g nhikbd`t* a }assi`n g`t cxs|ioh anlthnh{aj in |bh jigh `g |bh {`tjl.

\bh Khnhtaj Txjhs th}thshn| `nh |tali|i`naj hr}thssi`n `g |bhin|tinsio thja|i`nsbi} dh|{hhn Obtis|ian jigh anl |b`xkb| as xnlht&s|``l {i|bin |bh [hsjhyan |tali|i`n. \bh`j`ky is |bh shtwan| `g }ih|y*{biob in |xtn is |bh kt`xnl `g sòiaj o`nsoihnoh anl |bh if}h|xs g`tsòiaj ao|i`n anl kj`daj in|htao|i`n* aj{ays in |bh hf}`{htink o`n&|hr| `g |bh thikn `g K`l.

Nxt|xth anl Fissi`n `g |bh Obxtob“Ginajjy* {h hf}basih |bhnxt|xtink anl shtwink gxno|i`n `g Obtis|ian ghjj`{sbi} in |bh Obxtob.\bh }hts`naj hr}htihnoh `g gai|b is n`xtisbhl dy |bh {`tsbi}inko`ffxni|y.


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G`t [hsjhy |bhth is n` thjiki`n dx| sòiaj thjiki`n* n` b`jinhss dx|sòiaj b`jinhss. \bh o`ffxnaj g`tfs `g gai|b in |bh [hsjhyan |tali&

|i`n n`| `njy }t`f`|h }hts`naj kt`{|b5 |bhy ajs` hqxi} anl f`dijihxs g`t fissi`n anl shtwioh |` |bh {`tjl.\bh `x|thaob `g |bh obxtob s}tinks gt`f |bh {`teink `g |bh _}iti|.

As Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s* {h ths}`nl |` |ba| {`teink |bt`xkb a o`nnho&|i`naj }`ji|y dashl x}`n fx|xaj ths}`nsiwhnhss anl aoo`xn|adiji|y.O`nnho|i`naj |ihs dinl xs |`kh|bht in gai|b anl shtwioh in `xt kj`daj{i|nhss* hnadjink gai|b |` dho`fh ao|iwh in j`wh anl in|hnsigyink `xtlhsith g`t }haoh anl cxs|ioh in |bh {`tjl.

Lò|tinh anl Lisoi}jinh in |bh Obtis|ian Jigh

N` f`|ig in |bh [hsjhyan |tali|i`n bas dhhn f`th o`ns|an| |ban|bh jine dh|{hhn Obtis|ian lò|tinh anl Obtis|ian jiwink. Fh|b`lis|sbawh aj{ays dhhn s|tio|jy hncìnhl |` fain|ain |bh xni|y `g gai|b anlk``l {`tes |bt`xkb |bh fhans `g ktaoh* as shhn in C`bn [hsjhy’sNa|xth* Lhsikn* anl Khnhtaj Txjhs `g |bh Xni|hl _òih|ihs "1;<?). \bho`bhthnoh `g gai|b {i|b finis|tihs `g j`wh g`tfs |bh lisoi}jinh `g [hs&jhyan s}iti|xaji|y anl Obtis|ian lisoi}jhsbi}.

\bh Khnhtaj Txjhs {hth `tikinajjy lhsiknhl g`t fhfdhts `gFh|b`lis| sòih|ihs {b` }at|ioi}a|hl in |bh saotafhn|aj jigh `g |bhObxtob `g Hnkjanl. \bh |htfs `g fhfdhtsbi} in |bhsh sòih|ihs {hthsif}jh3 ‚a lhsith |` gjhh gt`f |bh {ta|b |` o`fh anl |` dh sawhl gt`f|bhit sins.‖

[hsjhy insis|hl* b`{hwht* |ba| hwankhjioaj gai|b sb`xjl fanighs|i|shjg in hwankhjioaj jiwink. Bh s}hjjhl `x| |bis hr}ho|a|i`n in |bh|bthh&}at| g`tfxja `g |bh Txjhs3

‚I| is |bhthg`th hr}ho|hl `g ajj {b` o`n|inxh |bhthin |ba| |bhysb`xjl o`n|inxh |` hwilhnoh |bhit lhsith `g sajwa|i`n*

‚Gits|3 Dy lìnk n` batf* dy awìlink hwij `g hwhty einl . . . 5‚_ho`nljy3 Dy . . . lìnk k``l `g hwhty }`ssidjh s`t|* anl* as gat as

}`ssidjh* |` ajj . . . 5‚\bitljy3 Dy a||hnlink x}`n ajj |bh `tlinanohs `g K`l‖ "shh · 1=?).[hsjhy’s ijjxs|ta|iwh oashs xnlht haob `g |bhsh |bthh txjhs sb`{

b`{ |bh Obtis|ian o`nsoihnoh fikb| f`wh gt`f khnhtaj }tinoi}jhs |`s}hoigio ao|i`ns. \bhit hr}jioi| o`fdina|i`n bikbjikb|s |bh s}iti|xajs}tink `g f`taj ao|i`n.

[hsjhy thcho|hl xnlxh thjianoh x}`n |bhsh txjhs. Lisoi}jinh {asn`| obxtob ja{5 i| {as a {ay `g lisoi}jhsbi}. [hsjhy insis|hl |ba| |txh


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thjiki`n is ‚|bh en`{jhlkh `g K`l in Obtis| Chsxs*‖ ‚|bh jigh {biob isbil {i|b Obtis| in K`l*‖ anl ‚|bh tikb|h`xsnhss |ba| U|bh |txh

dhjihwhtV |bits|s ag|ht.‖

Khnhtaj Txjhs anl _òiaj ]tinoi}jhs

X}`n sxob hwankhjioaj }thfishs* Fh|b`lis|s in hwhty akh bawhs`xkb| |` hrhtoish |bhit ths}`nsidiji|y g`t |bh f`taj anl s}iti|xajqxaji|y `g sòih|y. In assht|ink |bh o`nnho|i`n dh|{hhn lò|tinh anlh|bios* |bh Khnhtaj Txjhs }t`wilh an hatjy siknaj `g Fh|b`lis| sòiajo`nsoi`xsnhss.

\bh _òiaj ]tinoi}jhs "·· 17=&177) }t`wilh `xt f`s| thohn| `ggioiajsxffaty `g s|a|hl o`nwio|i`ns |ba| shhe |` a}}jy |bh Obtis|ian wisi`n`g tikb|h`xsnhss |` sòiaj* ho`n`fio* anl }`ji|ioaj issxhs. @xt bis|`tio`}}`si|i`n |` hwijs sxob as sfxkkjink* inbxfanh }tis`n o`nli|i`ns*sjawhty* ltxnehnnhss* anl obijl jad`t {as g`xnlhl x}`n a wiwilshnsh `g K`l’s {ta|b akains| bxfan incxs|ioh anl {as|akh.

@xt s|txkkjhs g`t bxfan likni|y anl sòiaj thg`tf bawh dhhn aths}`nsh |` K`l’s lhfanl g`t j`wh* fhtoy* anl cxs|ioh in |bh jikb| `g

|bh Einkl`f. [h }tòjaif n` }hts`naj k`s}hj |ba| gaijs |` hr}thssi|shjg in thjhwan| sòiaj o`nohtns5 {h }tòjaif n` sòiaj k`s}hj |ba|l`hs n`| inojxlh |bh }hts`naj |tansg`tfa|i`n `g sinnhts.

I| is `xt o`nwio|i`n |ba| |bh k``l nh{s `g |bh Einkl`f fxs| cxlkh* thlhhf* anl thg`tf |bh singxj sòiaj s|txo|xths `g `xt |ifh.

\bh D`è `g Lisoi}jinh anl |bh Khnhtaj Txjhs o`nwhy |bh hr}ho|a&|i`n `g lisoi}jinh {i|bin |bh hr}htihnoh `g inliwilxajs anl |bh jigh `g|bh Obxtob. _xob lisoi}jinh assxfhs aoo`xn|adiji|y |` |bh o`ffxni|y`g gai|b dy |b`sh {b` ojaif |ba| o`ffxni|y’s sx}}`t|.

_x}}`t| {i|b`x| aoo`xn|adiji|y }t`f`|hs f`taj {haenhss5aoo`xn|adiji|y {i|b`x| sx}}`t| is a g`tf `g otxhj|y.

A obxtob |ba| txsbhs |` }xnisbfhn| is n`| `}hn |` K`l’s fhtoy* dx| a obxtob jaoeink |bh o`xtakh |` ao| lhoisiwhjy `n }hts`naj anlsòiaj issxhs j`shs i|s ojaif |` f`taj ax|b`ti|y. \bh obxtob hrhtoishsi|s lisoi}jinh as a o`ffxni|y |bt`xkb {biob K`l o`n|inxhs |` ‚tho&`noijh |bh {`tjl |` bifshjg.‖

O`nojxsi`n

\bhsh lis|ino|iwh hf}bashs `g Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s }t`wilh |bh dasis g`t ‚}tao|ioaj liwini|y*‖ |bh hr}htihn|iaj thajia|i`n `g |bh k`s}hj


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`g Chsxs Obtis| in |bh jiwhs `g Obtis|ian }h`}jh. \bhsh hf}bashs bawh dhhn }thshtwhl n`| s` fxob |bt`xkb g`tfaj lò|tinaj lhojata|i`ns as

|bt`xkb |bh wi|aj f`whfhn| `g gai|b anl }tao|ioh as shhn in o`nwht|hljiwhs anl {i|bin |bh lisoi}jinhl jigh `g |bh Obxtob.Lhwisink g`tfaj lhgini|i`ns `g lò|tinh bas dhhn jhss }thssink g`t

Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s |ban sxff`nink }h`}jh |` gai|b anl nxt|xtink|bhf in |bh en`{jhlkh anl j`wh `g K`l. \bh o`th `g [hsjhyan lò&|tinh |ba| ing`tfhl `xt }as| tikb|jy dhj`nks |` `xt o`ff`n bhti|akhas Obtis|ians anl thfains a }tifh o`f}`nhn| {i|bin `xt o`n|inxink|bh`j`kioaj |ase.

· 1=4. _HO\I@N 4“@XT L@O\TINAJ BI_\@TY

\bh }i`nhhts in |bh |tali|i`ns |ba| gj`{hl |`kh|bht in|` \bhXni|hl Fh|b`lis| Obxtob xnlhts|``l |bhfshjwhs as s|anlink in |bhohn|taj s|thaf `g Obtis|ian s}iti|xaji|y anl lò|tinh* j`yaj bhits `g |bhax|bhn|io Obtis|ian |tali|i`n. In C`bn [hsjhy’s {`tls* |bhits {as ‚|bh`jl thjiki`n* |bh thjiki`n `g |bh Didjh* |bh thjiki`n . . . `g |bh {b`jhobxtob in |bh }xths| akhs.‖ \bhit k`s}hj {as kt`xnlhl in |bh didjioajfhssakh `g K`l’s shjg&kiwink j`wh thwhajhl in Chsxs Obtis|.

[hsjhy’s }`t|tayaj `g |bh s}iti|xaj }ijktifakh in |htfs `g ‚|bhsoti}|xth {ay `g sajwa|i`n‖ }t`wilhl |bhit f`lhj g`t hr}htihn|iajObtis|iani|y. \bhy assxfhl anl insis|hl x}`n |bh in|hkti|y `g dasioObtis|ian |tx|b anl hf}basihl i|s }tao|ioaj a}}jioa|i`n in |bh jiwhs`g dhjihwhts.

\bis }hts}ho|iwh is a}}athn| in |bh [hsjhyan xnlhts|anlink `g‚oa|b`jio s}iti|.‖ [bijh i| is |txh |ba| Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s ath girhlx}`n oht|ain thjiki`xs aggitfa|i`ns* kt`xnlhl in |bh k`s}hj anl o`n&

gitfhl in |bhit hr}htihnoh* |bhy ajs` tho`knih |bh tikb| `g Obtis|ians|` lisakthh `n fa||hts sxob as g`tfs `g {`tsbi}* s|txo|xths `g obxtobk`whtnfhn|* f`lhs `g Da}|isf* `t |bh`j`kioaj hr}j`ta|i`ns. \bhy dhjihwh sxob ligghthnohs l` n`| dthae |bh d`nl `g ghjj`{sbi} |ba| |ihsObtis|ians |`kh|bht in Chsxs Obtis|. [hsjhy’s gafijiat lio|xf {as*‚As |` ajj `}ini`ns {biob l` n`| s|tieh a| |bh t``| `g Obtis|iani|y* {h|bine anl jh| |bine.‖

Dx|* hwhn as |bhy {hth gxjjy o`ffi||hl |` |bh }tinoi}jhs `g thji&ki`xs |`jhta|i`n anl |bh`j`kioaj liwhtsi|y* |bhy {hth hqxajjy o`ngi&lhn| |ba| |bhth is a ‚fatt`{‖ `g Obtis|ian |tx|b |ba| oan dh ilhn|igihlanl |ba| fxs| dh o`nshtwhl. \bis jiwink o`th* as |bhy dhjihwhl* s|anlsthwhajhl in _oti}|xth* ijjxfinhl dy |tali|i`n* wiwigihl in }hts`naj anl


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o`t}`ta|h hr}htihnoh* anl o`ngitfhl dy thas`n. \bhy {hth whtyfxob a{ath* `g o`xtsh* |ba| K`l’s h|htnaj [`tl nhwht bas dhhn* n`t

oan dh* hrbaxs|iwhjy hr}thsshl in any sinkjh g`tf `g {`tls.\bhy {hth ajs` }th}athl* as a fa||ht `g o`xtsh* |` thaggitf |bhanoihn| othhls anl o`nghssi`ns as wajil sxffatihs `g Obtis|ian |tx|b.Dx| |bhy {hth oathgxj n`| |` sh| |bhf a}at| as ads`jx|h s|anlatls g`tlò|tinaj |tx|b anl htt`t.

Dhy`nl |bh hsshn|iajs `g wi|aj thjiki`n* Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s ths}ho||bh liwhtsi|y `g `}ini`ns bhjl dy o`nsoihn|i`xs }hts`ns `g gai|b. [hs&jhy g`jj`{hl a |ifh&|hs|hl a}}tàob3 ‚In hsshn|iajs* xni|y5 in n`n&hsshn|iajs* jidht|y5 anl in ajj |binks* obati|y.‖

\bh s}iti| `g obati|y |aehs in|` o`nsilhta|i`n |bh jifi|s `g bxfanxnlhts|anlink. ‚\` dh ikn`tan| `g fany |binks anl |` dh fis|aehn ins`fh*‖ [hsjhy `dshtwhl* ‚is |bh nhohssaty o`nli|i`n `g bxfani|y.‖\bh otxoiaj fa||ht in thjiki`n is s|halgas| j`wh g`t K`l anl nhikbd`t*hf}`{hthl dy |bh thlhhfink anl sano|igyink {`te `g |bh B`jy_}iti|.

\bh [hsjhyan ‚_|anlatls‖ in Ktha| Dti|ain

In |bis s}iti|* |bh Dti|isb Fh|b`lis|s xnlht |bh [hsjhys nhwhtthlxohl |bhit |bh`j`ky |` a o`nghssi`naj g`tfxja as a lò|tinaj |hs|.Fh|b`lisf {as a f`whfhn| {i|bin |bh Obxtob `g Hnkjanl* anl C`bn[hsjhy o`ns|an|jy fain|ainhl |ba| bh |axkb| |bh soti}|xtaj lò|tinhso`n|ainhl in |bh \bit|y&Ninh At|iojhs* |bh B`fijihs* anl |bh D`è `g O`ff`n ]tayht `g bis na|i`naj obxtob. \bh Didjh* `g o`xtsh* o`ns|i&|x|hl g`t bif |bh ginaj ax|b`ti|y in ajj lò|tinaj fa||hts.

As |bh f`whfhn| kth{* [hsjhy }t`wilhl bis }h`}jh {i|b }xd&jisbhl shtf`ns anl a Didjh o`ffhn|aty g`t |bhit lò|tinaj ins|txo&|i`n. Bis _htf`ns `n _hwhtaj @ooasi`ns "1;<7&7=) sh| g`t|b |b`sh lò&|tinhs {biob* bh sail* ‚I hfdtaoh anl |haob as |bh hsshn|iajs `g|txh thjiki`n.‖ In 1;88* bh }xdjisbhl Hr}jana|`ty N`|hs X}`n |bh Nh{\hs|afhn| as a kxilh g`t Fh|b`lis| didjioaj hrhkhsis anl lò|tinajin|ht}th|a|i`n.

As òoasi`naj o`n|t`whtsihs at`sh* |bh nhhl g`t a s|anlatl fha&sxth `g Fh|b`lis| }thaobink dhoafh hwilhn|. In 1;7?* [hsjhy }t`&lxohl a ‚F`lhj Lhhl‖ g`t Fh|b`lis| }t`}ht|ihs* {biob s|i}xja|hl|ba| |bh |txs|hhs g`t haob }thaobink b`xsh {hth ths}`nsidjh g`t hnsxt&ink |ba| |bh }thaobhts in |bhit }xj}i|s ‚}thaob n` `|bht lò|tinh |ban

@XT L@O\TINAJ BI_\@TY · 1=4

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is o`n|ainhl in Ft. [hsjhy’s N`|hs X}`n |bh Nh{ \hs|afhn| anl g`xtw`jxfhs `g _htf`ns.‖

\bhsh {ti|inks* |bhn* o`n|ainhl |bh s|anlatl hr}`si|i`n `gFh|b`lis| |haobink. \bhy }t`wilh a f`lhj anl fhasxth g`t alhqxa|h}thaobink in |bh [hsjhyan |tali|i`n. \bh }tifaty n`tf g`t [hsjhy’s{ti|inks {as _oti}|xth* as ijjxfinhl dy bis|`tio |tali|i`ns anl wi|ajgai|b. [hsjhy }x| g`t|b n` sxffaty `g didjioaj thwhja|i`n g`t |bhDti|isb Fh|b`lis|s dhoaxsh |bh \bit|y&Ninh At|iojhs `g |bh Obxtob `gHnkjanl {hth ajthaly awaijadjh.

\bh [hsjhy dt`|bhts ajs` o`f}`shl byfns |ba| {hth tiob in lò&|tinaj anl hr}htihn|iaj o`n|hn|. \bh byfns* hs}hoiajjy |b`sh `g

Obatjhs [hsjhy* n`| `njy ath af`nk |bh dhs|&j`whl {i|bin Fh|b`l&isf dx| ajs` ath fac`t ths`xtohs g`t lò|tinaj ins|txo|i`n.

Gxt|bhtf`th* C`bn [hsjhy s}hoigihl wati`xs lisoi}jinhs anl txjhs*sxob as |bh Khnhtaj Txjhs* |` if}jhfhn| in }hts`naj anl o`ffxnajjigh |bh }tao|ioaj liwini|y bh }tòjaifhl.

In alli|i`n |` |bhsh {ti|inks* [hsjhy hs|adjisbhl |bh o`nghthnoh|` ins|txo| anl sx}htwish |bh Fh|b`lis| }thaobhts. Bh }t`lxohl Fin&x|hs |` hnsxth |bhit gilhji|y |` |bh lò|tinhs anl lisoi}jinhs `g |bh

Fh|b`lis| f`whfhn|. \bhsh {ti|inks anl s|txo|xths gijjhl `x| |bh[hsjhyan xnlhts|anlink `g |bh obxtob anl |bh Obtis|ian jigh.

Lò|tinaj _|anlatls in Afhtioan Fh|b`lisf

As j`nk as |bh Afhtioan o`j`nihs {hth }tifatijy xnlht Dti|isbo`n|t`j* |bh Fh|b`lis|s o`xjl o`n|inxh as }at| `g |bh saotafhn|ajo`ffxni|y `g |bh Obxtob `g Hnkjanl. \bh hatjy o`nghthnohs* xnlht|bh jhalhtsbi} `g Dti|isb }thaobhts* lhojathl |bhit ajjhkianoh |` |bh

[hsjhyan }tinoi}jhs `g `tkania|i`n anl lò|tinh. \bhy s|i}xja|hl|ba| |bh Finx|hs `g |bh Dti|isb anl Afhtioan o`nghthnohs* aj`nk {i|b|bh _htf`ns anl N`|hs `g [hsjhy* o`n|ainhl |bhit dasio lò|tinh anllisoi}jinh.

Ag|ht |bh g`tfaj tho`kni|i`n `g Afhtioan inlh}hnlhnoh in 1;2?*[hsjhy thajihl |ba| |bh Fh|b`lis|s in Afhtioa {hth gthh `g Hnkjisbo`n|t`j* thjiki`xs as {hjj as oiwij* anl sb`xjl dho`fh an inlh}hnlhn|Fh|b`lis| obxtob. [hsjhy |bhn gxtnisbhl |bh Afhtioan Fh|b`lis|s{i|b a ji|xtky "\bh _xnlay _htwioh `g |bh Fh|b`lis|s in N`t|b Afhtioa)anl a lò|tinaj s|a|hfhn| "\bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n). \bh _xnlay _htwioh{as [hsjhy’s adtilkfhn| `g |bh D`è `g O`ff`n ]tayht5 |bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n {hth bis thwisi`n `g |bh \bit|y&Ninh At|iojhs.


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\bh Afhtioan Fh|b`lis| }thaobhts* ka|bhthl a| Daj|if`th inLhohfdht 1;2<* al`}|hl |bh _xnlay _htwioh anl |bh At|iojhs `g Thji&

ki`n as }at| `g |bhit ao|i`ns in g`tfink |bh nh{ Fh|b`lis| H}iso`}ajObxtob. \bis ‚Obtis|fas O`nghthnoh‖ ajs` aooh}|hl a byfnd`è |ba|[hsjhy bal }th}athl "1;2<) anl al`}|hl a sjikb|jy f`ligihl whtsi`n`g |bh Khnhtaj Txjhs as a s|a|hfhn| `g |bh Obxtob’s na|xth anl lisoi&}jinh. \bh o`nghthnoh s}hn| f`s| `g i|s |ifh ala}|ink |bh Dti|isb‚Jatkh Finx|hs‖ |` Afhtioan o`nli|i`ns. _xdshqxhn| hli|i`ns `g |bislòxfhn| oafh |` dh en`{n as |bh Lò|tinhs anl Lisoi}jinh `g |bh Fh|b`lis| H}iso`}aj Obxtob "|bh D`è `g Lisoi}jinh).

\bh sbig| gt`f ‚f`whfhn|‖ |` ‚obxtob‖ bal obankhl |bh gxno&

|i`n `g lò|tinaj n`tfs {i|bin Afhtioan Fh|b`lisf. Ta|bht |ban}thsotidink lò|tinaj hf}bashs g`t }thaobink {i|bin a f`whfhn|*|bh At|iojhs `x|jinhl dasio n`tfs g`t Obtis|ian dhjihg {i|bin a obxtob*g`jj`{ink |bh |tali|i`naj Ankjioan gasbi`n.

\bh }thgaoh |` |bh gits| sh}ata|h }xdjioa|i`n `g |bh At|iojhs s|a|hs*‚\bhsh ath |bh lò|tinhs |axkb| af`nk |bh }h`}jh oajjhl Fh|b`lis|s.N`t is |bhth any lò|tinh {ba|hwht* khnhtajjy thohiwhl af`nk |ba|}h`}jh* o`n|taty |` |bh at|iojhs n`{ dhg`th y`x.‖

Afhtioan Fh|b`lis|s {hth n`| thqxithl |` sxdsotidh |` |bh At|i&ojhs ag|ht |bh Ankjioan fannht* dx| |bhy {hth aoo`xn|adjh "xnlht|btha| `g |tiaj) g`t ehh}ink |bhit }tòjafa|i`n `g |bh k`s}hj {i|bin|bh d`xnlatihs `x|jinhl |bhthin. G`t khnhta|i`ns* |bh Lò|tinhs anlLisoi}jinh oi|hl `njy |bh At|iojhs as |bh dasis g`t |hs|ink o`ttho| lò&|tinh in |bh nh{jy g`tfhl obxtob3 \bh obatkh `g lò|tinaj itthkxjati|yakains| }thaobhts `t fhfdhts {as g`t ‚lisshfina|ink lò|tinhs o`n&|taty |` `xt At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n.‖ In |bis fannht* |bh obxtob }t`&|ho|hl i|s lò|tinaj in|hkti|y akains| |bh bhthsihs |ba| {hth }thwajhn|

a| |bh |ifh“_òinianisf* Atianisf* anl ]hjakianisf "shh At|iojhs I*II* anl IR).

\bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n* b`{hwht* lil n`| kxatan|hh alhqxa|hFh|b`lis| }thaobink5 |bhy jaoehl shwhtaj [hsjhyan hf}bashs* sxobas assxtanoh anl Obtis|ian }htgho|i`n. [hsjhy’s _htf`ns anl N`|hs*|bhthg`th* o`n|inxhl |` gxno|i`n as |bh |tali|i`naj s|anlatl hr}`si|i`n`g lis|ino|iwh Fh|b`lis| |haobink.

\bh Khnhtaj O`nghthnoh `g 12=2* {biob }t`wilhl |bh gits| O`ns|i&|x|i`n `g \bh Fh|b`lis| H}iso`}aj Obxtob* hs|adjisbhl |bh At|iojhs `gThjiki`n as |bh Obxtob’s hr}jioi| lò|tinaj s|anlatls. \bh gits|Ths|tio|iwh Txjh `g |bh O`ns|i|x|i`n }t`bidi|hl any obankh* aj|hta|i`n*`t alli|i`n |` |bh At|iojhs |bhfshjwhs* anl i| s|i}xja|hl |ba| n` nh{


8?



s|anlatls `t txjhs `g lò|tinh o`xjl dh al`}|hl |ba| {hth o`n|taty |`|bh ‚}thshn| hris|ink anl hs|adjisbhl s|anlatls `g lò|tinh.‖

[i|bin |bh [hsjhyan |tali|i`n* |bhn as n`{* |bh _htf`ns anlN`|hs gxtnisbhl f`lhjs `g lò|tinaj hr}`si|i`n. @|bht lòxfhn|sbawh ajs` shtwhl Afhtioan Fh|b`lisf as wi|aj hr}thssi`ns `gFh|b`lis| |haobink anl }thaobink. Jis|s `g tho`ffhnlhl lò|tinajths`xtohs waty gt`f khnhta|i`n |` khnhta|i`n dx| khnhtajjy aoen`{j&hlkh |bh if}`t|anoh `g |bh byfnd`è* |bh hoxfhnioaj othhls* anl|bh Khnhtaj Txjhs. Jis|s `g sxob {ti|inks in |bh hatjy ninh|hhn|b ohn&|xty xsxajjy inojxlhl C`bn Gjh|obht’s Obhoes Akains| An|in`fianisfanl Tiobatl [a|s`n’s \bh`j`kioaj Ins|i|x|hs.

\bh lò|tinaj hf}bashs `g |bhsh s|a|hfhn|s {hth oattihl g`t{atl dy |bh {hikb| `g |tali|i`n ta|bht |ban |bh g`toh `g ja{. \bhy dhoafh}at| `g |bh bhti|akh `g Afhtioan Fh|b`lisf |` |bh lhkthh |ba| |bhythfainhl xshgxj |` o`n|inxink khnhta|i`ns.

Lxtink |bh ktha| gt`n|iht thwiwajs `g |bh ninh|hhn|b ohn|xty* |bhingjxhnoh `g Hxt`}han |bh`j`kioaj |tali|i`ns {anhl in Afhtioa.]thaobink gòxshl `n ‚Obtis|ian hr}htihnoh*‖ xnlhts|``l obihgjy as‚sawink gai|b in Obtis|.‖ Af`nk |bh Fh|b`lis|s |bhth {as a o`nsis&|hn| s|thss `n gthh {ijj* ingan| da}|isf* anl ing`tfaj {`tsbi}* {biobjhl |` }t`|tao|hl o`n|t`whtsihs {i|b |bh ]thsdy|htians* Da}|is|s* anlH}iso`}ajians* ths}ho|iwhjy.

Fh|b`lis| in|hths| in g`tfaj lò|tinaj s|anlatls thfainhl sho&`nlaty |` hwankhjisf* nxt|xth* anl fissi`n. \bh [hsjhyan byfn`lyshtwhl in }tao|ioh as |bh f`s| if}`t|an| sinkjh fhans `g o`ffxni&oa|ink anl }thshtwink |bh lò|tinaj sxds|anoh `g |bh k`s}hj.

Dy |bh hnl `g |bh ninh|hhn|b ohn|xty* Fh|b`lis| |bh`j`ky inAfhtioa bal dho`fh lhoilhljy hojho|io* {i|b jhss s}hoigio a||hn|i`n

}ail |` i|s [hsjhyan s`xtohs.\bh g`toh `g |bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n xnlht{hn| shwhtaj sbig|s. G`t a

|ifh* |bh gits| Ths|tio|iwh Txjh {as hrhf}|hl gt`f |bh }tòhss `g o`n&s|i|x|i`naj afhnlfhn|* |bxs ajj`{ink n` o`nsilhta|i`n `g obankh inlò|tinaj s|anlatls. Fhn|i`n `g |bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n {as inojxlhlin |bh fhfdhtsbi} w`{s `g \bh Fh|b`lis| H}iso`}aj Obxtob* _`x|b.

A| |bh dhkinnink `g |bh |{hn|ih|b ohn|xty* b`{hwht* |bh {aninkg`toh `g lò|tinaj lisoi}jinh anl |bh lhothasink ingjxhnoh `g |bh [hs&jhyan |bh`j`kioaj bhti|akh af`nk |bh Afhtioan Fh|b`lis|s* aj`nk {i|bfin`t dx| siknigioan| obankhs in |bh {`tlink `g |bh D`è `g Lisoi}jinhthkatlink lò|tinaj s|anlatls* jhl |` a s|haly lijx|i`n `g |bh g`toh `g |bhAt|iojhs `g Thjiki`n as |bh Obxtob’s o`ns|i|x|i`naj s|anlatls `g lò|tinh.


8<



Lxtink |bis safh }hti`l* |bh`j`kians anl obxtob jhalhts dhkan |`hr}j`th {ays `g hr}thssink |bh k`s}hj |ba| {hth in ehh}ink {i|b lhwhj&

`}ink in|hjjho|xaj oxtthn|s. \bhsh jhalhts ajs` dhkan |` th|bine |bh bis&|`tioaj sòiaj o`f}assi`n `g |bh [hsjhyan |tali|i`n in |bh fils| `g |bhhfhtkink inlxs|tiaj* xtdan oiwijia|i`n. \bhy lhh}hnhl `xt a{athnhss`g |bh sys|hfio na|xth `g hwij anl |bh xtkhnoy |` }tòjaif |bh k`s}hj}t`fish `g sòiaj thlhf}|i`n. O`nshqxhn|jy* |bh`j`kihs sx}}`t|iwh `g|bh sòiaj k`s}hj g`xnl ght|ijh sìj {i|bin |bh Fh|b`lis| |tali|i`ns.

\bhsh yhats {hth |ifhs `g |bh`j`kioaj anl h|bioaj o`n|t`whtsy{i|bin Fh|b`lisf as nh{ }a||htns `g |b`xkb| ojasbhl {i|b |bh f`thgafijiat |bhfhs anl s|yjhs `g |bh }thwi`xs |{` ohn|xtihs.

In thohn| lhoalhs |bhth bas dhhn a s|t`nk tho`whty `g in|hths| in[hsjhy anl in |bh f`th ojassio |tali|i`ns `g Obtis|ian |b`xkb|. \bistho`whty bas dhhn }at| `g a dtàl thsxtkhnoh `g Thg`tfa|i`n |bh`j&`ky anl }tao|ioh in Hxt`}h anl Afhtioa* thnh{ink |bh bis|`tioajjhkaoy `g ]t`|hs|an|isf in |bh o`n|hr| `g |bh f`lhtn {`tjl. \bhsh|thnls bawh dhhn thing`tohl in N`t|b Afhtioa dy |bh thaggitfa|i`n `ghwankhjioaj }ih|y.

\bh hoxfhnioaj f`whfhn| bas dt`xkb| nh{ a}}thoia|i`n g`t |bh

xni|y as {hjj as |bh tiobnhss anl liwhtsi|y `g |bh obxtob oa|b`jio.Oxtthn|s `g |bh`j`ky bawh lhwhj`}hl `x| `g Djaoe }h`}jh’s s|txk&kjh g`t gthhl`f* |bh f`whfhn| g`t |bh gxjj hqxaji|y `g {`fhn inobxtob anl sòih|y* anl |bh qxhs| g`t jidhta|i`n anl g`t inlikhn`xsg`tfs `g Obtis|ian hris|hnoh in obxtobhs at`xnl |bh {`tjl.

\bh obajjhnkh |` Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s is |` lisohtn |bh wati`xss|tanls `g |bhsh wi|aj f`whfhn|s `g gai|b |ba| ath o`bhthn|* gai|bgxjxnlhts|anlinks `g |bh k`s}hj anl |bh Obtis|ian fissi`n g`t `xt |ifhs.

\bh |ase `g lhginink |bh so`}h `g `xt [hsjhyan |tali|i`n in |bh

o`n|hr| `g |bh o`n|hf}`taty {`tjl inojxlhs fxob f`th |ban g`t&fajjy thaggitfink `t thlhginink s|anlatls `g lò|tinh* aj|b`xkb |bhsh|ases fay ajs` dh inw`jwhl. \bh bhat| `g `xt |ase is |` thojaif anlthnh{ |bh lis|ino|iwh Xni|hl Fh|b`lis| lò|tinaj bhti|akh* {biobtikb|jy dhj`nks |` `xt o`ff`n bhti|akh as Obtis|ians* g`t |bh jigh anlfissi`n `g |bh {b`jh obxtob |`lay.

Lò|tinaj \tali|i`ns in \bh Hwankhjioaj Obxtob

anl \bh Xni|hl Dth|bthn Obxtob

\bh xng`jlink `g lò|tinaj o`nohtns af`nk Cao`d Ajdtikb|’sHwankhjioaj Assòia|i`n anl ]bijji} [ijjiaf @||htdhin’s Xni|hl


88



Dth|bthn in Obtis| t`xkbjy }atajjhjs Fh|b`lis| lhwhj`}fhn|s. Ligght&hnohs hfhtkhl jatkhjy gt`f ligghtink hoojhsias|ioaj |tali|i`ns dt`xkb|

gt`f Khtfany anl B`jjanl* |`kh|bht {i|b |bh f`ligihl Oajwinisf `g|bh Bhilhjdhtk Oa|hobisf.In |bh Khtfan&s}haeink o`ffxni|ihs `g Afhtioa* Ajdtikb| anl

@||htdhin o`nsilhthl hwankhjisf f`th if}`t|an| |ban |bh`j`kioajs}hoxja|i`n. Aj|b`xkb |bhy {hth n`| lò|tinajjy inligghthn|* |bhys|thsshl o`nwhtsi`n* ‚cxs|igioa|i`n dy gai|b o`ngitfhl dy a shnsidjhassxtanoh |bhth`g*‖ Obtis|ian nxt|xth* |bh }tihs|b``l `g ajj dhjihwhtsin a sbathl finis|ty `g Obtis|ian {i|nhss anl shtwioh* anl hn|ith sano&|igioa|i`n as |bh kàj `g Obtis|ian jigh.

As {i|b [hsjhy* |bhit }tifaty s`xtoh anl n`tf g`t Obtis|ian|haobink {as _oti}|xth. @||htdhin hncìnhl bis g`jj`{hts ‚|` dh oath&gxj |` }thaob n` `|bht lò|tinh |ban {ba| is }jainjy jail l`{n in |bhDidjh.‖ Haob nh{ fhfdht {as asehl ‚|` o`nghss |ba| bh thohiwhl |bhDidjh as |bh [`tl `g K`l.‖ @tlinanls {hth thqxithl |` aggitf {i|b&`x| thshtwh |bh }jhnaty ax|b`ti|y `g _oti}|xth.

Fa|obhl {i|b |bhsh aggitfa|i`ns {as |bh o`nwio|i`n |ba| o`n&wht|hl Obtis|ians ath hnadjhl dy |bh B`jy _}iti| |` thal _oti}|xth

{i|b a s}hoiaj Obtis|ian o`nsoi`xsnhss. \bhy }tihl |bis }tinoi}jh as|bh sx}thfh kxilh in didjioaj in|ht}th|a|i`n.

Cao`d Ajdtikb| {as litho|hl dy |bh o`nghthnoh `g 12=; |` }th}atha jis| `g At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n. Bh lihl dhg`th bh o`xjl a||hf}| |bh |ase.

Kh`tkh Fijjht |bhn assxfhl |bh ths}`nsidiji|y. Bh tho`ffhnlhl|` |bh o`nghthnoh `g 12=9 |bh al`}|i`n `g |bh Khtfan |tansja|i`n `g|bh Fh|b`lis| At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n* {i|b |bh alli|i`n `g a nh{ `nh*‚@g |bh Jas| Cxlkfhn|.‖ \bh tho`ffhnla|i`n {as al`}|hl. \bis

ao|i`n aggitfs a o`nsoi`xs obìoh `g |bh Fh|b`lis| At|iojhs as n`tfa&|iwh. \bh allhl at|iojh {as gt`f |bh Axksdxtk O`nghssi`n* `n a|bhfh `fi||hl in |bh Ankjioan At|iojhs.

In 1217* |bh `tikinaj |{hn|y&sir At|iojhs {hth thlxohl |` |{hn|y&`nh dy `fi||ink giwh }`jhfioaj at|iojhs aifhl a| T`fan Oa|b`jios*Anada}|is|s* anl sir|hhn|b&ohn|xty sho|atihs. \bis ao| `g lhjh|i`nthgjho|hl a o`noijia|`ty s}iti| in a |ifh `g di||ht o`n|t`whtsy.

In 12?9* a gh{ sjikb| obankhs {hth falh in |bh |hr| `g 1217. I| {as|bhn s|i}xja|hl |ba| ‚|bh At|iojhs `g Gai|b . . . sb`xjl dh o`ns|i|x|i`n&ajjy xnobankhadjh af`nk xs.‖

In |bh 12;=s* a }t`}`saj |` thwish |bh At|iojhs |`xobhl `gg a gjxtty`g lhda|h* dx| |bh o`nghthnoh `g 12;8 lhoisiwhjy thcho|hl |bh }t`}`saj.


87



In ja|ht ao|i`n |bh |{hn|y&`nh At|iojhs {hth thlxohl |` ninh|hhn dy o`fdinink shwhtaj* dx| {i|b`x| `fi||ink any `g |bhit `tikinaj o`n&

|hn|.\bhsh ninh|hhn {hth dt`xkb| in|ao| in|` |bh Hwankhjioaj Xni|hlDth|bthn xni`n `g 19<7.

Af`nk |bh Xni|hl Dth|bthn in Obtis|* a sxffaty `g n`tfa|iwh|haobink {as g`tfxja|hl in 121? dy Obtis|ian Nh{o`fht anlObtis|`}bht Kt`sob* o`jjhakxhs `g @||htdhin. I|s gits| |bthh }ata&kta}bs g`jj`{ |bh `tlht `g |bh A}`s|jhs’ Othhl. ]atakta}bs g`xt anlgiwh aggitf |bh }tifaoy `g _oti}|xth anl |bh xniwhtsaj }tòjafa|i`n`g ‚|bh didjioaj lò|tinh . . . `g fan’s gajj in Alaf anl bis lhjiwhtanoh

|bt`xkb Chsxs Obtis|.‖ An allhl sho|i`n o`ffhnls ‚|bh `tlinanohs`g da}|isf anl |bh thfhfdtanoh `g |bh J`tl‖ anl a}}t`whs g``|{asbink as `}|i`naj.

\bh gits| Khnhtaj O`nghthnoh `g |bh Xni|hl Dth|bthn in Obtis|"1218) al`}|hl a sjikb| thwisi`n `g |bis hatjiht s|a|hfhn| as |bhlhn`fina|i`n’s O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b. A gxt|bht thwisi`n {as falh in12<1* {i|b |bh s|i}xja|i`n |ba| |bhth dh n` gxt|bht obankhs3 ‚N` txjh`t `tlinanoh sbajj a| any |ifh dh }asshl |` obankh `t l` a{ay {i|b

|bh O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b as i| n`{ s|anls.‖ Hwhn s`* aki|a|i`n g`tobankh o`n|inxhl.In 1228* a obxtob o`ffissi`n {as a}}ìn|hl |` ‚}th}ath sxob a

g`tf `g dhjihg anl sxob afhnlhl gxnlafhn|aj txjhs g`t |bh k`whtn&fhn| `g |bis obxtob in |bh gx|xth as {ijj* in |bhit cxlkfhn|* dh dhs|ala}|hl |` shoxth i|s kt`{|b anl hggioihnoy in |bh {`te `g hwankhji&ink |bh {`tjl.‖

\bh thsxj|ink }t`}`saj g`t a nh{ O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b anl O`ns|i&|x|i`n {as sxdfi||hl |` |bh khnhtaj fhfdhtsbi} `g |bh Obxtob* |bh

gits| sxob thghthnlxf `n a O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b in Xni|hl Dth|bthnbis|`ty* anl {as |bhn }jaohl dhg`th |bh Khnhtaj O`nghthnoh `g 1229.D`|b |bh khnhtaj fhfdhtsbi} anl |bh o`nghthnoh a}}t`whl |bh O`n&ghssi`n dy }th}`nlhtan| fac`ti|ihs. I| {as |bhthx}`n hnao|hl dy h}is&o`}aj ‚}tòjafa|i`n.‖ B`{hwht* |bis ao|i`n {as }t`|hs|hl dy afin`ti|y as a wi`ja|i`n `g |bh Ths|tio|iwh Txjh `g 12<1 anl dhoafh a dasio oaxsh g`t a o`nshqxhn| sobisf* thsxj|ink in |bh g`tfa|i`n `g \bhXni|hl Dth|bthn Obxtob "@jl O`ns|i|x|i`n).

\bh O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b `g 1229 {as f`th o`f}thbhnsiwh |banany `g i|s an|hohlhn|s* {i|b at|iojhs `n lh}tawi|y* cxs|igioa|i`n* thkhn&hta|i`n anl al`}|i`n* sano|igioa|i`n* |bh Obtis|ian _adda|b* anl |bhgx|xth s|a|h. \bh at|iojh `n sano|igioa|i`n* |b`xkb dtihg* is siknigioan|


8;



in i|s thgjho|i`n `g |bh lò|tinh `g b`jinhss `g |bh Bhilhjdhtk Oa|h&obisf. \bh 1229 O`nghssi`n {as dt`xkb| dy |bh Xni|hl Dth|bthn in|`

|bh xni`n {i|b |bh Hwankhjioajs in 19<7.

\bh Hwankhjioaj Xni|hl Dth|bthn O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b

\bh Lisoi}jinh `g |bh nh{ Hwankhjioaj Xni|hl Dth|bthn Obxtob"19<7) o`n|ainhl d`|b |bh Hwankhjioaj At|iojhs anl |bh Xni|hlDth|bthn O`nghssi`n. \{hjwh yhats ja|ht |bh Khnhtaj O`nghthnoh `g|bh xni|hl obxtob ax|b`tihl i|s dàtl `g disb`}s |` }th}ath a nh{O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b.

A nh{ O`nghssi`n* {i|b sir|hhn at|iojhs* `g a s`fh{ba| f`thf`lhtn obatao|ht |ban any `g i|s an|hohlhn|s* {as }thshn|hl |` |bhKhnhtaj O`nghthnoh `g 1974 anl al`}|hl {i|b`x| afhnlfhn|. \bhHwankhjioaj at|iojh* ‚Hn|ith _ano|igioa|i`n anl Obtis|ian ]htgho|i`n*‖ isthgjho|hl in |bis o`nghssi`n as a lis|ino|iwh hf}basis. \bh O`nghssi`n`g Gai|b th}jaohl d`|b g`tfht At|iojhs anl O`nghssi`n anl {as dt`xkb| `wht in|ao| in|` |bh Lisoi}jinh `g \bh Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|Obxtob "1972).

Lò|tinaj _|anlatls in \bh Xni|hl Fh|b`lis| Obxtob

In |bh ]jan `g Xni`n g`t \bh Xni|hl Fh|b`lis| Obxtob* |bh }thg&aoh |` |bh Fh|b`lis| At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n anl |bh Hwankhjioaj Xni|hlDth|bthn O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b hr}jains |ba| d`|b {hth aooh}|hl as lò&|tinaj s|anlatls g`t |bh nh{ obxtob. Alli|i`najjy* i| s|a|hl |ba|aj|b`xkb |bh jankxakh `g |bh gits| Ths|tio|iwh Txjh nhwht bas dhhn g`t&fajjy lhginhl* [hsjhy’s _htf`ns anl N`|hs {hth xnlhts|``l s}hoigi&

oajjy |` dh inojxlhl in `xt }thshn| hris|ink anl hs|adjisbhl s|anlatls`g lò|tinh. I| ajs` s|a|hl |ba| |bh At|iojhs* |bh O`nghssi`n* anl |bh[hsjhyan ‚s|anlatls‖ {hth ‚|bxs lhhfhl o`nktxhn| ig n`| ilhn|ioajin |bhit lò|tinaj }hts}ho|iwhs anl n`| in o`ngjio|.‖ \bis lhojata|i`n{as aooh}|hl dy sxdshqxhn| txjinks `g |bh Cxlioiaj O`xnoij.4

\bh O`ns|i|x|i`n `g \bh Xni|hl Fh|b`lis| Obxtob* in i|s Ths|tio&|iwh Txjhs "shh ·· 1;&44)* }t`|ho|s d`|b |bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n anl|bh O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b as lò|tinaj s|anlatls |ba| sbajj n`| dh

thwèhl* aj|hthl* `t obankhl. \bh }tòhss `g otha|ink nh{ ‚s|anlatls`t txjhs `g lò|tinh‖ |bxs o`n|inxhs |` dh ths|tio|hl* thqxitink hi|bht |ba|

4. _hh Cxlioiaj O`xnoij Lhoisi`n ?82.


82



|bhy dh lhojathl ‚n`| o`n|taty |`‖ |bh }thshn| s|anlatls `t |ba| |bhyk` |bt`xkb |bh liggioxj| }tòhss `g o`ns|i|x|i`naj afhnlfhn|.

\bh Xni|hl Fh|b`lis| Obxtob s|anls o`n|inxajjy in nhhl `g lò&|tinaj thinwik`ta|i`n g`t |bh saeh `g ax|bhn|io thnh{aj* gtxi|gxj hwan&khjisf* anl hoxfhnioaj liaj`kxh. In |bis jikb|* |bh tho`whty anlx}la|ink `g `xt lis|ino|iwh lò|tinaj bhti|akh“oa|b`jio* hwankhjioaj*anl thg`tfhl“is hsshn|iaj.

\bis |ase oajjs g`t |bh th}`sshssi`n `g `xt |tali|i`ns as {hjj as |bh}t`f`|i`n `g |bh`j`kioaj inqxity d`|b {i|bin |bh lhn`fina|i`n anl in`xt hoxfhnioaj hgg`t|s. Ajj ath inwi|hl |` sbath in |bis hnlhaw`t |` s|if&xja|h an ao|iwh in|hths| in lò|tinaj xnlhts|anlink in `tlht |` ojaif

`xt jhkaoy anl |` sba}h |ba| jhkaoy g`t |bh Obxtob {h as}ith |` dh.

· 1=?. _HO\I@N ?“@XT L@O\TINAJ _\ANLATL_ANL KHNHTAJ TXJH_

\BH AT\IOJH_ @G THJIKI@N @G \BH FH\B@LI_\ OBXTOB?

UDidji`kta}bioaj N`|h3 \bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n ath bhth th}tin|hl

gt`f |bh Lisoi}jinh `g 12=2 "{bhn |bh gits| Ths|tio|iwh Txjh |`èhggho|)* o`jja|hl akains| [hsjhy’s `tikinaj |hr| in \bh _xnlay _htwioh `g |bh Fh|b`lis|s "1;2<). \` |bhsh ath allhl |{` At|iojhs3 ‚@g _ano|igioa&|i`n‖ anl ‚@g |bh Lx|y `g Obtis|ians |` |bh Oiwij Ax|b`ti|y*‖ {biobath jhkisja|iwh hnao|fhn|s anl n`| in|hktaj }at|s `g |bh lòxfhn| as}t`|ho|hl dy |bh O`ns|i|x|i`n "shh Cxlioiaj O`xnoij Lhoisi`ns <1* 1;7).V

At|iojh I“@g Gai|b in |bh B`jy \tini|y

\bhth is dx| `nh jiwink anl |txh K`l* hwhtjas|ink* {i|b`x| d`ly`t }at|s* `g ingini|h }`{ht* {isl`f* anl k``lnhss5 |bh faeht anl}thshtwht `g ajj |binks* d`|b wisidjh anl inwisidjh. Anl in xni|y `g |bisK`lbhal |bhth ath |bthh }hts`ns* `g `nh sxds|anoh* }`{ht* anl h|ht&ni|y“|bh Ga|bht* |bh _`n* anl |bh B`jy Kb`s|.

At|iojh II“@g |bh [`tl* `t _`n `g K`l* [b` [as Falh Whty Fan

\bh _`n* {b` is |bh [`tl `g |bh Ga|bht* |bh whty anl h|htnaj K`l*`g `nh sxds|anoh {i|b |bh Ga|bht* |`è fan’s na|xth in |bh {`fd `g |bh

?. ]t`|ho|hl dy Ths|tio|iwh Txjh 1 "· 1;).

@XT L@O\TINAJ _\ANLATL_ ANL KHNHTAJ TXJH_ · 1=?

89



djhsshl Witkin5 s` |ba| |{` {b`jh anl }htgho| na|xths* |ba| is |` say*|bh K`lbhal anl Fanb``l* {hth cìnhl |`kh|bht in `nh }hts`n*

nhwht |` dh liwilhl5 {bhth`g is `nh Obtis|* whty K`l anl whty Fan*{b` |txjy sxgghthl* {as otxoigihl* lhal* anl dxtihl* |` tho`noijh bisGa|bht |` xs* anl |` dh a saotigioh* n`| `njy g`t `tikinaj kxij|* dx| ajs`g`t ao|xaj sins `g fhn.

At|iojh II“@g |bh Thsxttho|i`n `g Obtis|

Obtis| lil |txjy tish akain gt`f |bh lhal* anl |`è akain bis d`ly* {i|b ajj |binks a}}ht|ainink |` |bh }htgho|i`n `g fan’s na|xth*

{bhth{i|b bh asohnlhl in|` bhawhn* anl |bhth si||h|b xn|ij bh th|xtn|` cxlkh ajj fhn a| |bh jas| lay.

At|iojh IW“@g |bh B`jy Kb`s|

\bh B`jy Kb`s|* }tòhhlink gt`f |bh Ga|bht anl |bh _`n* is `g`nh sxds|anoh* fachs|y* anl kj`ty {i|b |bh Ga|bht anl |bh _`n* whtyanl h|htnaj K`l.

At|iojh W“@g |bh _xggioihnoy `g |bh B`jy _oti}|xths g`t _ajwa|i`n

\bh B`jy _oti}|xth o`n|ainh|b ajj |binks nhohssaty |` sajwa|i`n5 s`|ba| {ba|s`hwht is n`| thal |bhthin* n`t fay dh }t`whl |bhthdy* isn`| |` dh thqxithl `g any fan |ba| i| sb`xjl dh dhjihwhl as an at|iojh`g gai|b* `t dh |b`xkb| thqxisi|h `t nhohssaty |` sajwa|i`n. In |bh nafh`g |bh B`jy _oti}|xth {h l` xnlhts|anl |b`sh oan`nioaj d`ès `g |bh@jl anl Nh{ \hs|afhn| `g {b`sh ax|b`ti|y {as nhwht any l`xd| in|bh obxtob. \bh nafhs `g |bh oan`nioaj d`ès ath3

Khnhsis* Hr`lxs* Jhwi|ioxs* Nxfdhts* Lhx|ht`n`fy* C`sbxa* Cxlkhs* Tx|b* \bh Gits| D`è `g _afxhj* \bh _ho`nl D`è `g _afxhj*\bh Gits| D`è `g Einks* \bh _ho`nl D`è `g Einks* \bh Gits| D`è `gObt`niojhs* \bh _ho`nl D`è `g Obt`niojhs* \bh D`è `g Hta* \bhD`è `g Nhbhfiab* \bh D`è `g Hs|bht* \bh D`è `g C`d* \bh ]sajfs*\bh ]t`whtds* Hoojhsias|hs `t |bh ]thaobht* Oan|ioa `t _`nks `g_`j`f`n* G`xt ]t`}bh|s |bh Ktha|ht* Jafhn|a|i`ns* \{hjwh ]t`}bh|s|bh Jhss.

Ajj |bh d`ès `g |bh Nh{ \hs|afhn|* as |bhy ath o`ff`njythohiwhl* {h l` thohiwh anl aoo`xn| oan`nioaj.

· 1=? L@O\TINAJ _\ANLATL_ ANL @XT \BH@J@KIOAJ \A_E

7=



At|iojh WI“@g |bh @jl \hs|afhn|

\bh @jl \hs|afhn| is n`| o`n|taty |` |bh Nh{5 g`t d`|b in |bh @jl

anl Nh{ \hs|afhn| hwhtjas|ink jigh is `gghthl |` faneinl dy Obtis|*{b` is |bh `njy Fhlia|`t dh|{hhn K`l anl fan* dhink d`|b K`l anlFan. [bhthg`th |bhy ath n`| |` dh bhatl {b` ghikn |ba| |bh `jlga|bhts lil j`è `njy g`t |tansi|`ty }t`fishs. Aj|b`xkb |bh ja{ kiwhngt`f K`l dy F`shs as |`xobink ohthf`nihs anl ti|hs l`|b n`| dinlObtis|ians* n`t `xkb| |bh oiwij }thoh}|s |bhth`g `g nhohssi|y dhthohiwhl in any o`ff`n{haj|b5 yh| n`|{i|bs|anlink* n` Obtis|ian{ba|s`hwht is gthh gt`f |bh `dhlihnoh `g |bh o`ffanlfhn|s {biob

ath oajjhl f`taj.

At|iojh WII“@g @tikinaj `t Dit|b _in

@tikinaj sin s|anlh|b n`| in |bh g`jj`{ink `g Alaf "as |bh ]hja&kians l` wainjy |aje)* dx| i| is |bh o`ttx}|i`n `g |bh na|xth `g hwhtyfan* |ba| na|xtajjy is hnkhnlhthl `g |bh `ggs}tink `g Alaf* {bhthdyfan is whty gat k`nh gt`f `tikinaj tikb|h`xsnhss* anl `g bis `{nna|xth inojinhl |` hwij* anl |ba| o`n|inxajjy.

At|iojh WIII“@g Gthh [ijj

\bh o`nli|i`n `g fan ag|ht |bh gajj `g Alaf is sxob |ba| bh oann`||xtn anl }th}ath bifshjg* dy bis `{n na|xtaj s|thnk|b anl {`tes* |`gai|b* anl oajjink x}`n K`l5 {bhthg`th {h bawh n` }`{ht |` l` k``l{`tes* }jhasan| anl aooh}|adjh |` K`l* {i|b`x| |bh ktaoh `g K`l dyObtis| }thwhn|ink xs* |ba| {h fay bawh a k``l {ijj* anl {`teink{i|b xs* {bhn {h bawh |ba| k``l {ijj.

At|iojh IR“@g |bh Cxs|igioa|i`n `g Fan

[h ath aoo`xn|hl tikb|h`xs dhg`th K`l `njy g`t |bh fhti| `g `xtJ`tl anl _awi`xt Chsxs Obtis|* dy gai|b* anl n`| g`t `xt `{n {`tes `tlhshtwinks. [bhthg`th* |ba| {h ath cxs|igihl dy gai|b* `njy* is a f`s|{b`jhs`fh lò|tinh* anl whty gxjj `g o`fg`t|.

At|iojh R“@g K``l [`tes

Aj|b`xkb k``l {`tes* {biob ath |bh gtxi|s `g gai|b* anl g`jj`{ag|ht cxs|igioa|i`n* oann`| }x| a{ay `xt sins* anl hnlxth |bh shwhti|y `g


71



K`l’s cxlkfhn|5 yh| ath |bhy }jhasink anl aooh}|adjh |` K`l in Obtis|*anl s}tink `x| `g a |txh anl jiwhjy gai|b* ins`fxob |ba| dy |bhf a jiwhjy

gai|b fay dh as hwilhn|jy en`{n as a |thh is lisohtnhl dy i|s gtxi|.

At|iojh RI“@g [`tes `g _x}htht`ka|i`n

W`jxn|aty {`tes“dhsilhs* `wht anl ad`wh K`l’s o`ffanl&fhn|s“{biob |bhy oajj {`tes `g sx}htht`ka|i`n* oann`| dh |axkb|{i|b`x| att`kanoy anl if}ih|y. G`t dy |bhf fhn l` lhojath |ba||bhy l` n`| `njy thnlht xn|` K`l as fxob as |bhy ath d`xnl |` l`* dx| |ba| |bhy l` f`th g`t bis saeh |ban `g d`xnlhn lx|y is thqxithl5

{bhthas Obtis| sai|b }jainjy3 [bhn y`x bawh l`nh ajj |ba| is o`f&fanlhl y`x* say* [h ath xn}t`gi|adjh shtwan|s.

At|iojh RII“@g _in Ag|ht Cxs|igioa|i`n

N`| hwhty sin {ijjinkjy o`ffi||hl ag|ht cxs|igioa|i`n is |bh sinakains| |bh B`jy Kb`s|* anl xn}atl`nadjh. [bhthg`th* |bh ktan| `gth}hn|anoh is n`| |` dh lhnihl |` sxob as gajj in|` sin ag|ht cxs|igioa&|i`n. Ag|ht {h bawh thohiwhl |bh B`jy Kb`s|* {h fay lh}at| gt`fktaoh kiwhn* anl gajj in|` sin* anl* dy |bh ktaoh `g K`l* tish akain anlafhnl `xt jiwhs. Anl |bhthg`th |bhy ath |` dh o`nlhfnhl {b` say|bhy oan n` f`th sin as j`nk as |bhy jiwh bhth5 `t lhny |bh }jaoh `gg`tkiwhnhss |` sxob as |txjy th}hn|.

At|iojh RIII“@g |bh Obxtob

\bh wisidjh obxtob `g Obtis| is a o`nkthka|i`n `g gai|bgxj fhn in

{biob |bh }xth [`tl `g K`l is }thaobhl* anl |bh _aotafhn|s lxjyalfinis|hthl aoo`tlink |` Obtis|’s `tlinanoh* in ajj |b`sh |binks |ba|`g nhohssi|y ath thqxisi|h |` |bh safh.

At|iojh RIW“@g ]xtka|`ty<

\bh T`fisb lò|tinh o`nohtnink }xtka|`ty* }atl`n* {`tsbi}ink*anl al`ta|i`n* as {hjj `g ifakhs as `g thjios* anl ajs` inwòa|i`n `g

<. G`t |bh o`n|hf}`taty in|ht}th|a|i`n `g |bis anl sifijat at|iojhs "i.h.* At|iojhsRIW* RW* RWI* RWIII* RIR* RR* anl RRI) in o`ns`nanoh {i|b `xt dhs| hoxfhnioajinsikb|s anl cxlkfhn|* shh ‚Ths`jx|i`n `g In|hn|3 [i|b a Wih{ |` Xni|y‖ "\bh D`è `g Ths`jx|i`ns* 4==2* }. 494).


74



sain|s* is a g`nl |bink* wainjy inwhn|hl* anl kt`xnlhl x}`n n` {at&tan| `g _oti}|xth* dx| th}xknan| |` |bh [`tl `g K`l.

At|iojh RW“@g _}haeink in |bh O`nkthka|i`n in _xob a \`nkxh as|bh ]h`}jh Xnlhts|anl

I| is a |bink }jainjy th}xknan| |` |bh [`tl `g K`l* anl |bh oxs&|`f `g |bh }tifi|iwh obxtob* |` bawh }xdjio }tayht in |bh obxtob* `t |`finis|ht |bh _aotafhn|s* in a |`nkxh n`| xnlhts|``l dy |bh }h`}jh.

At|iojh RWI“@g |bh _aotafhn|s_aotafhn|s `tlainhl `g Obtis| ath n`| `njy dalkhs `t |èhns `g

Obtis|ian fhn’s }t`ghssi`n* dx| ta|bht |bhy ath oht|ain sikns `g ktaoh*anl K`l’s k``l {ijj |`{atl xs* dy {biob bh l`|b {`te inwisidjy inxs* anl l`|b n`| `njy qxioehn* dx| ajs` s|thnk|bhn anl o`ngitf* `xtgai|b in bif.

\bhth ath |{` _aotafhn|s `tlainhl `g Obtis| `xt J`tl in |bhK`s}hj5 |ba| is |` say* Da}|isf anl |bh _x}}ht `g |bh J`tl.

\b`sh giwh o`ff`njy oajjhl saotafhn|s* |ba| is |` say* o`ngitfa&|i`n* }hnanoh* `tlhts* fa|tif`ny* anl hr|thfh xno|i`n* ath n`| |` dho`xn|hl g`t _aotafhn|s `g |bh K`s}hj5 dhink sxob as bawh }at|jykt`{n `x| `g |bh o`ttx}| g`jj`{ink `g |bh a}`s|jhs* anl }at|jy aths|a|hs `g jigh ajj`{hl in |bh _oti}|xths* dx| yh| bawh n`| |bh jiehna|xth `g Da}|isf anl |bh J`tl’s _x}}ht* dhoaxsh |bhy bawh n`| anywisidjh sikn `t ohthf`ny `tlainhl `g K`l.

\bh _aotafhn|s {hth n`| `tlainhl `g Obtis| |` dh kahl x}`n* `t|` dh oattihl ad`x|5 dx| |ba| {h sb`xjl lxjy xsh |bhf. Anl in sxob

`njy as {`t|bijy thohiwh |bh safh* |bhy bawh a {b`jhs`fh hggho| `t`}hta|i`n5 dx| |bhy |ba| thohiwh |bhf xn{`t|bijy* }xtobash |` |bhf&shjwhs o`nlhfna|i`n* as _|. ]axj sai|b.

At|iojh RWII“@g Da}|isf

Da}|isf is n`| `njy a sikn `g }t`ghssi`n anl fate `g ligghthnoh{bhthdy Obtis|ians ath lis|inkxisbhl gt`f `|bhts |ba| ath n`| da}&

|ihl5 dx| i| is ajs` a sikn `g thkhnhta|i`n `t |bh nh{ dit|b. \bh Da}&|isf `g y`xnk obijlthn is |` dh th|ainhl in |bh Obxtob.8

8. _hh Cxlioiaj O`xnoij Lhoisi`n 1<4.


7?



At|iojh RWIII“@g |bh J`tl’s _x}}ht

\bh _x}}ht `g |bh J`tl is n`| `njy a sikn `g |bh j`wh |ba| Obtis&

|ians `xkb| |` bawh af`nk |bhfshjwhs `nh |` an`|bht* dx| ta|bht is asaotafhn| `g `xt thlhf}|i`n dy Obtis|’s lha|b5 ins`fxob |ba|* |`sxob as tikb|jy* {`t|bijy* anl {i|b gai|b thohiwh |bh safh* |bh dthal{biob {h dthae is a }at|aeink `g |bh d`ly `g Obtis|5 anl jieh{ish |bhox} `g djhssink is a }at|aeink `g |bh dj``l `g Obtis|.

\tansxds|an|ia|i`n* `t |bh obankh `g |bh sxds|anoh `g dthal anl{inh in |bh _x}}ht `g `xt J`tl* oann`| dh }t`whl dy B`jy [ti|* dx|is th}xknan| |` |bh }jain {`tls `g _oti}|xth* `wht|bt`{h|b |bh na|xth`g a saotafhn|* anl ba|b kiwhn òoasi`n |` fany sx}hts|i|i`ns.

\bh d`ly `g Obtis| is kiwhn* |aehn* anl ha|hn in |bh _x}}ht* `njyag|ht a bhawhnjy anl s}iti|xaj fannht. Anl |bh fhan {bhthdy |bh d`ly `g Obtis| is thohiwhl anl ha|hn in |bh _x}}ht is gai|b.

\bh _aotafhn| `g |bh J`tl’s _x}}ht {as n`| dy Obtis|’s `tli&nanoh thshtwhl* oattihl ad`x|* jig|hl x}* `t {`tsbi}hl.

At|iojh RIR“@g D`|b Einls

\bh ox} `g |bh J`tl is n`| |` dh lhnihl |` |bh jay }h`}jh5 g`t d`|b|bh }at|s `g |bh J`tl’s _x}}ht* dy Obtis|’s `tlinanoh anl o`ffanl&fhn|* `xkb| |` dh alfinis|hthl |` ajj Obtis|ians ajieh.

At|iojh RR“@g |bh @nh @dja|i`n `g Obtis|*Ginisbhl x}`n |bh Ot`ss

\bh `gghtink `g Obtis|* `noh falh* is |ba| }htgho| thlhf}|i`n*}t`}i|ia|i`n* anl sa|isgao|i`n g`t ajj |bh sins `g |bh {b`jh {`tjl* d`|b

`tikinaj anl ao|xaj5 anl |bhth is n`nh `|bht sa|isgao|i`n g`t sin dx||ba| aj`nh. [bhthg`th |bh saotigioh `g fasshs* in |bh {biob i| is o`f&f`njy sail |ba| |bh }tihs| l`|b `gght Obtis| g`t |bh qxioe anl |bhlhal* |` bawh thfissi`n `g }ain `t kxij|* is a djas}bhf`xs gadjh anllankht`xs lhohi|.

At|iojh RRI“@g |bh Fattiakh `g Finis|hts

\bh finis|hts `g Obtis| ath n`| o`ffanlhl dy K`l’s ja{ hi|bht|` w`{ |bh hs|a|h `g sinkjh jigh* `t |` ads|ain gt`f fattiakh5 |bhthg`thi| is ja{gxj g`t |bhf* as g`t ajj `|bht Obtis|ians* |` fatty a| |bhit `{nlisoth|i`n* as |bhy sbajj cxlkh |bh safh |` shtwh dhs| |` k`ljinhss.


7<



At|iojh RRII“@g |bh Ti|hs anl Ohthf`nihs `g Obxtobhs

I| is n`| nhohssaty |ba| ti|hs anl ohthf`nihs sb`xjl in ajj }jaohs

dh |bh safh* `t hrao|jy ajieh5 g`t |bhy bawh dhhn aj{ays ligghthn|* anlfay dh obankhl aoo`tlink |` |bh liwhtsi|y `g o`xn|tihs* |ifhs* anlfhn’s fannhts* s` |ba| n`|bink dh `tlainhl akains| K`l’s [`tl.[b`s`hwht* |bt`xkb bis }tiwa|h cxlkfhn|* {ijjinkjy anl }xt}`shjyl`|b `}hnjy dthae |bh ti|hs anl ohthf`nihs `g |bh obxtob |` {biob bh dhj`nks* {biob ath n`| th}xknan| |` |bh [`tl `g K`l* anl ath`tlainhl anl a}}t`whl dy o`ff`n ax|b`ti|y* `xkb| |` dh thdxehl`}hnjy* |ba| `|bhts fay ghat |` l` |bh jieh* as `nh |ba| `gghnlh|bakains| |bh o`ff`n `tlht `g |bh obxtob* anl {`xnlh|b |bh o`n&soihnohs `g {hae dth|bthn.

Hwhty }at|ioxjat obxtob fay `tlain* obankh* `t ad`jisb ti|hs anlohthf`nihs* s` |ba| ajj |binks fay dh l`nh |` hligioa|i`n.

At|iojh RRIII“@g |bh Txjhts `g |bh Xni|hl _|a|hs `g Afhtioa

\bh ]thsilhn|* |bh O`nkthss* |bh khnhtaj asshfdjihs* |bh k`wht&n`ts* anl |bh o`xnoijs `g s|a|h* as |bh lhjhka|hs `g |bh }h`}jh* ath |bh

txjhts `g |bh Xni|hl _|a|hs `g Afhtioa* aoo`tlink |` |bh liwisi`n `g}`{ht falh |` |bhf dy |bh O`ns|i|x|i`n `g |bh Xni|hl _|a|hs anl dy|bh o`ns|i|x|i`ns `g |bhit ths}ho|iwh s|a|hs. Anl |bh sail s|a|hs ath as`whthikn anl inlh}hnlhn| na|i`n* anl `xkb| n`| |` dh sxdcho| |` anyg`thikn cxtislio|i`n.

At|iojh RRIW“@g Obtis|ian Fhn’s K``ls

\bh tiobhs anl k``ls `g Obtis|ians ath n`| o`ff`n as |`xobink

|bh tikb|* |i|jh* anl }`sshssi`n `g |bh safh* as s`fh l` gajshjy dàs|.N`|{i|bs|anlink* hwhty fan `xkb|* `g sxob |binks as bh }`sshssh|b*jidhtajjy |` kiwh ajfs |` |bh }``t* aoo`tlink |` bis adiji|y.

At|iojh RRW“@g a Obtis|ian Fan’s @a|b

As {h o`nghss |ba| wain anl tasb s{hatink is g`tdillhn Obtis|ianfhn dy `xt J`tl Chsxs Obtis| anl Cafhs bis a}`s|jh* s` {h cxlkh |ba|

|bh Obtis|ian thjiki`n l`|b n`| }t`bidi|* dx| |ba| a fan fay s{hat{bhn |bh fakis|ta|h thqxith|b* in a oaxsh `g gai|b anl obati|y* s` i| dh l`nh aoo`tlink |` |bh }t`}bh|’s |haobink* in cxs|ioh* cxlkfhn|*anl |tx|b.


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U\bh g`jj`{ink At|iojh gt`f |bh Fh|b`lis| ]t`|hs|an| Lisoi}jinh is }jaohl bhth dy|bh Xni|ink O`nghthnoh "19?9). I| {as n`| `nh `g |bh At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n w`|hl x}`n dy |bh |bthh obxtobhs.V

@g _ano|igioa|i`n

_ano|igioa|i`n is |ba| thnh{aj `g `xt gajjhn na|xth dy |bh B`jyKb`s|* thohiwhl |bt`xkb gai|b in Chsxs Obtis|* {b`sh dj``l `g a|`nh&fhn| ojhansh|b gt`f ajj sin5 {bhthdy {h ath n`| `njy lhjiwhthl gt`f|bh kxij| `g sin* dx| ath {asbhl gt`f i|s }`jjx|i`n* sawhl gt`f i|s}`{ht* anl ath hnadjhl* |bt`xkb ktaoh* |` j`wh K`l {i|b ajj `xtbhat|s anl |` {aje in bis b`jy o`ffanlfhn|s djafhjhss.

U\bh g`jj`{ink }t`wisi`n {as al`}|hl dy |bh Xni|ink O`nghthnoh "19?9). \biss|a|hfhn| shhes |` in|ht}th| |` `xt obxtobhs in g`thikn janls At|iojh RRIII `g |bh At|i&ojhs `g Thjiki`n. I| is a jhkisja|iwh hnao|fhn| dx| is n`| a }at| `g |bh O`ns|i|x|i`n. "_hh Cxlioiaj O`xnoij Lhoisi`ns <1* 1;7* anl Lhoisi`n 7* In|htif Cxlioiaj O`xnoij.)V

@g |bh Lx|y `g Obtis|ians |` |bh Oiwij Ax|b`ti|y

I| is |bh lx|y `g ajj Obtis|ians* anl hs}hoiajjy `g ajj Obtis|ian fin&

is|hts* |` `dshtwh anl `dhy |bh ja{s anl o`ffanls `g |bh k`whtnink`t sx}thfh ax|b`ti|y `g |bh o`xn|ty `g {biob |bhy ath oi|ihns `t sxd& cho|s `t in {biob |bhy thsilh* anl |` xsh ajj jaxladjh fhans |` hno`xt&akh anl hncìn `dhlihnoh |` |bh }`{hts |ba| dh.

\BH O@NGH__I@N @G GAI\B@G \BH HWANKHJIOAJ XNI\HL DTH\BTHN OBXTOB7

UDidji`kta}bioaj N`|h3 \bh |hr| `g |bh O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b is ilhn&|ioaj |` |ba| `g i|s `tikinaj in \bh Lisoi}jinh `g \bh Hwankhjioaj Xni|hlDth|bthn Obxtob "197?).V

At|iojh I“K`l

[h dhjihwh in |bh `nh |txh* b`jy anl jiwink K`l* H|htnaj _}iti|*{b` is Otha|`t* _`whthikn anl ]thshtwht `g ajj |binks wisidjh anlinwisidjh. Bh is ingini|h in }`{ht* {isl`f* cxs|ioh* k``lnhss anl j`wh*

anl txjhs {i|b ktaoi`xs thkatl g`t |bh {hjj&dhink anl sajwa|i`n `gfhn* |` |bh kj`ty `g bis nafh. [h dhjihwh |bh `nh K`l thwhajs bifshjg

7. ]t`|ho|hl dy Ths|tio|iwh Txjh 4 "· 12).


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as |bh \tini|y3 Ga|bht* _`n anl B`jy _}iti|* lis|ino| dx| insh}atadjh*h|htnajjy `nh in hsshnoh anl }`{ht.

At|iojh II“Chsxs Obtis|

[h dhjihwh in Chsxs Obtis|* |txjy K`l anl |txjy fan* in {b`f |bhliwinh anl bxfan na|xths ath }htgho|jy anl insh}atadjy xni|hl. Bh is|bh h|htnaj [`tl falh gjhsb* |bh `njy dhk`||hn _`n `g |bh Ga|bht* d`tn `g |bh Witkin Faty dy |bh }`{ht `g |bh B`jy _}iti|. As finis|ht&ink _htwan| bh jiwhl* sxgghthl anl lihl `n |bh ot`ss. Bh {as dxtihl*t`sh gt`f |bh lhal anl asohnlhl in|` bhawhn |` dh {i|b |bh Ga|bht*

gt`f {bhnoh bh sbajj th|xtn. Bh is h|htnaj _awi`t anl Fhlia|`t* {bìn|htohlhs g`t xs* anl dy bif ajj fhn {ijj dh cxlkhl.

At|iojh III“\bh B`jy _}iti|

[h dhjihwh in |bh B`jy _}iti| {b` }tòhhls gt`f anl is `nh in dhink {i|b |bh Ga|bht anl |bh _`n. Bh o`nwinohs |bh {`tjl `g sin* `gtikb|h`xsnhss anl `g cxlkfhn|. Bh jhals fhn |bt`xkb gai|bgxj

ths}`nsh |` |bh k`s}hj in|` |bh ghjj`{sbi} `g |bh Obxtob. Bh o`f&g`t|s* sxs|ains anl hf}`{hts |bh gai|bgxj anl kxilhs |bhf in|` ajj|tx|b.

At|iojh IW“\bh B`jy Didjh

[h dhjihwh |bh B`jy Didjh* @jl anl Nh{ \hs|afhn|s* thwhajs |bh[`tl `g K`l s` gat as i| is nhohssaty g`t `xt sajwa|i`n. I| is |` dhthohiwhl |bt`xkb |bh B`jy _}iti| as |bh |txh txjh anl kxilh g`t gai|b

anl }tao|ioh. [ba|hwht is n`| thwhajhl in `t hs|adjisbhl dy |bh B`jy_oti}|xths is n`| |` dh falh an at|iojh `g gai|b n`t is i| |` dh |axkb| ashsshn|iaj |` sajwa|i`n.

At|iojh W“\bh Obxtob

[h dhjihwh |bh Obtis|ian Obxtob is |bh o`ffxni|y `g ajj |txh dhjihwhts xnlht |bh J`tlsbi} `g Obtis|. [h dhjihwh i| is `nh* b`jy*a}`s|`jio anl oa|b`jio. I| is |bh thlhf}|iwh ghjj`{sbi} in {biob |bh[`tl `g K`l is }thaobhl dy fhn liwinhjy oajjhl* anl |bh saotafhn|sath lxjy alfinis|hthl aoo`tlink |` Obtis|’s `{n a}}ìn|fhn|.Xnlht |bh lisoi}jinh `g |bh B`jy _}iti| |bh Obxtob hris|s g`t |bh


7;



fain|hnanoh `g {`tsbi}* |bh hligioa|i`n `g dhjihwhts anl |bh thlhf}&|i`n `g |bh {`tjl.

At|iojh WI“\bh _aotafhn|s

[h dhjihwh |bh _aotafhn|s* `tlainhl dy Obtis|* ath syfd`js anl}jhlkhs `g |bh Obtis|ian’s }t`ghssi`n anl `g K`l’s j`wh |`{atl xs. \bhyath fhans `g ktaoh dy {biob K`l {`tes inwisidjy in xs* qxioehnink*s|thnk|bhnink anl o`ngitfink `xt gai|b in bif. \{` _aotafhn|s ath`tlainhl dy Obtis| `xt J`tl* nafhjy Da}|isf anl |bh J`tl’s _x}}ht.

[h dhjihwh Da}|isf siknigihs hn|tanoh in|` |bh b`xshb`jl `g gai|b*

anl is a syfd`j ̀ g th}hn|anoh anl innht ojhansink gt`f sin* a th}thshn|a&|i`n ̀ g |bh nh{ dit|b in Obtis| Chsxs anl a fate ̀ g Obtis|ian lisoi}jhsbi}.

[h dhjihwh obijlthn ath xnlht |bh a|`nhfhn| `g Obtis| anl asbhits `g |bh Einkl`f `g K`l ath aooh}|adjh sxdcho|s g`t Obtis|ianDa}|isf. Obijlthn `g dhjihwink }athn|s |bt`xkb Da}|isf dho`fh |bhs}hoiaj ths}`nsidiji|y `g |bh Obxtob. \bhy sb`xjl dh nxt|xthl anl jhl|` }hts`naj aooh}|anoh `g Obtis|* anl dy }t`ghssi`n `g gai|b o`ngitf|bhit Da}|isf.

[h dhjihwh |bh J`tl’s _x}}ht is a th}thshn|a|i`n `g `xt thlhf}&|i`n* a fhf`tiaj `g |bh sxgghtinks anl lha|b `g Obtis|* anl a |èhn `gj`wh anl xni`n {biob Obtis|ians bawh {i|b Obtis| anl {i|b `nhan`|bht. \b`sh {b` tikb|jy* {`t|bijy anl in gai|b ha| |bh dtèhn dthal anl ltine |bh djhsshl ox} }at|aeh `g |bh d`ly anl dj``l `gObtis| in a s}iti|xaj fannht xn|ij bh o`fhs.

At|iojh WII“_in anl Gthh [ijj

[h dhjihwh fan is gajjhn gt`f tikb|h`xsnhss anl* a}at| gt`f |bhktaoh `g `xt J`tl Chsxs Obtis|* is lhs|i|x|h `g b`jinhss anl inojinhl |`hwij. Hroh}| a fan dh d`tn akain* bh oann`| shh |bh Einkl`f `g K`l.In bis `{n s|thnk|b* {i|b`x| liwinh ktaoh* fan oann`| l` k``l{`tes }jhasink anl aooh}|adjh |` K`l. [h dhjihwh* b`{hwht* faningjxhnohl anl hf}`{hthl dy |bh B`jy _}iti| is ths}`nsidjh in gthh&l`f |` hrhtoish bis {ijj g`t k``l.

At|iojh WIII“Tho`noijia|i`n \bt`xkb Obtis|

[h dhjihwh K`l {as in Obtis| tho`noijink |bh {`tjl |` bifshjg.\bh `gghtink Obtis| gthhjy falh `n |bh ot`ss is |bh }htgho| anl sxggi&


72



oihn| saotigioh g`t |bh sins `g |bh {b`jh {`tjl* thlhhfink fan gt`fajj sin* s` |ba| n` `|bht sa|isgao|i`n is thqxithl.

At|iojh IR“Cxs|igioa|i`n anl Thkhnhta|i`n

[h dhjihwh {h ath nhwht aoo`xn|hl tikb|h`xs dhg`th K`l |bt`xkb`xt {`tes `t fhti|* dx| |ba| }hni|hn| sinnhts ath cxs|igihl `taoo`xn|hl tikb|h`xs dhg`th K`l `njy dy gai|b in `xt J`tl ChsxsObtis|.

[h dhjihwh thkhnhta|i`n is |bh thnh{aj `g fan in tikb|h`xsnhss|bt`xkb Chsxs Obtis|* dy |bh }`{ht `g |bh B`jy _}iti|* {bhthdy {h

ath falh }at|aehts `g |bh liwinh na|xth anl hr}htihnoh nh{nhss `gjigh. Dy |bis nh{ dit|b |bh dhjihwht dho`fhs tho`noijhl |` K`l anl ishnadjhl |` shtwh bif {i|b |bh {ijj anl |bh aggho|i`ns.

[h dhjihwh* aj|b`xkb {h bawh hr}htihnohl thkhnhta|i`n* i| is }`s&sidjh |` lh}at| gt`f ktaoh anl gajj in|` sin5 anl {h fay hwhn |bhn* dy|bh ktaoh `g K`l* dh thnh{hl in tikb|h`xsnhss.

At|iojh R“K``l [`tes

[h dhjihwh k``l {`tes ath |bh nhohssaty gtxi|s `g gai|b anl g`j&j`{ thkhnhta|i`n dx| |bhy l` n`| bawh |bh wit|xh |` thf`wh `xt sins`t |` awht| liwinh cxlkfhn|. [h dhjihwh k``l {`tes* }jhasink anlaooh}|adjh |` K`l in Obtis|* s}tink gt`f a |txh anl jiwink gai|b* g`t|bt`xkb anl dy |bhf gai|b is falh hwilhn|.

At|iojh RI“_ano|igioa|i`n anl Obtis|ian ]htgho|i`n

[h dhjihwh sano|igioa|i`n is |bh {`te `g K`l’s ktaoh |bt`xkb |bh[`tl anl |bh _}iti|* dy {biob |b`sh {b` bawh dhhn d`tn akain athojhanshl gt`f sin in |bhit |b`xkb|s* {`tls anl ao|s* anl ath hnadjhl|` jiwh in aoo`tlanoh {i|b K`l’s {ijj* anl |` s|tiwh g`t b`jinhss {i|b&`x| {biob n` `nh {ijj shh |bh J`tl.

Hn|ith sano|igioa|i`n is a s|a|h `g }htgho| j`wh* tikb|h`xsnhss anl|txh b`jinhss {biob hwhty thkhnhta|h dhjihwht fay `d|ain dy dhinklhjiwhthl gt`f |bh }`{ht `g sin* dy j`wink K`l {i|b ajj |bh bhat|*s`xj* finl anl s|thnk|b* anl dy j`wink `nh’s nhikbd`t as `nh’s shjg.\bt`xkb gai|b in Chsxs Obtis| |bis ktaoi`xs kig| fay dh thohiwhl in|bis jigh d`|b ktalxajjy anl ins|an|anh`xsjy* anl sb`xjl dh s`xkb|hatnhs|jy dy hwhty obijl `g K`l.


79



[h dhjihwh |bis hr}htihnoh l`hs n`| lhjiwht xs gt`f |bh ingitfi&|ihs* ikn`tanoh* anl fis|aehs o`ff`n |` fan* n`t gt`f |bh }`ssidiji&

|ihs `g gxt|bht sin. \bh Obtis|ian fxs| o`n|inxh `n kxatl akains| s}it&i|xaj }tilh anl shhe |` kain wio|`ty `wht hwhty |hf}|a|i`n |` sin. Bhfxs| ths}`nl {b`jjy |` |bh {ijj `g K`l s` |ba| sin {ijj j`sh i|s }`{ht`wht bif5 anl |bh {`tjl* |bh gjhsb* anl |bh lhwij ath }x| xnlht bisghh|. \bxs bh txjhs `wht |bhsh hnhfihs {i|b {a|obgxjnhss |bt`xkb |bh}`{ht `g |bh B`jy _}iti|.

At|iojh RII“\bh Cxlkfhn| anl |bh Gx|xth _|a|h

[h dhjihwh ajj fhn s|anl xnlht |bh tikb|h`xs cxlkfhn| `g ChsxsObtis|* d`|b n`{ anl in |bh jas| lay. [h dhjihwh in |bh thsxttho|i`n`g |bh lhal5 |bh tikb|h`xs |` jigh h|htnaj anl |bh {ioehl |` hnljhsso`nlhfna|i`n.

At|iojh RIII“]xdjio [`tsbi}

[h dhjihwh liwinh {`tsbi} is |bh lx|y anl }tiwijhkh `g fan {b`*

in |bh }thshnoh `g K`l* d`{s in al`ta|i`n* bxfiji|y anl lhlioa|i`n.[h dhjihwh liwinh {`tsbi} is hsshn|iaj |` |bh jigh `g |bh Obxtob* anl|ba| |bh asshfdjink `g |bh }h`}jh `g K`l g`t sxob {`tsbi} is nhohs&saty |` Obtis|ian ghjj`{sbi} anl s}iti|xaj kt`{|b.

[h dhjihwh |bh `tlht `g }xdjio {`tsbi} nhhl n`| dh |bh safh inajj }jaohs dx| fay dh f`ligihl dy |bh Obxtob aoo`tlink |` oitoxf&s|anohs anl |bh nhhls `g fhn. I| sb`xjl dh in a jankxakh anl g`tfxnlhts|``l dy |bh }h`}jh* o`nsis|hn| {i|b |bh B`jy _oti}|xths |` |bh

hligioa|i`n `g ajj* anl in aoo`tlanoh {i|b |bh `tlht anl LI_OI]JINH `g|bh Obxtob.

At|iojh RIW“\bh J`tl’s Lay

[h dhjihwh |bh J`tl’s Lay is liwinhjy `tlainhl g`t }tiwa|h anl}xdjio {`tsbi}* g`t ths| gt`f xnnhohssaty {`te* anl sb`xjl dh lhw`|hl |` s}iti|xaj if}t`whfhn|* Obtis|ian ghjj`{sbi} anl sht&wioh. I| is o`ffhf`ta|iwh `g `xt J`tl’s thsxttho|i`n anl is anhfdjhf `g `xt h|htnaj ths|. I| is hsshn|iaj |` |bh }htfanhnoh anlkt`{|b `g |bh Obtis|ian Obxtob* anl if}`t|an| |` |bh {hjgath `g |bhoiwij o`ffxni|y.


;=



At|iojh RW“\bh Obtis|ian anl ]t`}ht|y

[h dhjihwh K`l is |bh `{nht `g ajj |binks anl |ba| |bh inliwilxaj

b`jlink `g }t`}ht|y is ja{gxj anl is a saothl |txs| xnlht K`l. ]tiwa|h}t`}ht|y is |` dh xshl g`t |bh fanighs|a|i`n `g Obtis|ian j`wh anl jid&htaji|y* anl |` sx}}`t| |bh Obxtob’s fissi`n in |bh {`tjl. Ajj g`tfs`g }t`}ht|y* {bh|bht }tiwa|h* o`t}`ta|h `t }xdjio* ath |` dh bhjl ins`jhfn |txs| anl xshl ths}`nsidjy g`t bxfan k``l xnlht |bh s`wht&hikn|y `g K`l.

At|iojh RWI“Oiwij K`whtnfhn|

[h dhjihwh oiwij k`whtnfhn| lhtiwhs i|s cxs| }`{hts gt`f |bh s`w&hthikn K`l. As Obtis|ians {h tho`knih |bh k`whtnfhn|s xnlht{b`sh }t`|ho|i`n {h thsilh anl dhjihwh sxob k`whtnfhn|s sb`xjl dh dashl `n* anl dh ths}`nsidjh g`t* |bh tho`kni|i`n `g bxfan tikb|sxnlht K`l. [h dhjihwh {at anl dj``lsbhl ath o`n|taty |` |bh k`s}hjanl s}iti| `g Obtis|. [h dhjihwh i| is |bh lx|y `g Obtis|ian oi|ihns |`kiwh f`taj s|thnk|b anl }xt}`sh |` |bhit ths}ho|iwh k`whtnfhn|s|bt`xkb s`dht* tikb|h`xs anl k`ljy jiwink.

\BH _\ANLATL _HTF@N_ @G [H_JHY

UDidji`kta}bioaj N`|h3 \bh [hsjhyan ‚s|anlatls‖ bawh dhhnth}tin|hl gthqxhn|jy. \bh oti|ioaj hli|i`n `g [hsjhy’s _htf`ns isinojxlhl in \bh [`tes `g C`bn [hsjhy* w`js. 1&< "Nasbwijjh3 Adinkl`n]thss* 192<&2;).V

\BH HR]JANA\@TY N@\H_ X]@N \BH NH[ \H_\AFHN\UDidji`kta}bioaj N`|h3 \bh Hr}jana|`ty N`|hs X}`n |bh Nh{ \hs|a&

fhn| "1;88) is oxtthn|jy in }tin| "_obfxj ]xdjisbink O`f}any’s 19;8hli|i`n) anl is g`t|bo`fink as w`js. 8&7 `g \bh [`tes `g C`bn [hsjhy.V

\BH KHNHTAJ TXJH_ @G \BH FH\B@LI_\ OBXTOB;

UDidji`kta}bioaj N`|h3 \bh Khnhtaj Txjhs ath }tin|hl bhth in |bh

|hr| `g 12=2 "{bhn |bh gig|b Ths|tio|iwh Txjh |`è hggho|)* as sxdsh&qxhn|jy afhnlhl dy o`ns|i|x|i`naj ao|i`ns in 12<2 anl 1272.V

;. ]t`|ho|hl dy Ths|tio|iwh Txjh 8 "· 41).


;1



\bh Na|xth* Lhsikn* anl Khnhtaj Txjhs `g @xt Xni|hl _òih|ihs

In |bh ja||ht hnl `g |bh yhat 1;?9 hikb| `t |hn }hts`ns oafh |` Ft.

[hsjhy* in J`nl`n* {b` a}}hathl |` dh lhh}jy o`nwinohl `g sin* anlhatnhs|jy ktànink g`t thlhf}|i`n. \bhy lhsithl* as lil |{` `t |bthhf`th |bh nhr| lay* |ba| bh {`xjl s}hnl s`fh |ifh {i|b |bhf in}tayht* anl alwish |bhf b`{ |` gjhh gt`f |bh {ta|b |` o`fh* {biob|bhy sa{ o`n|inxajjy bankink `wht |bhit bhals. \ba| bh fikb| bawhf`th |ifh g`t |bis ktha| {`te* bh a}}ìn|hl a lay {bhn |bhy fikb|ajj o`fh |`kh|bht* {biob gt`f |bhnohg`t{atl |bhy lil hwhty {hhe*nafhjy* `n \bxtslay in |bh hwhnink. \` |bhsh* anl as fany f`th aslhsithl |` cìn {i|b |bhf "g`t |bhit nxfdht inothashl laijy)* bh kawh|b`sh alwiohs gt`f |ifh |` |ifh {biob bh cxlkhl f`s| nhhlgxj g`t|bhf* anl |bhy aj{ays o`nojxlhl |bhit fhh|ink {i|b }tayht sxi|hl |`|bhit shwhtaj nhohssi|ihs.

\bis {as |bh tish `g |bh Xni|hl _òih|y* gits| in Hxt`}h* anl |bhnin Afhtioa. _xob a sòih|y is n` `|bht |ban ‚a o`f}any `g fhn baw&ink |bh g`tf anl shheink |bh }`{ht `g k`ljinhss* xni|hl in `tlht |`}tay |`kh|bht* |` thohiwh |bh {`tl `g hrb`t|a|i`n* anl |` {a|ob `wht`nh an`|bht in j`wh* |ba| |bhy fay bhj} haob `|bht |` {`te `x| |bhit

sajwa|i`n.‖\ba| i| fay |bh f`th hasijy dh lisohtnhl {bh|bht |bhy ath inlhhl{`teink `x| |bhit `{n sajwa|i`n* haob sòih|y is liwilhl in|` sfajjhto`f}anihs* oajjhl ojasshs* aoo`tlink |` |bhit ths}ho|iwh }jaohs `gad`lh. \bhth ath ad`x| |{hjwh }hts`ns in a ojass* `nh `g {b`f iss|yjhl |bh jhalht. I| is bis lx|y3

1. \` shh haob }hts`n in bis ojass `noh a {hhe a| jhas|* in `tlht3"1) |` inqxith b`{ |bhit s`xjs }t`s}ht5 "4) |` alwish* th}t`wh* o`fg`t|`t hrb`t|* as òoasi`n fay thqxith5 "?) |` thohiwh {ba| |bhy ath {ijj&

ink |` kiwh |`{atl |bh thjihg `g |bh }thaobhts* obxtob* anl }``t.4. \` fhh| |bh finis|hts anl |bh s|h{atls `g |bh sòih|y `noh a

{hhe* in `tlht3 "1) |` ing`tf |bh finis|ht `g any |ba| ath sioe* `t `gany |ba| {aje lis`tlhtjy anl {ijj n`| dh th}t`whl5 "4) |` }ay |bhs|h{atls {ba| |bhy bawh thohiwhl `g |bhit shwhtaj ojasshs in |bh {hhe}thohlink.

\bhth is `njy `nh o`nli|i`n }thwi`xsjy thqxithl `g |b`sh {b`lhsith alfissi`n in|` |bhsh sòih|ihs3 ‚a lhsith |` gjhh gt`f |bh {ta|b|` o`fh* anl |` dh sawhl gt`f |bhit sins.‖ Dx| {bhthwht |bis is thajjygirhl in |bh s`xj i| {ijj dh sb`{n dy i|s gtxi|s.

I| is |bhthg`th hr}ho|hl `g ajj {b` o`n|inxh |bhthin |ba| |bhysb`xjl o`n|inxh |` hwilhnoh |bhit lhsith `g sajwa|i`n*


;4



Gits|3 Dy lìnk n` batf* dy awìlink hwij `g hwhty einl* hs}hoiajjy|ba| {biob is f`s| khnhtajjy }tao|iohl* sxob as3

\bh |aeink `g |bh nafh `g K`l in wain.\bh }t`ganink |bh lay `g |bh J`tl* hi|bht dy lìnk `tlinaty {`te|bhthin `t dy dxyink `t shjjink.

Ltxnehnnhss3 dxyink `t shjjink s}iti|x`xs jiqx`ts* `t ltineink|bhf* xnjhss in oashs `g hr|thfh nhohssi|y.

_jawhb`jlink5 dxyink `t shjjink sjawhs.Gikb|ink* qxatthjink* dta{jink* dt`|bht kìnk |` ja{ {i|b dt`|bht5

th|xtnink hwij g`t hwij* `t taijink g`t taijink5 |bh xsink fany {`tls in dxyink `t shjjink.

\bh dxyink `t shjjink k``ls |ba| bawh n`| }ail |bh lx|y.\bh kiwink `t |aeink |binks `n xsxty“i.h.* xnja{gxj in|hths|.Xnobati|adjh `t xn}t`gi|adjh o`nwhtsa|i`n5 }at|ioxjatjy s}haeink

hwij `g fakis|ta|hs `t `g finis|hts.Lìnk |` `|bhts as {h {`xjl n`| |bhy sb`xjl l` xn|` xs.Lìnk {ba| {h en`{ is n`| g`t |bh kj`ty `g K`l* as3\bh }x||ink `n `g k`jl anl o`s|jy a}}athj.\bh |aeink sxob liwhtsi`ns as oann`| dh xshl in |bh nafh `g |bh

J`tl Chsxs.\bh sinkink |b`sh s`nks* `t thalink |b`sh d`ès* {biob l` n`|

|hnl |` |bh en`{jhlkh `t j`wh `g K`l._`g|nhss anl nhhljhss shjg&inlxjkhnoh.Jayink x} |thasxth x}`n hat|b.D`tt`{ink {i|b`x| a }t`dadiji|y `g }ayink5 `t |aeink x} k``ls

{i|b`x| a }t`dadiji|y `g }ayink g`t |bhf.I| is hr}ho|hl `g ajj {b` o`n|inxh in |bhsh sòih|ihs |ba| |bhy

sb`xjl o`n|inxh |` hwilhnoh |bhit lhsith `g sajwa|i`n*_ho`nljy3 Dy lìnk k``l5 dy dhink in hwhty einl fhtoigxj ag|ht

|bhit }`{ht5 as |bhy bawh `}}`t|xni|y* lìnk k``l `g hwhty }`ssidjhs`t|* anl* as gat as }`ssidjh* |` ajj fhn3

\` |bhit d`lihs* `g |bh adiji|y {biob K`l kiwh|b* dy kiwink g``l |`|bh bxnkty* dy oj`|bink |bh naehl* dy wisi|ink `t bhj}ink |bhf |ba|ath sioe `t in }tis`n.

\` |bhit s`xjs* dy ins|txo|ink* th}t`wink* `t hrb`t|ink ajj {h bawhany in|hto`xtsh {i|b5 |taf}jink xnlht g``| |ba| hn|bxsias|io lò|tinh|ba| ‚{h ath n`| |` l` k``l xnjhss `xt bhat|s dh gthh |` i|.‖

Dy lìnk k``l* hs}hoiajjy |` |bhf |ba| ath `g |bh b`xshb`jl `ggai|b `t ktànink s` |` dh5 hf}j`yink |bhf }thghtadjy |` `|bhts5


;?



dxyink `nh `g an`|bht* bhj}ink haob `|bht in dxsinhss* anl s` fxob|bh f`th dhoaxsh |bh {`tjl {ijj j`wh i|s `{n anl |bhf `njy.

Dy ajj }`ssidjh lijikhnoh anl gtxkaji|y* |ba| |bh k`s}hj dh n`| djafhl.Dy txnnink {i|b }a|ihnoh |bh taoh {biob is sh| dhg`th |bhf* lhny&

ink |bhfshjwhs* anl |aeink x} |bhit ot`ss laijy5 sxdfi||ink |` dhat|bh th}tàob `g Obtis|* |` dh as |bh gij|b anl `ggso`xtink `g |bh {`tjl5anl j`èink |ba| fhn sb`xjl say ajj fannht `g hwij `g |bhf gajshjy* g`t|bh J`tl’s saeh.

I| is hr}ho|hl `g ajj {b` lhsith |` o`n|inxh in |bhsh sòih|ihs |ba||bhy sb`xjl o`n|inxh |` hwilhnoh |bhit lhsith `g sajwa|i`n*

\bitljy3 Dy a||hnlink x}`n ajj |bh `tlinanohs `g K`l5 sxob ath3\bh }xdjio {`tsbi} `g K`l.\bh finis|ty `g |bh [`tl* hi|bht thal `t hr}`xnlhl.\bh _x}}ht `g |bh J`tl.Gafijy anl }tiwa|h }tayht._hatobink |bh _oti}|xths.Gas|ink `t ads|inhnoh.\bhsh ath |bh Khnhtaj Txjhs `g `xt sòih|ihs5 ajj `g {biob {h ath

|axkb| `g K`l |` `dshtwh* hwhn in bis {ti||hn [`tl* {biob is |bh `njytxjh* anl |bh sxggioihn| txjh* d`|b `g `xt gai|b anl }tao|ioh. Anl ajj|bhsh {h en`{ bis _}iti| {ti|hs `n |txjy a{aehnhl bhat|s. Ig |bhth dhany af`nk xs {b` `dshtwh |bhf n`|* {b` badi|xajjy dthae any `g|bhf* jh| i| dh en`{n xn|` |bhf {b` {a|ob `wht |ba| s`xj as |bhy{b` fxs| kiwh an aoo`xn|. [h {ijj alf`nisb bif `g |bh htt`t `g bis{ays. [h {ijj dhat {i|b bif g`t a shas`n. Dx| |bhn* ig bh th}hn| n`|*bh ba|b n` f`th }jaoh af`nk xs. [h bawh lhjiwhthl `xt `{n s`xjs.

· 1=<. _HO\I@N <“@XT \BH@J@KIOAJ \A_E

\bh`j`ky is `xt hgg`t| |` thgjho| x}`n K`l’s ktaoi`xs ao|i`n in `xtjiwhs. In ths}`nsh |` |bh j`wh `g Obtis|* {h lhsith |` dh lta{n in|` alhh}ht thja|i`nsbi} {i|b |bh ‚ax|b`t anl }htgho|ht `g `xt gai|b.‖ @xt|bh`j`kioaj hr}j`ta|i`ns shhe |` kiwh hr}thssi`n |` |bh fys|hti`xsthaji|y `g K`l’s }thshnoh* }haoh* anl }`{ht in |bh {`tjl. Dy s`lìnk* {h a||hf}| |` at|ioxja|h f`th ojhatjy `xt xnlhts|anlink `g |bhliwinh&bxfan hno`xn|ht anl ath |bhthdy f`th gxjjy }th}athl |` }at&|ioi}a|h in K`l’s {`te in |bh {`tjl.

\bh |bh`j`kioaj |ase* |b`xkb thja|hl |` |bh Obxtob’s lò|tinajhr}thssi`ns* shtwhs a ligghthn| gxno|i`n. @xt lò|tinaj aggitfa|i`ns


;<



assis| xs in |bh lisohtnfhn| `g Obtis|ian |tx|b in hwht&obankink o`n&|hr|s. @xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase inojxlhs |bh |hs|ink* thnh{aj* hjad`ta|i`n*

anl a}}jioa|i`n `g `xt lò|tinaj }hts}ho|iwh in oattyink `x| `xt oajj&ink ‚|` s}thal soti}|xtaj b`jinhss `wht |bhsh janls.‖[bijh |bh Obxtob o`nsilhts i|s lò|tinaj aggitfa|i`ns a ohn|taj

gha|xth `g i|s ilhn|i|y anl ths|tio|s `ggioiaj obankhs |` a o`ns|i|x|i`naj}tòhss* |bh Obxtob hno`xtakhs shti`xs thgjho|i`n aot`ss |bh |bh`j`ki&oaj s}ho|txf.

As Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s* {h ath oajjhl |` ilhn|igy |bh nhhls d`|b `ginliwilxajs anl `g sòih|y anl |` allthss |b`sh nhhls `x| `g |bhths`xtohs `g Obtis|ian gai|b in a {ay |ba| is ojhat* o`nwinoink* anl

hggho|iwh. \bh`j`ky shtwhs |bh Obxtob dy in|ht}th|ink |bh {`tjl’snhhls anl obajjhnkhs |` |bh Obxtob anl dy in|ht}th|ink |bh k`s}hj |`|bh {`tjl.

\bh Na|xth `g @xt \bh`j`kioaj \ase

@xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase is d`|b oti|ioaj anl o`ns|txo|iwh. I| is oti|ioajin |ba| {h |hs| wati`xs hr}thssi`ns `g gai|b dy aseink3 Ath |bhy |txh0A}}t`}tia|h0 Ojhat0 O`khn|0 Othlidjh0 Ath |bhy dashl `n j`wh0 L`|bhy }t`wilh |bh Obxtob anl i|s fhfdhts {i|b a {i|nhss |ba| is gai|b&gxj |` |bh k`s}hj as thgjho|hl in `xt jiwink bhti|akh anl |ba| is ax|bhn&|io anl o`nwinoink in |bh jikb| `g bxfan hr}htihnoh anl |bh }thshn|s|a|h `g bxfan en`{jhlkh0

@xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase is o`ns|txo|iwh in |ba| hwhty khnhta|i`n fxs|a}}t`}tia|h otha|iwhjy |bh {isl`f `g |bh }as| anl shhe K`l in |bhitfils| in `tlht |` |bine agthsb ad`x| K`l* thwhja|i`n* sin* thlhf}|i`n*{`tsbi}* |bh obxtob* gthhl`f* cxs|ioh* f`taj ths}`nsidiji|y* anl `|bht

siknigioan| |bh`j`kioaj o`nohtns. @xt sxff`ns is |` xnlhts|anl anlthohiwh |bh k`s}hj }t`fishs in `xt |t`xdjhl anl xnoht|ain |ifhs.

@xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase is d`|b inliwilxaj anl o`ffxnaj. I| is agha|xth in |bh finis|ty `g inliwilxaj Obtis|ians. I| thqxiths |bh }at|ioi&}a|i`n `g ajj {b` ath in `xt Obxtob* jay anl `tlainhl* dhoaxsh |bhfissi`n `g |bh Obxtob is |` dh oattihl `x| dy hwhty`nh {b` is oajjhl|` lisoi}jhsbi}. \` dh }hts`ns `g gai|b is |` bxnkht |` xnlhts|anl |bh|tx|b kiwhn |` xs in Chsxs Obtis|.

\bh`j`kioaj inqxity is dy n` fhans a oasxaj xnlht|aeink. I|thqxiths sxs|ainhl lisoi}jinhs `g s|xly* thgjho|i`n* anl }tayht.

Yh| |bh lisohtnfhn| `g ‚}jain |tx|b g`t }jain }h`}jh‖ is n`| jif&i|hl |` |bh`j`kioaj s}hoiajis|s. _ob`jats bawh |bhit t`jh |` }jay in

@XT \BH@J@KIOAJ \A_E · 1=<

;8



assis|ink |bh }h`}jh `g K`l |` gxjgijj |bis oajjink* dx| ajj Obtis|ians athoajjhl |` |bh`j`kioaj thgjho|i`n.

@xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase is o`ffxnaj. I| xng`jls in o`nwhtsa|i`ns `}hn|` |bh hr}htihnohs* insikb|s* anl |tali|i`ns `g ajj o`ns|i|xhnoihs |ba|faeh x} Xni|hl Fh|b`lisf.

\bis liaj`kxh dhj`nks |` |bh jigh `g hwhty o`nkthka|i`n. I| is g`s&|hthl dy jai|y anl ojhtky* dy |bh disb`}s* dy |bh dàtls* akhnoihs* anl|bh`j`kioaj sob``js `g |bh Obxtob.

O`nghthnohs s}hae anl ao| g`t Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s in |bhit `ggioiajlhoisi`ns a| a}}t`}tia|h jhwhjs. @xt o`noijiat anl th}thshn|a|iwhg`tfs `g lhoisi`n&faeink l` n`| thjhash Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s as inli&

wilxajs gt`f |bh ths}`nsidiji|y |` lhwhj`} s`xnl |bh`j`kioaj cxlk&fhn|.

@xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase is o`n|hr|xaj anl inoatna|i`naj. I| iskt`xnlhl x}`n K`l’s sx}thfh f`lh `g shjg&thwhja|i`n“|bh inoatna&|i`n in Chsxs Obtis|. K`l’s h|htnaj [`tl o`fhs |` xs in gjhsb anl dj``l in a kiwhn |ifh anl }jaoh* anl in gxjj ilhn|igioa|i`n {i|bbxfani|y. \bhthg`th* |bh`j`kioaj thgjho|i`n is hnhtkihl dy `xt inoat&na|i`naj inw`jwhfhn| in |bh laijy jigh `g |bh Obxtob anl |bh {`tjl* as

{h }at|ioi}a|h in K`l’s jidhta|ink anl sawink ao|i`n.@xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase is hsshn|iajjy }tao|ioaj. I| ing`tfs |bh inli&wilxaj’s laijy lhoisi`ns anl shtwhs |bh Obxtob’s jigh anl {`te. [bijhbikbjy |bh`th|ioaj o`ns|txo|i`ns `g Obtis|ian |b`xkb| faeh if}`t|an|o`n|tidx|i`ns |` |bh`j`kioaj xnlhts|anlink* {h ginajjy fhasxth |bh|tx|b `g sxob s|a|hfhn|s in thja|i`n |` |bhit }tao|ioaj siknigioanoh. @xtin|hths| is |` ino`t}`ta|h |bh }t`fishs anl lhfanls `g |bh k`s}hjin|` `xt laijy jiwhs.

\bh`j`kioaj inqxity oan ojatigy `xt |bineink ad`x| {ba| {h ath |`

say anl l`. I| }thsshs xs |` }ay a||hn|i`n |` |bh {`tjl at`xnl xs.Thaji|ihs `g in|hnsh bxfan sxgghtink* |btha|s |` |bh sxtwiwaj `g jigh*

anl obajjhnkhs |` bxfan likni|y o`ngt`n| xs agthsb {i|b gxnlafhn&|aj |bh`j`kioaj issxhs3 |bh na|xth anl }xt}`shs `g K`l* |bh thja|i`ns `gbxfan dhinks |` `nh an`|bht* |bh na|xth `g bxfan gthhl`f anlths}`nsidiji|y* anl |bh oath anl }t`}ht xsh `g ajj otha|i`n.

\bh`j`kioaj Kxilhjinhs3 _`xtohs anl Oti|htia

As Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s* {h bawh an `djika|i`n |` dhat a gai|bgxjObtis|ian {i|nhss |` Chsxs Obtis|* |bh jiwink thaji|y a| |bh ohn|ht `g |bhObxtob’s jigh anl {i|nhss. \` gxjgijj |bis `djika|i`n* {h thgjho| oti|i&

· 1=< L@O\TINAJ _\ANLATL_ ANL @XT \BH@J@KIOAJ \A_E

;7



oajjy `n `xt didjioaj anl |bh`j`kioaj inbhti|anoh* s|tiwink |` hr}thssgai|bgxjjy |bh {i|nhss {h faeh in `xt `{n |ifh.

\{` o`nsilhta|i`ns ath ohn|taj |` |bis hnlhaw`t3 |bh s`xtohs gt`f{biob {h lhtiwh `xt |bh`j`kioaj aggitfa|i`ns anl |bh oti|htia dy{biob {h asshss |bh alhqxaoy `g `xt xnlhts|anlink anl {i|nhss.

[hsjhy dhjihwhl |ba| |bh jiwink o`th `g |bh Obtis|ian gai|b {asthwhajhl in _oti}|xth* ijjxfinhl dy |tali|i`n* wiwigihl in }hts`najhr}htihnoh* anl o`ngitfhl dy thas`n.

_oti}|xth is }tifaty* thwhajink |bh [`tl `g K`l ‚s` gat as i| isnhohssaty g`t `xt sajwa|i`n.‖ \bhthg`th* `xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase* in d`|bi|s oti|ioaj anl o`ns|txo|iwh as}ho|s* gòxshs `n lisoi}jinhl s|xly `g|bh Didjh.

\` ail bis s|xly `g |bh Didjh anl lhh}hn bis xnlhts|anlink `ggai|b* [hsjhy lth{ `n Obtis|ian |tali|i`n* in }at|ioxjat |bh ]a|tis|io{ti|inks* |bh hoxfhnioaj othhls* |bh |haobinks `g |bh Thg`tfhts* anl|bh ji|hta|xth `g o`n|hf}`taty s}iti|xaji|y.

\bxs* |tali|i`n }t`wilhs d`|b a s`xtoh anl a fhasxth `g ax|bhn|ioObtis|ian {i|nhss* |b`xkb i|s ax|b`ti|y lhtiwhs gt`f i|s gai|bgxjnhss |`|bh didjioaj fhssakh.

\bh Obtis|ian {i|nhss* hwhn {bhn kt`xnlhl in _oti}|xth anlfhlia|hl dy |tali|i`n* is inhggho|xaj xnjhss xnlhts|``l anl a}}t`}ti&a|hl dy |bh inliwilxaj. \` dho`fh `xt {i|nhss* i| fxs| faeh shnsh in|htfs `g `xt `{n thas`n anl hr}htihnoh.

G`t [hsjhy* a o`khn| aoo`xn| `g |bh Obtis|ian gai|b thqxithl |bhxsh `g thas`n* d`|b |` xnlhts|anl _oti}|xth anl |` thja|h |bh didjioajfhssakh |` {ilht gihjls `g en`{jhlkh. Bh j`èhl g`t o`ngitfa|i`ns `g|bh didjioaj {i|nhss in bxfan hr}htihnoh* hs}hoiajjy |bh hr}htihnohs

`g thkhnhta|i`n anl sano|igioa|i`n* dx| ajs` in |bh ‚o`ff`n shnsh‖en`{jhlkh `g hwhtylay hr}htihnoh.\bh in|htao|i`n `g |bhsh s`xtohs anl oti|htia in [hsjhy’s `{n |bh&

`j`ky gxtnisbhs a kxilh g`t `xt o`n|inxink |bh`j`kioaj |ase as Xni|hlFh|b`lis|s. In |ba| |ase _oti}|xth* as |bh o`ns|i|x|iwh {i|nhss |` |bh{hjjs}tinks `g `xt gai|b* òox}ihs a }jaoh `g }tifaty ax|b`ti|y af`nk|bhsh |bh`j`kioaj s`xtohs.

In }tao|ioh* |bh`j`kioaj thgjho|i`n fay ajs` ginl i|s }ìn| `g lh}at&|xth in |tali|i`n* hr}htihnoh* `t ta|i`naj anajysis. [ba| fa||hts f`s|is |ba| ajj g`xt kxilhjinhs dh dt`xkb| |` dhat in gai|bgxj* shti`xs* |bh`&j`kioaj o`nsilhta|i`n. Insikb|s atisink gt`f shti`xs s|xly `g |bh _oti}&|xths anl |tali|i`n hntiob o`n|hf}`taty hr}htihnoh. Ifakina|iwh anl


;;



oti|ioaj |b`xkb| hnadjhs xs |` xnlhts|anl dh||ht |bh Didjh anl `xto`ff`n Obtis|ian bis|`ty.

_oti}|xth

Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s sbath {i|b `|bht Obtis|ians |bh o`nwio|i`n|ba| _oti}|xth is |bh }tifaty s`xtoh anl oti|hti`n g`t Obtis|ian lò&|tinh. \bt`xkb _oti}|xth |bh jiwink Obtis| fhh|s xs in |bh hr}hti&hnoh `g thlhhfink ktaoh. [h ath o`nwinohl |ba| Chsxs Obtis| is |bhjiwink [`tl `g K`l in `xt fils| {b`f {h |txs| in jigh anllha|b.\bh didjioaj ax|b`ts* ijjxfinhl dy |bh B`jy _}iti|* dhat {i|&

nhss |ba| in Obtis| |bh {`tjl is tho`noijhl |` K`l. \bh Didjh dhatsax|bhn|io |hs|if`ny |` K`l’s shjg&lisoj`sxth in |bh jigh* lha|b* anlthsxttho|i`n `g Chsxs Obtis| as {hjj as in K`l’s {`te `g otha|i`n* in|bh }ijktifakh `g Istahj* anl in |bh B`jy _}iti|’s `nkìnk ao|iwi|y inbxfan bis|`ty.

As {h `}hn `xt finls anl bhat|s |` |bh [`tl `g K`l |bt`xkb|bh {`tls `g bxfan dhinks ins}ithl dy |bh B`jy _}iti|* gai|b is d`tnanl n`xtisbhl* `xt xnlhts|anlink is lhh}hnhl* anl |bh }`ssidiji|ihsg`t |tansg`tfink |bh {`tjl dho`fh a}}athn| |` xs.

\bh Didjh is saothl oan`n g`t Obtis|ian }h`}jh* g`tfajjy aoen`{j&hlkhl as sxob dy bis|`tio hoxfhnioaj o`xnoijs `g |bh Obxtob. @xtlò|tinaj s|anlatls ilhn|igy as oan`nioaj |bit|y&ninh d`ès `g |bh @jl\hs|afhn| anl |bh |{hn|y&shwhn d`ès `g |bh Nh{ \hs|afhn|.

@xt s|anlatls aggitf |bh Didjh as |bh s`xtoh `g ajj |ba| is ‚nhohs&saty‖ anl ‚sxggioihn|‖ xn|` sajwa|i`n "At|iojhs `g Thjiki`n) anl ‚is |` dh thohiwhl |bt`xkb |bh B`jy _}iti| as |bh |txh txjh anl kxilh g`tgai|b anl }tao|ioh‖ "O`nghssi`n `g Gai|b).

[h }t`}htjy thal _oti}|xth {i|bin |bh dhjihwink o`ffxni|y*ing`tfhl dy |bh |tali|i`n `g |ba| o`ffxni|y.

[h in|ht}th| inliwilxaj |hr|s in jikb| `g |bhit }jaoh in |bh Didjh asa {b`jh.

[h ath ailhl dy sob`jatjy inqxity anl }hts`naj insikb|* xnlht |bhkxilanoh `g |bh B`jy _}iti|. As {h {`te {i|b haob |hr|* {h |aeh in|àoo`xn| {ba| {h bawh dhhn adjh |` jhatn ad`x| |bh `tikinaj o`n|hr|anl in|hn|i`n `g |ba| |hr|. In |bis xnlhts|anlink {h lta{ x}`n |bhoathgxj bis|`tioaj* ji|htaty* anl |hr|xaj s|xlihs `g thohn| yhats* {biobbawh hntiobhl `xt xnlhts|anlink `g |bh Didjh.

\bt`xkb |bis gai|bgxj thalink `g _oti}|xth* {h fay o`fh |` en`{|bh |tx|b `g |bh didjioaj fhssakh in i|s dhatink `n `xt `{n jiwhs anl


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|bh jigh `g |bh {`tjl. \bxs* |bh Didjh shtwhs d`|b as a s`xtoh `g `xtgai|b anl as |bh dasio oti|hti`n dy {biob |bh |tx|b anl gilhji|y `g any

in|ht}th|a|i`n `g gai|b is fhasxthl.[bijh {h aoen`{jhlkh |bh }tifaoy `g _oti}|xth in |bh`j`kioajthgjho|i`n* `xt a||hf}|s |` ktas} i|s fhanink aj{ays inw`jwh |tali&|i`n* hr}htihnoh* anl thas`n. Jieh _oti}|xth* |bhsh fay dho`fh oth&a|iwh whbiojhs `g |bh B`jy _}iti| as |bhy gxno|i`n {i|bin |bh Obxtob.\bhy qxioehn `xt gai|b* `}hn `xt hyhs |` |bh {`nlht `g K`l’s j`wh*anl ojatigy `xt xnlhts|anlink.

\bh [hsjhyan bhti|akh* thgjho|ink i|s `tikins in |bh oa|b`jio anlthg`tfhl h|b`s `g Hnkjisb Obtis|iani|y* litho|s xs |` a shjg&o`nsoi`xs

xsh `g |bhsh |bthh s`xtohs in in|ht}th|ink _oti}|xth anl in g`tfxja|&ink gai|b s|a|hfhn|s dashl `n |bh didjioaj {i|nhss. \bhsh s`xtohs ath*aj`nk {i|b _oti}|xth* inlis}hnsadjh |` `xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase.

\bh oj`sh thja|i`nsbi} `g |tali|i`n* hr}htihnoh* anl thas`na}}hats in |bh Didjh i|shjg. _oti}|xth {i|nhsshs |` a watih|y `g liwhtsh|tali|i`ns* s`fh `g {biob thgjho| |hnsi`ns in in|ht}th|a|i`n {i|bin |bhhatjy Cxlh`&Obtis|ian bhti|akh. B`{hwht* |bhsh |tali|i`ns ath {`whn|`kh|bht in |bh Didjh in a fannht |ba| hr}thsshs |bh gxnlafhn|aj

xni|y `g K`l’s thwhja|i`n as thohiwhl anl hr}htihnohl dy }h`}jh in|bh liwhtsi|y `g |bhit `{n jiwhs.\bh lhwhj`}ink o`ffxni|ihs `g gai|b cxlkhl |bhf* |bhthg`th* |`

dh an ax|b`ti|a|iwh {i|nhss |` |ba| thwhja|i`n. In tho`kniink |bhin|htthja|i`nsbi} anl insh}atadiji|y `g |bh g`xt dasio ths`xtohs g`t|bh`j`kioaj xnlhts|anlink* {h ath g`jj`{ink a f`lhj |ba| is }thshn|in |bh didjioaj |hr| i|shjg.

\tali|i`n\bh |bh`j`kioaj |ase l`hs n`| s|at| anh{ in haob akh `t haob }ht&

s`n. Obtis|iani|y l`hs n`| jha} gt`f Nh{ \hs|afhn| |ifhs |` |bh }th&shn| as |b`xkb n`|bink {hth |` dh jhatnhl gt`f |ba| ktha| oj`xl `g{i|nhsshs in dh|{hhn. G`t ohn|xtihs Obtis|ians bawh s`xkb| |` in|ht&}th| |bh |tx|b `g |bh k`s}hj g`t |bhit |ifh.

In |bhsh a||hf}|s* |tali|i`n* xnlhts|``l d`|b in |htfs `g }tòhssanl g`tf* bas }jayhl an if}`t|an| t`jh. \bh }assink `n anl thohiwink`g |bh k`s}hj af`nk }hts`ns* thki`ns* anl khnhta|i`ns o`ns|i|x|hs alynafio hjhfhn| `g Obtis|ian bis|`ty. \bh g`tfxja|i`ns anl }tao|iohs|ba| kth{ `x| `g s}hoigio oitoxfs|anohs o`ns|i|x|h |bh jhkaoy `g |bho`t}`ta|h hr}htihnoh `g hatjiht Obtis|ian o`ffxni|ihs.


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\bhsh |tali|i`ns ath g`xnl in fany oxj|xths at`xnl |bh kj`dh.Dx| |bh bis|`ty `g Obtis|iani|y inojxlhs a fir|xth `g ikn`tanoh* fis&

kxilhl haj* anl sin. _oti}|xth thfains |bh n`tf dy {biob ajj |tali&|i`ns ath cxlkhl.\bh s|`ty `g |bh obxtob thgjho|s |bh f`s| dasio shnsh `g |tali|i`n*

|bh o`n|inxink ao|iwi|y `g K`l’s _}iti| |tansg`tfink bxfan jigh. \ta&li|i`n is |bh bis|`ty `g |ba| o`n|inxink hnwit`nfhn| `g ktaoh in anl dy {biob ajj Obtis|ians jiwh* K`l’s shjg&kiwink j`wh in Chsxs Obtis|. Assxob* |tali|i`n |tansohnls |bh s|`ty `g }at|ioxjat |tali|i`ns.

In |bis lhh}ht shnsh `g |tali|i`n* ajj Obtis|ians sbath a o`ff`nbis|`ty. [i|bin |ba| bis|`ty* Obtis|ian |tali|i`n }thohlhs _oti}|xth*

anl yh| _oti}|xth o`fhs |` dh |bh gòaj hr}thssi`n `g |bh |tali|i`n. AsXni|hl Fh|b`lis|s* {h }xtsxh `xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase in `}hnnhss |` |bhtiobnhss `g d`|b |bh g`tf anl }`{ht `g |tali|i`n.

\bh fxj|i}jioi|y `g |tali|i`ns gxtnisbhs a tiobjy watihl s`xtoh g`t|bh`j`kioaj thgjho|i`n anl o`ns|txo|i`n. G`t Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s* oht&|ain s|tanls `g |tali|i`n bawh s}hoiaj if}`t|anoh as |bh bis|`tio g`xn&la|i`n `g `xt lò|tinaj bhti|akh anl |bh lis|ino|iwh hr}thssi`ns `g `xto`ffxnaj hris|hnoh.

[h ath n`{ obajjhnkhl dy |tali|i`ns gt`f at`xnl |bh {`tjl |ba|aoohn| lifhnsi`ns `g Obtis|ian xnlhts|anlink |ba| kt`{ `x| `g |bhsxgghtinks anl wio|`tihs `g |bh l`{n|t`llhn. \bhsh |tali|i`ns bhj} xsthliso`wht |bh didjioaj {i|nhss |` K`l’s s}hoiaj o`ffi|fhn| |` |bh}``t* |bh lisadjhl* |bh if}tis`nhl* |bh `}}thsshl* |bh `x|oas|. In|bhsh }hts`ns {h hno`xn|ht |bh jiwink }thshnoh `g Chsxs Obtis|.

\bhsh |tali|i`ns xnlhtso`th |bh hqxaji|y `g ajj }hts`ns in ChsxsObtis|. \bhy lis}jay |bh oa}aoi|y `g |bh k`s}hj |` gthh xs |` hfdtaoh|bh liwhtsi|y `g bxfan oxj|xths anl a}}thoia|h |bhit wajxhs. \bhy

thing`toh `xt |tali|i`naj xnlhts|anlink `g |bh insh}atadiji|y `g }ht&s`naj sajwa|i`n anl sòiaj cxs|ioh. \bhy lhh}hn `xt o`ffi|fhn| |`kj`daj }haoh.

A oti|ioaj a}}thoia|i`n `g |bhsh |tali|i`ns oan o`f}hj xs |` |binead`x| K`l in nh{ {ays* hnjatkh `xt wisi`n `g sbaj`f* anl hnbanoh`xt o`ngilhnoh in K`l’s }t`wilhn| j`wh.

\tali|i`n ao|s as a fhasxth `g wajili|y anl }t`}tih|y g`t a o`f&fxni|y’s gai|b ins`gat as i| th}thshn|s a o`nshnsxs `g gai|b. \bh wati&`xs |tali|i`ns |ba| }thshn|jy faeh ojaifs x}`n xs fay o`n|ain o`n&gjio|ink ifakhs anl insikb|s `g |tx|b anl wajili|y. [h hrafinh sxobo`ngjio|s in jikb| `g _oti}|xth* thgjho|ink oti|ioajjy x}`n |bh lò|tinajs|anoh `g `xt Obxtob.


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I| is dy |bh lisohtnink xsh `g `xt s|anlatls anl in `}hnnhss |`hfhtkink g`tfs `g Obtis|ian ilhn|i|y |ba| {h a||hf}| |` fain|ain

gilhji|y |` |bh a}`s|`jio gai|b.A| |bh safh |ifh* {h o`n|inxh |` lta{ `n |bh dtàlht Obtis|ian|tali|i`n as an hr}thssi`n `g |bh bis|`ty `g liwinh ktaoh {i|bin {biobObtis|ians ath adjh |` tho`knih anl {hjo`fh `nh an`|bht in j`wh.

Hr}htihnoh

In `xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase* {h g`jj`{ [hsjhy’s }tao|ioh `g hrafininkhr}htihnoh* d`|b inliwilxaj anl o`t}`ta|h* g`t o`ngitfa|i`ns `g |bh

thaji|ihs `g K`l’s ktaoh a||hs|hl in _oti}|xth.@xt hr}htihnoh in|htao|s {i|b _oti}|xth. [h thal _oti}|xth in

jikb| `g |bh o`nli|i`ns anl hwhn|s |ba| bhj} sba}h {b` {h ath* anl{h in|ht}th| `xt hr}htihnoh in |htfs `g _oti}|xth.

Ajj thjiki`xs hr}htihnoh aggho|s ajj bxfan hr}htihnoh5 ajj bxfanhr}htihnoh aggho|s `xt xnlhts|anlink `g thjiki`xs hr}htihnoh.

@n |bh }hts`naj jhwhj* hr}htihnoh is |` |bh inliwilxaj as |tali|i`nis |` |bh obxtob3 I| is |bh }hts`naj a}}t`}tia|i`n `g K`l’s g`tkiwinkanl hf}`{htink ktaoh. Hr}htihnoh ax|bhn|ioa|hs in `xt `{n jiwhs |bh|tx|bs thwhajhl in _oti}|xth anl ijjxfinhl in |tali|i`n* hnadjink xs |òjaif |bh Obtis|ian {i|nhss as `xt `{n.

[hsjhy lhsotidhl gai|b anl i|s assxtanoh as ‚a sxth |txs| anl o`n&gilhnoh‖ in |bh fhtoy `g K`l |bt`xkb `xt J`tl Chsxs Obtis|* anl as|halgas| b`}h `g ajj k``l |binks |` dh thohiwhl a| K`l’s banl. _xobassxtanoh is K`l’s ktaoi`xs kig| |bt`xkb |bh {i|nhss `g |bh B`jy_}iti|.

\bis ‚nh{ jigh in Obtis|‖ is {ba| {h as Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s fhan

{bhn {h s}hae `g ‚Obtis|ian hr}htihnoh.‖ Obtis|ian hr}htihnoh kiwhsxs nh{ hyhs |` shh |bh jiwink |tx|b in _oti}|xth. I| o`ngitfs |bh didji&oaj fhssakh g`t `xt }thshn|. I| ijjxfinhs `xt xnlhts|anlink `g K`lanl otha|i`n anl f`|iwa|hs xs |` faeh shnsi|iwh f`taj cxlkfhn|s.

Aj|b`xkb }t`g`xnljy }hts`naj* Obtis|ian hr}htihnoh is ajs` o`t&}`ta|h5 `xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase is ing`tfhl dy |bh hr}htihnoh `g |bhobxtob anl dy |bh o`ff`n hr}htihnohs `g ajj bxfani|y. In `xta||hf}|s |` xnlhts|anl |bh didjioaj fhssakh* {h tho`knih |ba| K`l’skig| `g jidhta|ink j`wh hfdtaohs |bh {b`jh `g otha|i`n.

_`fh gaoh|s `g bxfan hr}htihnoh |ar `xt |bh`j`kioaj xnlhts|anl&ink. Fany `g K`l’s }h`}jh jiwh in |htt`t* bxnkht* j`nhjinhss* anllhktala|i`n. Hwhtylay hr}htihnohs `g dit|b anl lha|b* `g kt`{|b anl


21



jigh in |bh otha|hl {`tjl* anl an a{athnhss `g {ilht sòiaj thja|i`nsajs` dhj`nk |` shti`xs |bh`j`kioaj thgjho|i`n.

A nh{ a{athnhss `g sxob hr}htihnohs oan ing`tf `xt a}}t`}tia&|i`n `g soti}|xtaj |tx|bs anl sbat}hn `xt a}}thoia|i`n `g |bh k``lnh{s `g |bh einkl`f `g K`l.

As a s`xtoh g`t |bh`j`kioaj thgjho|i`n* hr}htihnoh* jieh |tali|i`n* istiobjy watihl* obajjhnkink `xt hgg`t|s |` }x| in|` {`tls |bh |`|aji|y `g|bh }t`fishs `g |bh k`s}hj. [h in|ht}th| hr}htihnoh in |bh jikb| `gsoti}|xtaj n`tfs* cxs| as `xt hr}htihnoh ing`tfs `xt thalink `g |bh didjioaj fhssakh. In |bis ths}ho|* _oti}|xth thfains ohn|taj in `xthgg`t|s |` dh gai|bgxj in faeink `xt Obtis|ian {i|nhss.

Thas`n

Aj|b`xkb {h tho`knih |ba| K`l’s thwhja|i`n anl `xt hr}htihnohs`g K`l’s ktaoh o`n|inxajjy sxt}ass |bh so`}h `g bxfan jankxakh anlthas`n* {h ajs` dhjihwh |ba| any lisoi}jinhl |bh`j`kioaj {`te oajjs g`t|bh oathgxj xsh `g thas`n.

Dy thas`n {h thal anl in|ht}th| _oti}|xth.Dy thas`n {h lh|htfinh {bh|bht `xt Obtis|ian {i|nhss is ojhat.Dy thas`n {h ase qxhs|i`ns `g gai|b anl shhe |` xnlhts|anl K`l’s

ao|i`n anl {ijj.Dy thas`n {h `tkanih |bh xnlhts|anlinks |ba| o`f}`sh `xt {i|&

nhss anl thnlht |bhf in|htnajjy o`bhthn|.Dy thas`n {h |hs| |bh o`nktxhnoh `g `xt {i|nhss |` |bh didjioaj

|hs|if`ny anl |` |bh |tali|i`ns |ba| fhlia|h |ba| |hs|if`ny |` xs.Dy thas`n {h thja|h `xt {i|nhss |` |bh gxjj tankh `g bxfan

en`{jhlkh* hr}htihnoh* anl shtwioh.

_inoh ajj |tx|b is gt`f K`l* hgg`t|s |` lisohtn |bh o`nnho|i`ns dh|{hhn thwhja|i`n anl thas`n* gai|b anl soihnoh* ktaoh anl na|xth*ath xshgxj hnlhaw`ts in lhwhj`}ink othlidjh anl o`ffxnioadjh lò&|tinh. [h shhe n`|bink jhss |ban a |`|aj wih{ `g thaji|y |ba| is lhoi&siwhjy ing`tfhl dy |bh }t`fishs anl if}hta|iwhs `g |bh Obtis|iank`s}hj* |b`xkb {h en`{ {hjj |ba| sxob an a||hf}| {ijj aj{ays dhfatthl dy |bh jifi|s anl lis|`t|i`ns obatao|htis|io `g bxfan en`{j&hlkh.

Nhwht|bhjhss* dy `xt qxhs| g`t thas`nhl xnlhts|anlinks `g Obtis&|ian gai|b {h shhe |` ktas}* hr}thss* anl jiwh `x| |bh k`s}hj in a {ay|ba| {ijj o`ffhnl i|shjg |` |b`xkb|gxj }hts`ns {b` ath shheink |èn`{ anl g`jj`{ K`l’s {ays.


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In |bh`j`kioaj thgjho|i`n* |bh ths`xtohs `g |tali|i`n* hr}htihnoh*anl thas`n ath in|hktaj |` `xt s|xly `g _oti}|xth {i|b`x| lis}jaoink

_oti}|xth’s }tifaoy g`t gai|b anl }tao|ioh. \bhsh g`xt s`xtohs“haobfaeink lis|ino|iwh o`n|tidx|i`ns* yh| ajj ginajjy {`teink |`kh|bht“kxilh `xt qxhs| as Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s g`t a wi|aj anl a}}t`}tia|hObtis|ian {i|nhss.

\bh ]thshn| Obajjhnkh |` \bh`j`ky in |bh Obxtob

In alli|i`n |` bis|`tio |hnsi`ns anl o`ngjio|s |ba| s|ijj thqxith ths`&jx|i`n* nh{ issxhs o`n|inxajjy atish |ba| sxff`n xs |` gthsb |bh`j`ki&

oaj inqxity. Laijy {h ath }thshn|hl {i|b an attay `g o`nohtns |ba|obajjhnkh `xt }tòjafa|i`n `g K`l’s thikn `wht ajj `g bxfan hris&|hnoh.

@g otxoiaj if}`t|anoh ath o`nohtns khnhta|hl dy ktha| bxfans|txkkjhs g`t likni|y* jidhta|i`n* anl gxjgijjfhn|“as}ita|i`ns |ba| athinbhthn| hjhfhn|s in K`l’s lhsikn g`t otha|i`n. \bhsh o`nohtns ath d`tnh dy |bh`j`kihs |ba| hr}thss |bh bhat| otihs `g |bh l`{n|t`llhnanl |bh at`xshl inlikna|i`n `g |bh o`f}assi`na|h.

\bh }htijs `g nxojhat lhs|txo|i`n* |htt`tisf* {at* }`wht|y* wi`&jhnoh* anl incxs|ioh o`ngt`n| xs. Incxs|iohs jinehl |` taoh* khnlht*ojass* anl akh ath {ilhs}thal in `xt |ifhs. Fisxsh `g na|xtajths`xtohs anl listhkatl g`t |bh gtakijh dajanohs in `xt hnwit`nfhn|o`n|talio| `xt oajjink |` oath g`t K`l’s otha|i`n. _hoxjatisf }htwalhsbikb&|hobn`j`ky oiwijia|i`ns* binlhtink bxfan a{athnhss `g |bhs}iti|xaj lh}|bs `g hris|hnoh.

[h shhe an ax|bhn|io Obtis|ian ths}`nsh |` |bhsh thaji|ihs |ba| |bhbhajink anl thlhhfink {`te `g K`l fikb| dh }thshn| in `xt {`tls

anl lhhls. \`` `g|hn* |bh`j`ky is xshl |` sx}}`t| }tao|iohs |ba| athxncxs|. [h j`è g`t ans{hts |ba| ath in batf`ny {i|b |bh k`s}hj anll` n`| ojaif hrhf}|i`n gt`f oti|ioaj asshssfhn|.

A tiob qxaji|y `g `xt Obxtob* hs}hoiajjy as i| bas lhwhj`}hl in |bhjas| ohn|xty* is i|s kj`daj obatao|ht. [h ath a Obxtob {i|b a lis|ino|iwh|bh`j`kioaj bhti|akh* dx| |ba| bhti|akh is jiwhl `x| in a kj`daj o`ffx&ni|y* thsxj|ink in xnlhts|anlinks `g `xt gai|b hntiobhl dy inlikhn`xshr}htihnohs anl fannhts `g hr}thssi`n.

[h aggitf |bh o`n|tidx|i`ns |ba| Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s `g watyinkh|bnio* jankxakh* oxj|xtaj* anl na|i`naj kt`x}s faeh |` `nh an`|bhtanl |` `xt Obxtob as a {b`jh. [h ohjhdta|h `xt sbathl o`ffi|fhn||` ojhat |bh`j`kioaj xnlhts|anlink anl wi|aj fissi`naj hr}thssi`n.


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Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s as a liwhtsh }h`}jh o`n|inxh |` s|tiwh g`t o`n&shnsxs in xnlhts|anlink |bh k`s}hj. In `xt liwhtsi|y* {h ath bhjl

|`kh|bht dy a sbathl inbhti|anoh anl a o`ff`n lhsith |` }at|ioi}a|hin |bh otha|iwh anl thlhf}|iwh ao|iwi|y `g K`l.@xt |ase is |` at|ioxja|h `xt wisi`n in a {ay |ba| {ijj lta{ xs

|`kh|bht as a }h`}jh in fissi`n.In |bh nafh `g Chsxs Obtis| {h ath oajjhl |` {`te {i|bin `xt

liwhtsi|y {bijh hrhtoisink }a|ihnoh anl g`tdhatanoh {i|b `nh an`|bht._xob }a|ihnoh s|hfs nhi|bht gt`f inligghthnoh |`{atl |tx|b n`t gt`fan inlxjkhn| |`jhtanoh `g htt`t dx| gt`f an a{athnhss |ba| {h en`{`njy in }at| anl |ba| n`nh `g xs is adjh |` shatob |bh fys|htihs `g K`l

hroh}| dy |bh _}iti| `g K`l. [h }tòhhl {i|b `xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase*|txs|ink |ba| |bh _}iti| {ijj ktan| xs {isl`f |` o`n|inxh `xt c`xtnhy{i|b |bh {b`jh }h`}jh `g K`l.

Hoxfhnioaj O`ffi|fhn|

Obtis|ian xni|y is g`xnlhl `n |bh |bh`j`kioaj xnlhts|anlink |ba||bt`xkb gai|b in Chsxs Obtis| {h ath falh fhfdhts&in&o`ff`n `g|bh `nh d`ly `g Obtis|. Obtis|ian xni|y is n`| an `}|i`n5 i| is a kig| |` dh thohiwhl anl hr}thsshl.

Xni|hl Fh|b`lis|s ths}`nl |` |bh |bh`j`kioaj* didjioaj* anl }tao|i&oaj fanla|hs g`t Obtis|ian xni|y dy gitfjy o`ffi||ink `xtshjwhs |`|bh oaxsh `g Obtis|ian xni|y a| jòaj* na|i`naj* anl {`tjl jhwhjs. [hinwhs| `xtshjwhs in fany {ays dy {biob fx|xaj tho`kni|i`n `gobxtobhs* `g fhfdhts* anl `g finis|tihs fay jhal xs |` sbatink inB`jy O`ffxni`n {i|b ajj `g K`l’s }h`}jh.

En`{ink |ba| lhn`fina|i`naj j`yaj|y is aj{ays sxdsxfhl in `xt

jigh in |bh obxtob `g Chsxs Obtis|* {h {hjo`fh anl ohjhdta|h |bh tiobhr}htihnoh `g Xni|hl Fh|b`lis| jhalhtsbi} in obxtob o`xnoijs anlo`nsxj|a|i`ns* in fxj|ija|htaj anl dija|htaj liaj`kxhs* as {hjj as in`|bht g`tfs `g hoxfhnioaj o`nwhtkhnoh |ba| bawh jhl |` |bh bhajink `gobxtobhs anl na|i`ns.

[h shh |bh B`jy _}iti| a| {`te in faeink |bh xni|y af`nk xsf`th wisidjh.

O`noxtthn|jy* {h bawh hn|hthl in|` shti`xs in|htgai|b hno`xn|htsanl hr}j`ta|i`ns dh|{hhn Obtis|ians anl albhthn|s `g `|bht jiwinkgai|bs `g |bh {`tjl. _oti}|xth oajjs xs |` dh d`|b nhikbd`ts anl {i|&nhsshs |` ajj }h`}jhs. _xob hno`xn|hts thqxith xs |` thgjho| anh{ `n`xt gai|b anl |` shhe kxilanoh g`t `xt {i|nhss af`nk nhikbd`ts `g


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`|bht gai|bs. [h |bhn thliso`wht |ba| |bh K`l {b` bas ao|hl in ChsxsObtis| g`t |bh sajwa|i`n `g |bh {b`jh {`tjl is ajs` |bh Otha|`t `g ajj

bxfaneinl* |bh @nh {b` is ‚ad`wh ajj anl |bt`xkb ajj anl in ajj‖"H}bhsians <37).As }h`}jh d`xnl |`kh|bht `n `nh }janh|* {h shh |bh nhhl g`t a

shjg&oti|ioaj wih{ `g `xt `{n |tali|i`n anl aooxta|h a}}thoia|i`n `g`|bht |tali|i`ns. In |bhsh hno`xn|hts* `xt aif is n`| |` thlxoh lò|ti&naj ligghthnohs |` s`fh j`{hs| o`ff`n lhn`fina|`t `g thjiki`xsakthhfhn|* dx| |` taish ajj sxob thja|i`nsbi}s |` |bh bikbhs| }`ssidjhjhwhj `g bxfan ghjj`{sbi} anl xnlhts|anlink.

[h jad`t |`kh|bht {i|b |bh bhj} `g K`l |`{atl |bh sajwa|i`n*

bhaj|b* anl }haoh `g ajj }h`}jh. In ths}ho|gxj o`nwhtsa|i`ns anl in}tao|ioaj o``}hta|i`n* {h o`nghss `xt Obtis|ian gai|b anl s|tiwh |` lis&}jay |bh fannht in {biob Chsxs Obtis| is |bh jigh anl b`}h `g |bh{`tjl.

O`nojxsi`n

Lò|tinh atishs `x| `g |bh jigh `g |bh Obxtob“i|s gai|b* i|s {`tsbi}*i|s lisoi}jinh* i|s o`ngjio|s* i|s obajjhnkhs gt`f |bh {`tjl i| {`xjlshtwh.

Hwankhjisf* nxt|xth* anl fissi`n thqxith a o`ns|an| hgg`t| |ìn|hkta|h ax|bhn|io hr}htihnoh* ta|i`naj |b`xkb|* anl }xt}`shgxjao|i`n {i|b |bh`j`kioaj in|hkti|y.

A o`nwinoink {i|nhss |` `xt J`tl anl _awi`t Chsxs Obtis| oano`n|tidx|h |` |bh thnh{aj `g `xt gai|b* dtink }hts`ns |` |ba| gai|b* anls|thnk|bhn |bh Obxtob as an akhn| `g bhajink anl tho`noijia|i`n.

\bis {i|nhss* b`{hwht* oann`| gxjjy lhsotidh `t hno`f}ass |bh

fys|hty `g K`l. \b`xkb {h hr}htihnoh |bh {`nlht `g K`l’s ktaoh a|{`te {i|b xs anl af`nk xs* anl |b`xkb {h en`{ |bh c`y `g |bh }th&shn| sikns `g K`l’s einkl`f* haob nh{ s|h} faehs xs f`th a{ath `g|bh xj|ifa|h fys|hty `g K`l* gt`f {biob atishs a bhat| `g {`nlhtanl an a||i|xlh `g bxfiji|y. Yh| {h |txs| |ba| {h oan en`{ f`th gxjjy{ba| is hsshn|iaj g`t `xt }at|ioi}a|i`n in K`l’s sawink {`te in |bh{`tjl* anl {h ath o`ngilhn| in |bh xj|ifa|h xng`jlink `g K`l’s cxs&|ioh anl fhtoy.

In |bis s}iti| {h |aeh x} `xt |bh`j`kioaj |ase. [h hnlhaw`t|bt`xkb |bh }`{ht `g |bh B`jy _}iti| |` xnlhts|anl |bh j`wh `g K`lkiwhn in Chsxs Obtis|. [h shhe |` s}thal |bis j`wh adtàl. As {h shhf`th ojhatjy {b` {h bawh dhhn* as {h xnlhts|anl f`th gxjjy |bh


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nhhls `g |bh {`tjl* as {h lta{ f`th hggho|iwhjy x}`n `xt |bh`j`kioajbhti|akh* {h {ijj dho`fh dh||ht hqxi}}hl |` gxjgijj `xt oajjink as |bh}h`}jh `g K`l.

N`{ |` K`l{b` dy |bh }`{ht a| {`te {i|bin xsis adjh |` l` gat f`th adxnlan|jy|ban ajj |ba| {h ase `t |bine*|` K`l dh kj`ty in |bh obxtobanl in Obtis| Chsxs |` ajj khnhta|i`ns*g`t hwht anl hwht. Afhn.

“H}bhsians ?34=&41 "dashl `n T_W)


Documents

2008 Book of Discipline - Part II: Doctrinal Stds & Our Theological Task, (pgs 41-86)