2007 HK Reformation Era Week #1 - E&C Webedit

8/14/2019 2007 HK Reformation Era Week #1 - E&C Webedit

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The Reformation Era

Session #1


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Professor James Korthals

9 years parish pastor

12 years professor at

Northwestern University,

Watertown, Wisconsin 10 years professor at

Wisconsin Lutheran

Seminary, Mequon,

Wisconsin


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My wife Jean

Teaches 1st grade in a

Lutheran school


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My Grandchildren


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The HISTORICAL curriculum surveys the

record of believers who have gone before us,

learning from their lives and testimony howGod graciously preserves and extends his

church by means of the unconditional Gospel.


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The ReformationEra

Pre-Reformation (1000 1483)

The Early Life ofMartin Luther

(1483 1517)

The Reformation (1517 1546)

Post-Reformation

(1546


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Terminology Reformation

reformatio a Latin term,

meaning:

reformatio - , :+ Restore something to its true,unchanging, original form ,

+ Renewal , + Reform of Church was considered

necessary and desirable


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Terminology Mysticism

Soul seeks to be in harmony with the

Supreme Being

This relationship acquired through self-examination

Revelation via a personal, inward

experience , Mystic is concerned with God and with his

own soul.


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Common ways to attain mystical condition

:

Lowest value: drugs, physical movements : ,

Highest value: silence, deprivation,

meditation

: , ,

Prayer is the best way

To use words is of lesser value

To express without words is better


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Stages in the mystic way :

purification of the soul from sinful wishes

and actions

illumination from God

meditation we think about God

contemplation God helps our thinking

mystic union denying oneself, leading tocomplete union with God

,


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Mysticism and monasticism were closelyrelated

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)

promotes love of Jesus, esp. as

bridegroom of the soul (1090-1153) ,

Hugh of St. Victor (c 1100-1141)

promotes way for soul to gain ultimateunion with God


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German Mysticism

Direct union with God combined withpractical work

Silent devotions and meditation were notonly requirement

Through faithful devotion to daily tasks,

one may realize religious experience


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This was a better way because it did

not

neglect the sacraments

challenge the authority of the church


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German mysticism seeks inner peace by

:

Preaching writing and circulating devotional works

examples of own lives


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Located along Rhine

River in Germany, this

movement

Cared for the sick

Educated the young inschools


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Additional features of their mysticism

:

Use of the vernacular language

Spoke to laymen as well as to clergy

Used New Testament more than OldTestament

Especially devoted to the words of Christ


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Meister Eckhart

(1260-1328)

First German mystic

Earliest theologian whowrote in German

Joined monastic order ofthe Dominicans


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1329 Eckhart charged with heresy. He

taught:1329 , :

As soon as God was, he created the world.

,

Soul has a little spark, a light which never

goes out. It is uncreated.


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Speaks of faith as heavenly gift, but

does not come to justification by faith

,

works do not sanctify

Encouraged people to turn away from

authority of priesthood and church

ceremonies and concentrate on inner

experience for certainty of salvation


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Johannes Tauler

(1300 - 16 June 1361) Attracted by ascetic life of Dominicans

Described as having a fiery tongue that

has kindled the horizon

,


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Began open opposition to the pope

His sermons were delivered in German

Practical emphasis

Although he revered saints, directcommunion with God was better

,

Scripture receives emphasis, yet inner

Word has higher authority ,


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Tauler warns against idleness

He values the work of earthly job, butplaces loving service even higher ,

no one is free without keeping thecommandments, good works, and aspiringto divine love , ,

Advises hearers to maintain simple,pure faith ,


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Visible church has only limited value -- it is to

lead to something higher

Visible church to be left as soon as inner

Word is received ,

To Tauler, the Friends of God -- who have

contact with God -- take the place of the

visible church ,


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His sermons are said to have been more widely

read by Protestant reformers than any othermedieval preacher

,

Philip Melanchthon: Among the moderns,Tauler is easily the first.

: ,


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Luther praised Tauler in letter (14

December 1516): I have seen notheological work in Latin or German that

is more sound and more in harmony

with the gospel than this. 1516

12 14 :


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Theologia Germanica

(German Theology) Produced by the Friends of God

Discovered and published in 1516 byMartin Luther 1516


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Luther said of the Theologia

Germanica, Next to the Bible and St.Augustine, no book has ever come into

my hands from which I have learned

more of God and Christ, and man and

all things that are.

: , , ,


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Bernard of Clairvaux

(1090 - 20 August 1153)

1113 joined small

monastery at

Citeaux in France

1113


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Monastery at Citeaux (home of the Cistercians monks

) Monastery founded in March 1098 by

Robert who wanted to restore simplicity

of Benedictine order , 1098 3

1115 Bernard sent to start new

monastery at Clairvaux, where he wasmade abbot 1115 ,


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Bernard was man of intense

feeling and dedication.

He was quick to respond to anythreat to what he held sacred.


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To Bernard working out the salvation of

the soul means to dedicate himself toservice of God ,

New life comes from God, but requires

serious work by person. ,

He preferred the contemplative life.


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His intense study of Scripture is

evident in his writing

He believes that everything owed

to the grace of God

He encouraged people to trust

in Gods grace and not in their

own works or merits

,


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Bernard does not deny that man should

have merits, but he insists these onlypossible through Gods working

,

He does give excessive glorify to saints,

especially Virgin Mary

,

He opposes the Immaculate Conception


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Bernard is regarded as main

representative of Christian mysticism.

The grace of God pardons sinner and

then liftshim up ,

His mysticism centers on Christ


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He desires to be filled with the spirit

of Christ and through it to becomelike Christ

,

By Christs work of redemption theChurch has become his bride (climax

of grace is union with God)

, (

)


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To Bernard the Church, with its hierarchy,

is the kingdom of God on earth

He demands perfect separation of

church and state

He opposes absolute papal power in the

Church


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Yet he recognizes papal power as

highest authority in the Church

Monasticism to him is the ideal Christianity

In monasticism perfection is possible

while living in world

,


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John of Salisbury(1110? - 25 October 1180)

English by birth

1136 left England to study in France for

12 years 1136 12

Returned to England as secretary of

archbishop of Canterbury


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Most important work, Policratus, written

in 1159 : 1159 Policratus

first great medieval theory to deal with

the relationship of Church and State ,


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John defended the spiritual and secular

power of the papacy and the independenceof the clergy.

They protected against secular injustice

and the consequences of sin.


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He believed that only the Roman pope

could bless Christianity.

This did not set well with the English

government or with the English bishops.


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John developed the theory that the

temporal sword belonged to the prince,and that the spiritual sword belongs tothe church. ( ) ,

He says the church gave the temporalsword to the prince and has the final

authority. ,


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1) Tyrants are bad.

2) Princes are good.

3) A good prince obeys the law and rules

the people by its dictates, accountinghimself as but their servant

, ,


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4) A good prince is the public ruler and a

kind of image of the divine majesty onearth ,

5) A good prince understands that nothingis permitted to him if it is in variance with

justice and equity


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6) A good prince recognizes that he

receives his sword from the hand of the

church and is the servant [minister] ofthe priesthood, and one who exercises

that side of the sacred offices which

seems unworthy of the hands of the

priesthood [ ],


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Peter Waldo (1140-1217)

Peter Waldo, a businessman of Lyons

(France), had a religious experience

about 1175. , 1175

He gave away his possessions andtook up begging.

,


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He was joined by disciples who called

themselves the Poor Men of Lyons

They rejected riches

At first there were no important doctrinal

difference with the Church.

They saw themselves as Catholics who

carried Christianity farther than weakerbrethren

,

,


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1179 they went to pope for approval as

monastic order. 1179 ,

Church officials examined them and

found them to be ignorant of the

simplest teachings

forbidden to preach unless invited by

priests ,


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At the same time another group from northern

Italy was also refused the privilege to preach

The two groups merged under Waldo and

promoted apostolic living and preaching Waldo ,

Soon they were found in France, Germany

and Spain. ,

Their members were chiefly lay people fromthe middle and peasant classes


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Lyons

Avignon


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Waldensians

In 1182 the

Archbishop of Lyons

expelled followers ofPeter Waldo for

preaching 1182

,


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On 4 November 1184 Pope Lucius III

(1181-5) excommunicated theWaldensians for rejecting the authority

of the Roman Catholic Church 1184

11 4 , ,


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Waldensian teachings :

The Church of God has failed.

Holy Scriptures alone are sufficient to

guide men to salvation.


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Blessing received in the Church does not

confer any particular sanctity on the things or

people blessed.

Catholic priests have no authority.

The Pope of Rome is the chief of all heretics.

Everyone has the right to preach publicly the

word of God. ( )


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Every oath is a mortal sin.

Purgatory is a dream, an invention of the sixthcentury. , Indulgences are the invention of covetouspriests.

There is no obligation to fast, nor to keep any

holy day, except for Sunday.

,


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Invocation of saints cannot be admitted.

Every honor given in the Church to

paintings of holy images and to relics of

saints is to be abolished.

The Eucharist is a memorial, not a

sacrifice.

,

Every Waldensian teaching is natural outgrowth of


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Every Waldensian teaching is natural outgrowth of

exclusion from Roman Church. :

Beginning in 1208, Waldensians were hunted

down in crusades. 1208 ,

They were forced to convert to Catholicism orwere killed.

Waldensians may never have exceeded 100,000

-- yet they survived for 350 years.

100,000 , 350

In some forms they still exist ,

Documents

2007 HK Reformation Era Week #1 - E&C Webedit